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Copyright © 2019, FUOC. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or
modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with
no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of
the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation
License"
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S
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smbmount //host/carpeta /mnt/windows
/mnt/windows
smbumount /mnt/windows
smbclient -L host
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workgroup = GROUP
server string = %h server (Samba %v)
hosts allow = 192.168.1
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printcap name = /etc/printcap
guest account = nobody
log file = /var/log/samba/log.%m
encrypt passwords = true
[homes]
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/etc/init.d/samba restart
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man command
man n command
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echo $ SHELL
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$ env
SSH_AGENT_PID = 598
MM_CHARSET = ISO-8859-15
TERM = xterm
DESKTOP_STARTUP_ID =
SHELL = /bin/bash
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WINDOWID = 20975847
LC_ALL = es_ES@euro
USER = juan
LS_COLORS = no = 00:fi = 00:di = 01;34:ln = 01;
SSH_AUTH_SOCK = /tmp/ssh-wJzVY570/agent.570
SESSION_MANAGER = local/aopcjj:/tmp/.ICE-unix/570USERNAME = juan
PATH=/soft/jdk/bin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin:/bin:/usr/bin/
X11:/usr/games
MAIL = /var/mail/juan
PWD = /etc/skel
JAVA_HOME = /soft/jdk
LANG = es_ES@euro
GDMSESSION = Gnome
JDK_HOME = /soft/jdk
SHLVL = 1
HOME = /home/juan
GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID = Default
LOGNAME = juan
DISPLAY = :0.0
COLORTERM = gnome-terminal
XAUTHORITY = /home/juan/.Xauthority
_ = /usr/bin/env
OLDPWD = /etc
#!/bin/bash
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variable = value
echo $variable
var=value
export var
export var=value
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fi
if [ expresion ]
then
commands1
else
commands2
fi
if [ expresion ]
then
commands
elif [ expresion2 ]
then
commands
else
commands
fi
case string1 in
str1)
commands;;
str2)
commands;;
*)
commands;;
esac
for var1 in list
do
commands
done
while [ expresion ]
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do
commands
done
until [ expression ]
do
commands
done
fname() {
commands
}
fname2(arg1,arg2...argN) {
commands
}
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mozilla-i686-pc-linux-gnu-1.4-installer.tar.gz
mozilla-source-1.4.tar.gz
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tar -zxvf file.tar.gz (or .tgz file)
gunzip file.tar.gz
tar -xvf file.tar
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tar -cvf dir.tar dir
gzip dir.tar
tar -cvzf dir.tgz dir
package-version-rev.arq.rpm
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noarch "architecture is
rpm -ql
rpm -qi
rpm -qR
rpm -i package.rpm
--force --nodeps
rpm
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/etc/apt
/etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib non-
free
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debsrc http://http.us.debian.org/debian stable main contrib
non-free
deb http://security.debian.org stable/updates main contrib
non-free
apt-get install package
apt-get remove package
apt-get update
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
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Linux
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possibili ties the kernel offers us for adapting our requirements and
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make dep
make bzImage
make modules
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/sbin/lilo -v
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# make clean mrproper
# make menuconfig
# make dep
# make bzImage
# make modules
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# make modules_install
# cp arch/i386/boot/bzimage /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.x.img
# make install
# update-initramfs -c -k 'version'
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$ make-kpkg clean
$ fakeroot make-kpkg --revision=custom.1.0 kernel_image
$ make-kpkg clean
$ f akeroot make-kpkg - -initrd - -revision=custom.1.0 k e r n e l _ i ma g e
# dpkg -i ../linux-image-2.6.x_custom.1.0_i386.deb
# m-a prepare
# m-a auto-install module_name
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bunzip2 patch-xxxxx-2.6.21-version.bz2
