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Green Week 2012
Water and energy, qualitative & quantitative linkages between two
essential resources Session 3.1 on 22 May 2012
Energy use in water utilities
Bo N. JacobsenEuropean Environment Agency
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Image: ActewAGL Education Website
Focus: Energy efficiency (intensity) in water utilities
Several links in the water – energy nexus
New EEA report – launch at WWF6
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EU resource–efficiency policy-Resource efficiency -Sustainable water management
Water-resource efficiency-Water use efficiency-Energy use in water utilities-Nutrient recovery
Using markets-Economic instruments-Water pricing & cost recovery
Improved info on management-Indicators-Water accounting-Water footprint and LCA-Labelling, certification, standards,..
Resource efficiency – policy - targets
Resource and impact decoupling- Resource decoupling can be achieved by improved water/energy efficiency per GDP or population - is relative - Impact decoupling requires reduction in water/energy use – is absolute
Resource efficiency – policy - targets
Source: UNEP, 2011
Energy efficiency in water utilities• Currently no specific European regulations on energy efficiency in
water utilities• EC Communications ”Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe”
- specifies milestones and activities for COM and Member States- describes general directions,
including water and energy efficiency
”European Innovation Partnership on Water”- Establish a stakeholder platform and web-based Market Place for water innovations in 2013
- ..”Innovative solutions focussing on the relationship between water and energy, water efficiency (domestic and industrial), water quality, water infrastructure, recreation, public health and ICT-enabled user awareness will be of key importance.”..
• Opportunity for water utilities / associations, pro-actively, to formulate targets and corresponding commitments
link
Resource efficiency – policy - targets
Link
Global trends and policies on climate and emissions/energy
• Global Targets: 2 degree celsius• Regional targets: EU 20-20-20 by year 2020
• A reduction in EU greenhouse gas emissions of at least 20% below 1990 levels • 20% of EU energy consumption to come from renewable resources • A 20% reduction in primary energy use compared with projected levels, to be achieved
by improving energy efficiency
• National Targets: e.g., Netherlands: 30-30-30 • Utility targets?
• WWF6 targets: 20% improvement in energy efficiency (1990 level - 2020)
Resource efficiency – policy - targets
Domestic Water
use
Transport to
waterworks
The urban water cycle – energy nexus
Based on: (Olsson, 2012 in press)
Drinkingwater
Distribution
Wastewater
treatment
Transportsewagewater
0.24 kWh/m3
0.9 - 10 kWh/m3
0.16 kWh/m3
> 50 kWh/m3
0.13 kWh/m3
Drinking water
treatment
0.11 kWh/m3
Waste Water Drinking Water
Data from Sweden
Energy intensity in the urban water cycle
Example of energy efficiency indicator:Odyssee energy efficiency index (ODEX) (EU-27)
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Source: (EEA, Ener22)
Water heating in households 20% improvement in efficiency !
Energy intensity in the urban water cycle
Systematic analyses for UWWTP energy efficiency in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
10-year experiences•Energy consumption in 645 UWWTPs 1200 mio kWhe/y •35 mio p.e. Served; 18 mio inhabitants
– 34 kWh/p.e.(load)/y or– 67 kWh/p/y *)
•Support with up to 70% of cost for energy analysis•Since 2012 also support to measures•Financed from effluent taxation revenue•Experience: about 30% energy saving possible most commonly by:
– electricity and heat production from the digester gas,
– utilizing the heat energy contained in the sewage
– in some cases by the use of hydropower from the slope of the wastewater plants
*) calculated by this author
http://www.umwelt.nrw.de/umwelt/pdf/karte_komm_klaeranlagen.pdf
Energy intensity in the urban water cycle
The influence of UWWTP sizeTotal electricity consumption in about 10,000 UWWTPs in Germany is 4400 GWh/y
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http://www.bmu.de/files/english/pdf/application/pdf/faltblatt_wasserwirtschaft_en_bf.pdf
Corresponds well with mean of 33 kWh/p.e. (European benchmarking Co-operation, 2010)
Energy intensity in the urban water cycle
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Total end-use electricity consumption per capita in 2008 (kWh/y/person)
In perspective: - Total consumption ca. 5500 kWhe/y/p - From earlier slide for urban wastewater treatment: 67 kWhe/y/p
In other words -ca. 1.2 % of total electricity consumption-Ca. 7 W/p (small light bulb continously burning)-Net consumption lower where energy recovery takes place
Source: (ENER18)
Energy intensity in the urban water cycle
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Source: (EEA,2011) link
Inventory from UK indicate GHG emission related to water:- Utilities: 0.8 %- In homes: 5.5 %
(Defra, 2008; EA, 2008)
Energy intensity in the urban water cycle
Average ca. 10 t CO2-eq./y/p
(Defra, 2008; EA, 2008)
Waternet, Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Urban Water Cycle – Energy efficiency and recoveryCooling from surface water
Co-locating: Waste Water – Solid Waste Incinerator
Thermal energy from groundwater
Waste Inceneration
Plant
Waste Water Plant
Sludge and Biogas
Heat and Electricity
• Consumption> drinking water 45.000 MWh/yr (49 %)> wastewater 39.000 MWh/yr (42 %)> watersystem 8.000 MWh/yr ( 9 %)
• Productionbiogas/sludge 25.000 MWh/yr
Source: Waternet 2011
Energy intensity in the urban water cycle
Numerous technological solutions exist- communicated via water associations- incentives for further implementation needed
Some IWA events on Water & Energy-2008: Workshop during World Water Congress, Vienna-2009: Int. Conference on W & E, Copenhagen -2010: Int. Conference on W & E, Amsterdam-2012: World Congress on W, C & E, Dublin
New books on Water & Energy-- Interactions in Water Reuse
(Lazarova, Choo, and Cornel, 2012)
- - Threats and Opportunities (Olsson, 2012 in press)
Link
Link
Link
Dissemination
Numerous Tech.sci. Papers- Instrumentation, control, automation, process optimisation,..- Anaerobic treatment processes, co-digestion,..- Heat exchange, ....
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Some open questions for establishingwater utility energy efficiency indicator(s):
Looking forward
Willingness to share data from water utilities
… from plants, city administrations, associations ?
Level of aggregation
… national, river basin district, per plant?
Boundary framing
Total energy balance /only electricity ?
Total UWWTP (incl./excl. Incinerations, industrial pre-treatment, storm water,..
Normalisation
Per person, per p.e., per m3
Existing data infrastructure in EU 27 can be used:WISE has database and interactive maps for > 20,000 UWWTPs
16 Link
Looking forward
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Summary and way forwardLooking forward
Water and energy sectors can have several synergies in the climate change context
Power consumption by European water utilities is ”only” few % of use in society but has
reduction potentials
• Like the rest of society, utilities need to reduce carbon footprints
• Population growth and higher quality standards makes this more difficult
• Technological solutions do exist - several good use case demonstrations • wastewater sector has a potential to become CO2-neutral
• Fiscal incentives may accelerate implementation of sustainable technologies
Targets for water utilities should be set for energy efficiency
• WWF6 targets: 20% improved energy efficiency (1990-2020) – not enough for EU 20/20/20 targets (absolute reduction)
• Indicators are needed to provide status and to monitor progress
• Existing data infrastructures (WISE, Eye-on-Earth,..) may be helpful
Multi-stakeholder involvement needed
• Political level: policies, targets, support mechanisms
• Technical operating level: new technology implementation & optimisation
• User level: awareness and demand management
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Thank youfor your attention!
Contact e-mail:bo.jacobsen@eea.europa.eu
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