Graficos Crudos No Convencionales

I Introduction

II Examples of UPS

Unconventional Petroleum System Unconventional Petroleum System

Oil Schematic

(IEA, 2012)

IEA, 2012

Cander, 2012

Cander, 2012

Cander, 2012

I Introduction unconventional oil unconventional gas difference between CP and UP difference between CP and UP

I Introduction unconventional oil: heavy oil, natural bitumen, oil shale;

Heavy Oil: Oil with API gravity between 20°API inclusive and a viscosity greater than 100 cP

Natural Bitumen: Oil whose API gravity 10° and whose viscosity is commonly 10,000 cP.

unconventional oil: heavy oil, natural

Heavy Oil: Oil with API gravity between 10°API and inclusive and a viscosity greater than 100 cP

Natural Bitumen: Oil whose API gravity is less than and whose viscosity is commonly greater than

I Introduction unconventional gas: shale gas, tight gas, coal bed methane, gas hydrate, basin centered gas

Natural gas is expected to be the fastest growing component of world energy consumption by 2020 (DOE/EIA, 2002);

unconventional gas: shale gas, tight gas, coal bed methane, gas hydrate, basin­

Natural gas is expected to be the fastest growing component of world energy consumption by 2020 (DOE/EIA, 2002);

United States natural gas production data for the lower 48 states Historical and projected annual production by resource type. The figure is modified from Energy Information Administration (2004).

United States natural gas production data for the lower 48 states Historical and projected annual production by resource type. The figure is modified from Energy Information Administration (2004).

Shale gas offsets declines in other U.S. supply to meet consumption growth and lower import need ~ 91 bcm Shale gas offsets declines in other U.S. supply to meet consumption growth and lower import need

(EIA, 2011)

Low­magnification view exhibits darker, more carbonaceous mudstone texture. Thinly laminated siliceous/argillaceous matrix hosts a mix of organic material, microcrystalline clay, silica, angular to subrounded debris, and microfossil fragments. White, patchy biotic components, especially forams and radiolarians (arrows). Magenta epoxy highlights an induced, layer­parallel Scale bar = 0.5 mm)

magnification view exhibits darker, more carbonaceous mudstone texture. Thinly laminated siliceous/argillaceous matrix hosts a mix of organic material,

subrounded silt, micromicas, phosphatic debris, and microfossil fragments. White, patchy chert is primarily recrystallized

and radiolarians (arrows). Magenta parallel microfracture. (Plane­polarized light.

The technically recoverable unproved shale gas resource is 827 trillion cubic feet (as of January 1, 2009) in the AEO2011 Reference case, 480 trillion cubic feet larger than in the Annual Energy Outlook 2010 (AEO2010) additional information that has become available with more drilling activity in new and existing shale plays.

Annual Energy Outlook 2011 (AEO2011)

The technically recoverable unproved shale gas resource is 827 trillion cubic feet (as Reference case, 480 trillion cubic feet larger

Annual Energy Outlook 2010 (AEO2010) Reference case, reflecting additional information that has become available with more drilling activity in new

Annual Energy Outlook 2011 (AEO2011)

Map of 48 major shale gas basins in 32 countries Map of 48 major shale gas basins in 32 countries

Aside from economic considerations, there is a fundamentally important geologic distinction.

Conventional gas resources are buoyancy occurring as discrete accumulations in structural and/or stratigraphic traps,

whereas

unconventional gas resources are generally not buoyancy driven accumulations. They are regionally pervasive accumulations, most commonly independent of structural and stratigraphic traps.

self­sourcing reservoirs such as coal and shale

Aside from economic considerations, there is a fundamentally important geologic distinction.

Conventional gas resources are buoyancy­driven deposits, occurring as discrete accumulations in structural and/or

unconventional gas resources are generally not buoyancy­ driven accumulations. They are regionally pervasive accumulations, most commonly independent of structural and stratigraphic traps.

sourcing reservoirs such as coal and shale

I Introduction

II Examples of UPS

shale gas system

Unconventional Petroleum System Unconventional Petroleum System

These fine­grained, clay­ and organic carbon reservoir rock components of the petroleum system (Martini et al., 1998).