patch -p1 < patch-xxxxx-2.6.21-version
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/lib/modules/version_kernel/modules.dep
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Module Size Used by Tainted: P
agpgart 37.344 3 (autoclean)
apm 10.024 1 (autoclean)
parport_pc 23.304 1 (autoclean)
lp 6.816 0 (autoclean)
parport 25.992 1 [parport_pc lp]
snd 30.884 0
af_packet 13.448 1 (autoclean)
NVIDIA 1.539.872 10
es1371 27.116 1
soundcore 3.972 4 [snd es1371]
ac97_codec 10.9640 0 [es1371]
gameport 1.676 0 [es1371]
3c59x 26.960 1
insmod soundx io = 0x320 irq = 5
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Tutor ial: c
# apt-get update
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# apt-cache search linux-image
# apt-get install linux-image-version
# apt-get install xxxx-modules-version (if some modules are
necessary)
# apt-get install linux-source-version-generic
# apt-get install linux-headers-version
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default = Linux
image = /vmlinuz
label = Linux
initrd = /initrd.img
# restricted# alias = 1
image = /vmlinuz.old
label = LinuxOLD
initrd = /initrd.img.old
# restricted
# alias = 2
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# yum install kernel kernel -source
#file grub.conf
default = 1
timeout = 10
splashimage = (hd0,1)/boot/grub/splash.xpm.gz
title Linux (2.6.20-2945)
root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.6.20-2945 ro root = LABEL = /
initrd /boot/initrd-2.6.20-18.9.img
title LinuxOLD (2.6.20-2933)
root (hd0,1)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-2.4.20-2933 ro root = LABEL = /
initrd /boot/initrd-2.4.20-2933.img
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make dep
cd /lib/modules
tar -cvzf old_modules.tgz versionkernel-old/
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telnet localhost
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ifconfig -a
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more /etc/default do-main
more /etc/resolv.conf
arp to NameNode
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man ifconfig
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Gateway leading out to Internet
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hostname new-name
service network restart
init 3
init 5
aptget install module-assistant (install the package)m-a -t updatem-a -t -f get ipw2200m-a -t -build ipw2200m-a -t install ipw2200
tar xzvf ipw2200fw2.4.tgz C /tmp/fwr/cp /tmp/fwr/*.fw /usr/lib/hotplug/firmware/
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domain remix.comsearch remix.com piru.comname server 192.168.110.1name server 192.168.110.65
pppd
dhclient resolv.conf
resolvconf
resolvconf
order hosts,bindmulti on
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127.0.0.1 localhost loopback192.168.1.2 pirulo.remix.com pirulo
telnet 127.0.0.1
ifconfig lo 127.0.0.1route add host 127.0.0.1 lo
hosts: xfn nisplus dns [NOTFOUND = return] files
hosts dns [!UNAVAIL = return] files
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route -n
netstat -r
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ifconfig eth0 inet down disable the interface
ifconfig lo
Link encap:Local Loopback
route
ifconfig eth0 inet up 192.168.0.111 \
netmask 255.255.0.0 broadcast 192.168.255.255
route add -net 10.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0 \
gw 192.168.0.1 dev eth0
ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 08:00:46:7A:02:B0
inet addr:192.168.0.111 Bcast: 192.168.255.255 Mask:255.255.0.0
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
...
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
...
route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface
192.168.0.0 * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
10.0.0.0 192.168.0.1 255.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
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/etc/services /etc/
inetd.conf
name port/protocol alias-
es
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/etc/xinetd.conf
/etc/rcX.d directories /etc/
init.d/inetd.real start
/etc/ssh/ssh_config /etc/ssh/
sshd_config
/etc/exim/exim.conf /etc/mailname /etc/aliases /etc/email-ad-
dresses
/
etc/fetchmailrc
/etc/hosts.allow /etc/
hosts.deny
/etc/
dhcp3/dhclient.conf /etc/default/dhcp3-server
/etc/dhcp3/dhcpd.conf
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/etc/cvs-cron.conf
/etc/cvs-pserver.conf
/etc/printcap
/etc/apache/* /etc/apache2/
*
/etc/squid/*
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/etc/hosts.allow /etc/host.deny
/usr/sbin/tcpd/usr/sbin/in.ftpd
/etc/hosts.deny
/etc/hosts.allow
/etc/hosts.equiv
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/proc/sys/
net/ipv4/
ifconfig
cat /proc/pci
cat /proc/interrupts
dmesg | more
ping uoc.edu # verifies the Internet connection
traceroute uoc.edu # scans IP packets
ifconfig # verifies the host configuration
route -n # verifies the routing configuration
dig [@dns.uoc.edu] www.uoc.edu # verifies the registries in
# on the dns.uoc.edu server.
iptables -L -n |less # verifies packet filtering (kernel >=2.4)
netstat -a # shows all the open ports
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netstat -l --inet # shows all the listening ports
netstat -ln --tcp # shoos the listening tcp ports (number)
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dhcp3-client
# Example of /etc/dhcpd.conf:
default-lease-time 1200;
max-lease-time 9200;
option domain-name "remix.com";
deny unknown-clients;
deny bootp;
option broadcast-address 192.168.11.255;
option routers 192.168.11.254;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.11.1,192.168.168.11.2;
subnet 192.168.11.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
{ not authoritative;
range 192.168.11.1 192.168.11.254
host marte {
hardware ethernet 00:00:95:C7:06:4C;
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fixed address 192.168.11.146;
option host-name "marte";
}
host saturno {
hardware ethernet 00:00:95:C7:06:44;
fixed address 192.168.11.147;option host-name "saturno";
}
}
/var/state/dhcp/
dhcpd.leases /var/
state/dhcp/dhcpd.leases
/usr/sbin/dhcpd -d-f
not authoritative
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route add -net 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 eth0
route add default ppp0
ipchains -A forward -s 192.168.1.0/24 -j MASQ
iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ppp0 -j MASQUERADE
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ip route add nat <extaddr>[/<masklen>] via <intaddr>
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/etc/hotplug/ /etc/hotplug.d/
/etc/
hotplug/net.agent
/etc/hotplug/net.agent
/etc/network/
interfaces
/etc/network/interfaces
/etc/hotplug.d/net/
ifplugd.hotplug
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openvpn --genkey --secret static.key
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dev tun
ifconfig 10.8.0.1 10.8.0.2secret static.key
remote myremote.mydomain
dev tun
ifconfig 10.8.0.2 10.8.0.1
secret static.key
openvpn [server config file]
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 OpenVPN 2.0_rc12 i686-suse-linux [SSL]
[LZO] [EPOLL] built on Feb 5 2005
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 Diffie-Hellman initialized with 1024
bit key
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 TLS-Auth MTU parms [ L:1542 D:138
EF:38 EB:0 ET:0 EL:0 ]
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 TUN/TAP device tun1 opened
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 /sbin/ifconfig tun1 10.8.0.1 pointo-
point 10.8.0.2 mtu 1500
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 /sbin/route add -net 10.8.0.0 netmask
255.255.255.0 gw 10.8.0.2
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 Data Channel MTU parms [ L:1542
D:1450 EF:42 EB:23 ET:0 EL:0 AF:3/1 ]
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 UDPv4 link local (bound): [undef]:1194
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 UDPv4 link remote: [undef]
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 MULTI: multi_init called, r=256 v=256
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 IFCONFIG POOL: base=10.8.0.4 size=62
Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 IFCONFIG POOL LIST
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Sun Feb 6 20:46:38 2005 Initialization Sequence Completed
openvpn [client config file]
ping 10.8.0.1
comp-lzo
keng-timer-rem
persist-tun
peepalive 10 60
pirsist-key
user nobody
group nobodyDaemon
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iptables -A Type -i Interface -p protocol -s SourceIP --
source-port Port -d DestinationIP --destination-port Port
-j Action
gpg --gen-key
gpg --export -ao UID
gpg --import
filename
gpg --sign-
key UID gpg --verify file/data
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/etc/xinetd.conf /etc/rc.d/
init.d/xinetd
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apt-get install network-manager-xx
adduser current_user netdev
/etc/init.d/net-
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working restart
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cat /etc/inittab | grep
:initdefault:
/sbin/chkconfig
/sbin/chkconfig --level 35 crond on
service
crond stop service crond restart
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createdb nteumdb
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/createdb nteumdb
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dropdb nteumdb
us to editand execute nqoj l r s kb` o
psql nteumdb
Access the DB nteumdb:psql nteumdb [enter]nteumdb =>
cd InstallationDirectory/ src /tutorial psql -s nteumdb
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CREATE TABLE weather (
city varchar(80),
min_temp int,
max_temp int,
real rain,
day date
);
CREATE TABLE city(name varchar(80),
placepoint
);
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I
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gunzip postgresql-x.x.x.tar.gztar xf postgresql-7.3.tar
./configure
gmake check
gmake install
initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
mkdir /usr/local/pgsql/data
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chown postgres /usr/local/pgsql/data
su postgres
initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
postmaster -D /usr/local/pgsql/data
postmaster -D /usr/local/pgsql/data < logfile 2 >&1 &.