Gas is of thermogenic or biogenic origin and stored as sorbed hydrocarbons, as free gas in fracture and intergranular porosity, and as gas dissolved in kerogen and bitumen (Schettler and Parmely, 1990; Martini et al., 1998).

Trapping mechanisms are typically subtle, with gas saturations covering large geographic areas (Roen, 1993).

Postulated seal­rock components are variable, ranging from bentonites (San Juan basin) to shale (Appalachian and Fort Worth basins) to glacial till (Michigan basin) to shale/carbonate facies changes (Illinois basin) (Curtis and Faure, 1997; Hill and Nelson, 2000; Walter et al., 2000).

and organic carbon–rich rocks are both gas source and reservoir rock components of the petroleum system (Martini et al., 1998).

Gas is of thermogenic or biogenic origin and stored as sorbed hydrocarbons, as free gas in fracture and intergranular porosity, and as gas dissolved in kerogen and bitumen (Schettler and Parmely, 1990; Martini et al., 1998).

Trapping mechanisms are typically subtle, with gas saturations covering large

rock components are variable, ranging from bentonites (San Juan basin) to shale (Appalachian and Fort Worth basins) to glacial till (Michigan basin) to shale/carbonate facies changes (Illinois basin) (Curtis and Faure, 1997; Hill and Nelson, 2000; Walter et al., 2000).

Economical production typically, if not universally, requires enhancement of the inherently low matrix permeability (0.001 d) of gas shales (Hill and Nelson, 2000). Well completion practices employ hydraulic fracturing technology to access the natural fracture system and to create new fractures. Less than 10% of shale­gas wells are completed without some form of reservoir stimulation.

Economical production typically, if not universally, requires enhancement of the inherently low matrix permeability (0.001 d) of gas shales (Hill and Nelson, 2000). Well completion practices employ hydraulic fracturing technology to access the natural fracture system and to create new fractures. Less than 10% of

gas wells are completed without some form of

Geographic distribution of five shale­gas systems in the lower 48 United States

(Curtis, 2002)

gas systems in the lower 48 United States

Reconstruction of Late Devonian paleogeography (modified from Walter et al., 1995). Reconstruction of Late Devonian paleogeography (modified from

Antrim Shale gamma­ray log from the Paxton Quarry, Alpena County, Michigan

Isopach map of lower Antrim Shale (after Matthews, 1993).

Structure map contoured on the base of the lower Antrim Shale (modified from Matthews, 1993).

Antrim Shale events chart depicting the critical moment for Antrim Shale gas generation. Antrim Shale events chart depicting the critical moment for Antrim Shale

Geographic distribution of five shale­gas systems in the lower 48 United States

(Curtis, 2002)

gas systems in the lower 48 United States

According to the model, hydrocarbon generation began in the Late Paleozoic, continued through the Mesozoic, and ceased with uplift and cooling during the Cretaceous (Jarvie et al., 2001).

According to the model, hydrocarbon generation began in the Late Paleozoic, continued through the Mesozoic, and ceased with uplift and cooling during the

Diagrammatic illustration of increasing gas flow rates with increasing source rock organic richness (TOC), thermal maturity, GOR, and fractures found in shale systems.

Diagrammatic illustration of increasing gas flow rates with increasing source rock organic richness (TOC), thermal maturity, GOR, and fractures found in shale­gas

Mineralogical distribution of quartz (Qz), calcite (Ca), and clay (Cly) in the Barnett Shale from the Mitchell Energy Corp. 1 Young, W. C. well showing a high amount of quartz, an indication of brittleness in some sedimentary facies of the Barnett Shale. Other factors being equal, high likely to yield high gas flow rates.

Mineralogical distribution of quartz (Qz), calcite (Ca), and clay (Cly) in the Barnett Shale from the Mitchell Energy Corp. 1 Young, W. C. well showing a high amount of quartz, an indication of brittleness in some sedimentary facies of the Barnett Shale. Other factors being equal, high­maturity, brittle shales are most