/usr/local/pgsql/bin/pg_ctl start -l logfile \
-D /usr/local/pgsql/data
kill -INT 'head -1 /usr/local/pgsql/data/postmaster.pid'
psql -U postgres
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pg_ctl start | logrotate
pg_dump DBFile> BackupFile
psql DBFile< BackupFile
pg_dumpall > TotalBackupFile
tar -cf backup.tar /usr/local/pgsql/data
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./configuregmakesugmake installadduser postgresmkdir /usr/local/pgsql/datachown postgres /usr/local/pgsql/datasu - postgres/usr/local/pgsql/bin/initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postgres -D /usr/local/pgsql/data <logfile 2>&1 &/usr/local/pgsql/bin/createdb test/usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql test
pgaccess [DBName]
xhost+
su postgres
pgaccess [DBName]&
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/etc/init.d/mysql start|stop
groupadd mysql
useradd -g mysql mysql
cd /usr/local
gunzip < /path/to/mysql-VERSION-OS.tar.gz | tar xvf -
ln -s full-path-to-mysql-VERSION-OS mysql
cd mysql
scripts/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
chown -R root .
chown -R mysql data
chgrp -R mysql .
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bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
groupadd mysql
useradd -g mysql mysql
gunzip < mysql-VERSION.tar.gz | tar -xvf -
cd mysql-VERSION
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/mysql
make
make install
cp support-files/my-medium.cnf /etc/my.cnf
cd /usr/local/mysql
bin/mysql_install_db --user=mysql
chown -R root .
chown -R mysql var
chgrp -R mysql .
bin/mysqld_safe --user=mysql &
prefix= /usr/
local/mysql
/etc/init.d/mysql start
mysqladmin version
mysqladmin variables
mysqladmin -u root shutdown
mysqlshow
mysqlshow mysql
./scripts/mysql_install_db
cd InstallationDirectoryMysql
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./bin/mysqld_safe --user = mysql &
cd InstallationDirectoryMysql
./scripts/mysql_install_db
./bin/mysqld_safe user = mysql &
mysql_install_db mysql mysqld_safe
cd sql-bench
run-all-tests
mysql --help
mysql -h localhost -u mysql -p DBName
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mysql -u root
mysql -u root mysql
mysql> UPDATE user SET Password =PASSWORD('new_password')
-> WHERE user = 'root';
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
mysql -u root -p mysql
mysqldump --tab = /DestinationDirectory \
--opt DBName
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mysqlhotcopy DBName /DestinationDirectory
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rcs
ci coident rcsclean
rcsdiff
rcsmerge
rlog
co
ci
diff diff3
rcs
man mkdir
rcs
ci name_files_sources
./RCS/file_nameco RCS/file_name
rcs -L workfile_name
rcs -U workfile_name
rlog file_name
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export EDITOR = /bin/vi
export CVSROOT = /usr/local/cvsroot
export CVSROOT = /usr/local/cvsroot
groupadd cvs
useradd -g cvs -d $CVSROOT cvs
mkdir $CVSROOT
chgrp -R cvs $CVSROOT
chmod o-rwx $CVSROOT
chmod ug+rwx $CVSROOT
cvs -d /usr/local/cvsroot init
usermod -G cvs,nteum
export EDITOR = /bin/viexport CVSROOT = /usr/local/cvsroot
export CVSREAD = yes
cd directory _of_ originals
cvs import RepositoryName vendor_1_0 rev_1_0
cd dir_org
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cvs import -m \
\primer_cvs/proj userX vers0
cd..
cvs checkout primer_cvs/proj
diff -r dir_org primer_cvs/proj
rm -r dir_org
export CVSROOT = ":ext:user@CVS.server.com:/home/cvsroot"
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export CVS_RSH = "ssh"
cvs update
cvs add file...
cvs import
cvs remove file...
cvs diff file...
cvs tag -R "version"
cvs checkout -r
'version'
cvs tag -b rel-1-0-patches
cvs
update -j
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cvs checkout gccrep
cd gccrep ls
cvs commit a.c.
cvs release -d
gccrep
cvs diff b.c
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cvs commit b.c
cvs admin -l command
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apt-get install subversion
apt-get install Apache2-common
apt-get install libApache2-
mkdir -p /usr/local/svn
addgroup svgroup
chown -R root.svgroup /usr/local/svn
chmod 2775 /usr/local/svn
addgroup svuser svggroup
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svnadmin create /usr/local/svn/tests
mkdir -p $HOME/svndir svnadmin
create $HOME/svndir/tests.
mkdir -p $HOME/svntmp/tests
echo First File Svn 'date' > file1.txt.
svn import file:///home/svuser/svndir/tests-m "View. Ini-
tial" /usr/local/svn/tests
file://
rm -rf $HOME/svntmp/tests
mkdir $HOME/svm-work
cd $HOME/svn-work
svn checkout file:///home/svuser/svndir/tests
cd /home/kikov/svn-work/tests
echo Second File Svn 'date' > file2.txt
svn add file2.txt
svn commit -m"New file"
echo 'date'>>file1.txt
svn commit -m"New line"
echo 'date'>>file1.txt
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svn commit -m"New line2"
svn log file1.txt
mkdir /subversión chmod www-data:www-data
svnadmin create /subversion
ls -s /subversion
-rw-r--r-- 1 www-data www-data 376 May 11 20:27 README.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 www-data www-data 4096 May 11 20:27 conf
drwxr-xr-x 2 www-data www-data 4096 May 11 20:27 dav
drwxr-xr-x 2 www-data www-data 4096 May 11 20:28 db
-rw-r--r-- 1 www-data www-data 2 May 11 20:27 format
drwxr-xr-x 2 www-data www-data 4096 May 11 20:27 hooks
drwxr-xr-x 2 www-data www-data 4096 May 11 20:27 locks
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htpasswd2 -c -m /subversion/.dav_svn.passwd user
<location /svn>
DAV svn
SVNPath /subversion
AuthType Basic
AuthName "Subversion Repository"
AuthUserFile /subversion/.dav_svn.passwd
Require valid-user
</location>
svn import file1.txt http://url-server.org/svn \
-m "Import Initial"
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password --md5 sum-md5-calculated
password = <selected password>
image = /boot/vmlinuz-version
password = <selected password>
restricted
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ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
user:sndb565sadsd:...
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module-type control-flag module-path arguments
@include service
auth requisite pam_securetty.so
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auth requisitepam_nologin.so
auth requiredpam_env.so
auth requiredpam_unix.so nullok
account required pam_unix.so
session required pam_unix.so
sess ion optional pam_las tlog .so
session optional pam_motd.so
session optional pam_mail.so standard noenv
password required pam_unix.so nullok obscure min = 4 max = 8 md5
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LABEL PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
system_u:system_r:init_t 1 ? Ss 0:00 init
system_u:system_r:kernel_t 2 ? S 0:00 [migration/0]
system_u:system_r:kernel_t 3 ? S 0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
system_u:system_r:kernel_t 4 ? S 0:00 [watchdog/0]
system_u:system_r:kernel_t 5 ? S 0:00 [migration/1]
system_u:system_r:kernel_t 6 ? SN 0:00 [migration/1]
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LABEL PID TTY STAT TIME COMMAND
system_u:system_r:kernel_t 7 ? S 0:00 [watchdog/1]
system_u:system_r:syslogd_t 2564 ? Ss 0:00 syslogd -m 0
system_u:system_r:klogd_t 2567 ? Ss 0:00 klogd -x
system_u:system_r:irqbalance_t 2579 ? Ss 0:00 irqbalance
system_u:system_r:portmap_t 2608 ? Ss 0:00 portmap
system_u:system_r:rpcd_t 2629 ? Ss 0:00 rpc.statd
user_u:system_r:unconfined_t 4812 ? Ss 0:00 /usr/libexec/gconfd-2 5
user_u:system_r:unconfined_t 4858 ? Sl 0:00 gnome-terminal
user_u:system_r:unconfined_t 4861 ? S 0:00 gnome-pty-helper
user_u:system_r:unconfined_t 4862 pts/0 Ss 0:00 bash
user_u:system_r:unconfined_t 4920 pts/0 S 0:00 gedit
system_u:system_r:rpcd_t 4984 ? Ss 0:00 rpc.idmapd
system_u:system_r:gpm_t 5029 ? Ss 0:00 gpm -m /dev/input/mice -t exps2
user_u:system_r:unconfined_t 5184 pts/0 R+ 0:00 ps ax -Z
user_u:system_r:unconfined_t 5185 pts/0 D+ 0:00 Bash
# ls -Z
drwxr-xr-x josep josep user_u:object_r:user_home_t Desktop
drwxrwxr-x josep josep user_u:object_r:user_home_t proves
-rw-r--r-- josep josep user_u:object_r:user_home_t yum.conf
$ id -Z
user_u:system_r:unconfined_t
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0 permissive 1 enforcing.
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finger stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/etc/in.fingerd
in.fingerd
finger stream tcp nowait nobody /usr/sbin/tcpd in.fingerd
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iptables -A chain -j target
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iptables -I INPUT 3 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j ACCEPT
iptables -D INPUT 1
iptables -D INPUT -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j ACCEPT
iptables -P INPUT DENY
iptables -P OUTPUT REJECT
iptables -P FORWARD REJECT
1)iptables -A INPUT -s 10.0.0.0/8 -d 192.168.1.2 -j DROP
2)iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 113 -j REJECT --reject-with
tcp-reset
3)iptables -I INPUT -p tcp --dport 113 -s 10.0.0.0/8 -j ACCEPT
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/etc/init.d/iptables save
/etc/sysconfig/iptables
/etc/init.d/iptables save name-rules
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nmap -sTU -O localhost
root@machine:˜# nmap -sUT -O localhost
starting nmap 3.27 (www.insecure.org/nmap/) at 2003-09-17
11:31 CEST Interesting ports on localhost (127.0.0.1):
Port
9/tcp
9/udp
13/tcp
22/tcp
25/tcp
37/tcp
37/udp
80/tcp
111/tcp
111/udp
113/tcp
631/tcp
728/udp
731/udp
734/tcp
Remote operating system guess: Linux kernel 2.4.0-2.5.20
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Uptime 2.011 days (since Mon Sep 15 11:14:57 2003)
Nmap run completed --1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in
9.404 seconds
discard stream tcp nowait root internal
smtp stream tcp nowait mail /usr/sbin/exim exim –bs
22/tcp
80/tcp
111/tcp
111/udp
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113/tcp
631/tcp
728/udp
734/tcp
/etc/init.d/apache stop
root@machine:# grep 631 /etc/services
ipp 631/tcp # Internet Printing Protocol
ipp 631/udp # Internet Printing Protocol
root@machine:˜# netstat -anp | grep 728
udp 0 0 0.0.0.0:728 0.0.0.0:* 552/rpc.statd
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root@machine:˜# rpcinfo -p
programme vers
100000 2 tcp
100000 2 udp
100024 1 udp
100024 1 tcp
391002 1 tcp
391002 2 tcp
/etc/init.d/nfs-common
/etc/init.d/nfs-kernel-server
/etc/init.d/portmap
ALL : ALL : spawn (/usr/sbin/safe_finger -l @%h \
| /usr/bin/mail -s "%c FAILED ACCESS TO %d!!" root) &
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sshd: 1.2.3.4
root@machine:˜# tcpdmatch sshd 1.2.3.4
warning: sshd: no such process name in /etc/inetd.conf client:
hostname machine.domain.es
client: address 1.2.3.4
server: process sshd
matched: /etc/hosts.allow line 13
access: grantedv
root@aopcjj:˜# iptables -L
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Chain INPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
Chain FORWARD (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
Chain OUTPUT (policy ACCEPT)
target prot opt source destination
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/proc/1:
/proc/cpuinfo:
/proc/dma:
/proc/interrupts:
/proc/ioports:
/proc/kcore:
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/proc/kmsg:
/proc/ksyms:
/proc/loadavg:
/proc/meminfo:
/proc/modules:
/proc/net:
/proc/stat:
/proc/uptime:
/proc/version:
sar sadc
atsar at-
sadc
atsar options t [n]n
atsar -options -s time -e time -i sec -f file -n day#
@reboot root test -x /usr/lib/atsadc && /usr/lib/atsar/atsadc
/var/log/atsar/atsa'date +\%d'
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10,20,30,40,50 * * * * root test -x /usr/lib/atsar/atsa1 &&
/usr/lib/atsar/atsa1
atsar sar
atsar
atsar sar
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sar -u 4 5
Linux 2.6.19-prep (localhost.localdomain) 24/03/07
idle=100
idle=10
sar -I 4 5
Linux 2.6.19-prep (localhost.localdomain) 24/03/07
08:24:01 INTR intr/s
08:24:06 4 0.00
Media: 4 0.00
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sar -r 4 5
Linux 2.6.19-prep (localhost.localdomain) 24/03/07
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 1026216 729716 296500 0 24324 459980
-/+ buffers/cache: 245412 780804Swap: 963860 0 963860
¾
½
vmstat sar -r
vmstat 1 10
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu------
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
0 0 0 295896 24384 459984 0 0 321 56 1249 724 11 2 81 5 0
0 0 0 295896 24384 459984 0 0 0 28 1179 383 1 0 99 0 0
0 0 0 295896 24384 460012 0 0 0 0 1260 498 0 0 100 0 0
0 0 0 295896 24384 460012 0 0 0 0 1175 342 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 295896 24384 460012 0 0 0 0 1275 526 0 0 100 0 0
1 0 0 295896 24392 460004 0 0 0 72 1176 356 0 0 99 1 0
0 0 0 295896 24392 460012 0 0 0 0 1218 420 0 0 100 0 0
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0 0 0 295896 24392 460012 0 0 0 0 1216 436 0 0 100 0 0
0 0 0 295896 24392 460012 0 0 0 0 1174 361 0 0 100 0 0
1 0 0 295896 24392 460012 0 0 0 0 1260 492 0 0 100 0 0
sar -v 4 5
Linux 2.6.19-prep (localhost.localdomain) 24/03/07
08:24:48 dentunusd file-sz inode-sz
super-sz
%super-sz dquot-sz
%dquot-sz rts ig-sz
%rtsig-sz
08:24:52 19177 3904 15153 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
08:24:56 19177 3904 15153 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
08:25:00 19177 3904 15153 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
08:25:04 19177 3904 15153 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
08:25:08 19177 3904 15153 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
Media: 19177 3904 15153 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00
ps -edaflm top
ps –edaflm
F S UID PID PPID C PRI NI AD-DR
SZ WCHANSTIMETTY TIME CMD
4 - root 1 0 0 - - - 508 - 08:01? 00:00:00 init [5]
1 - root 1927 7 0 - - - 0 - 08:02? 00:00:00 [kondemand/0]
1 - rpc 2523 1 0 - - - 424 - 08:02? 00:00:00 syslogd -m 0
5 S rpc 2566 1 0 - - - 444 - 08:02? 00:00:00 portmap
5 - root - 0 78 0 - - - - 08:02- 00:00:00 -
5 root 2587 1 0 - - - 472 - 08:02? 00:00:00 rpc.statd
5 S root - - 0 81 0 - - 08:02- 00:00:00 -
1 - root 2620 1 0 - - 1232 - 08:02? 00:00:00 rpc.idmapd
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1 S root - - 0 75 0 - defaul 08:02- 00:00:00 -
5 - root 2804 1 0 - - - 1294 - 08:02? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
5 S root - - 0 84 0 - - - 08:02- 00:00:00 -
5 - root 2910 1 0 - - - 551 - 08:02? 00:00:00 /usr/sbin/atd
5 S root - - 0 84 0 - - - 08:02- 00:00:00 -
4 - root 3066 1 0 - - - 407 - 08:02tty1 00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty tty1
4 root 3305 1 0 - - - 21636 - 08:03? 00:00:01 nautilus --no-default-win-dow --sm-
4 - root 3305 1 0 - - - 21636 - 08:03? 00:00:01 client-id default3
0 - root 3643 3541 0 - - - 1123 - 08:17pts/1
00:00:00 bash
4 - root 3701 3643 0 - - - 1054 - 08:27pts/1
00:00 :00 ps -edaf lm
top - 08:26:52 up 25 min, 2 users, load average: 0.21, 0.25,
0.33
Tasks: 124 total, 1 running, 123 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 10.8%us, 2.1%sy, 0.0%ni, 82.0%id, 4.9%wa, 0.1%hi,
0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 1026216k total, 731056k used, 295160k free, 24464k
buffers
Swap: 963860k total, 0k used, 963860k free, 460208k cached
PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
3541 root 15 0 42148 14m 981 S 1.9 1.5 0:00.76 gnome-terminal
3695 root 15 0 260 944 1650 R 1.9 0.1 0:00.02 top
1 root RT 0 2032 680 580 S 0.0 0.1 0:00.85 init
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PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND
2 root 34 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 migration/0
3 root RT 19 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.04 ksoftirqd/0
4 root 10 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 watchdog/0
5 root 16 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 events/0
6 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khelper
7 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kthread
53 root 11 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 kblockd/0
54 root 15 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 kacpid
177 root 18 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 cqueue/0
178 root 18 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 ksuspend_usbd
181 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 khubd
183 root 10 -5 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.01 kseriod
203 root 23 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.00 pdflush
204 root 15 0 0 0 0 S 0.0 0.0 0:00.03 pdflush
vmstat io-
stat uptime
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ps top
systune dump > /tmp/sysfile
systune -c /tmp/sysfile
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atsar -I
atsar -u
atsar -d
atsar -d iostat
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dumpe2fs -h /dev/hd
tune2fs /dev/hd
netstat -i
netstat -s | more
echo 600 > /proc/sys/net/core/netdev max backlog (300 by de-
fault).
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gpowertweak
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hdparm
man hdparm
hdparm -vtT /dev/hdX
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/etc/init.d/networking stop
ifdown eth0 ifup eth0
Format:permission: users : origins+o - : users: from where
-:ALL EXCEPT root: tty1 Disable access to all no-root over tty1.
-:ALL EXCEPT user1 user2 user3:console prevents access except for users1,2,3 but the lat-ter may only access from the console.
-:user1:ALL EXCEPT LOCAL .uoc.edu 'group.conf':
su -
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chattr +i /etc/lilo.conf
ca:12345:ctrlaltdel:/sbin/shutdown -t1 -a -r now
Activate the changes with telinit q.
sysadm su
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chattr +i file
/tmp /tmp ext2 defaults,nosuid,noexec 0 0
chmod a-s file
find / -type f -perm -4000 or -perm -2000 –print
find / -name ".*" -print | cat -v
find / name ".." -print
find / -nouser -nogroup
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apt-get install
munin munin-node
dbdir /var/lib/munin
htmldir /var/www/www.pirulo.org/web/monitoring
logdir /var/log/muninrundir /var/run/munin
tmpldir /etc/munin/templates
[pirulo.org]
address 127.0.0.1
use_node_name yes
mkdir -p /var/www/pirulo.org/web/monitoring
chown munin:munin /var/www/pirulo.org/web/monitoring
/etc/init.d/munin-node restart
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AuthType Basic
AuthName "Members Only"
AuthUserFile /var/www/pirulo.org/.htpasswd
<limit GET PUT POST>
require valid-user
</limit>
htpasswd -c /var/www/pirulo.org/.htpasswd admin
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apt-get install monit
set daemon 60
set logfile syslog facility log_daemon
set mailserver localhost
set mail-format { from: monit@pirulo.org }
set alert root@localhost
set httpd port 3333 and
allow admin:test
check process proftpd with pidfile /var/run/proftpd.pid
start program = "/etc/init.d/proftpd start"
stop program = "/etc/init.d/proftpd stop"
if failed port 21 protocol ftp then restart
if 5 restarts within 5 cycles then timeout
check process sshd with pidfile /var/run/sshd.pid
start program "/etc/init.d/ssh start"
stop program "/etc/init.d/ssh stop"
if failed port 22 protocol ssh then restart
if 5 restarts within 5 cycles then timeout
check process mysql with pidfile /var/run/mysqld/
mysqld.pid
group database
start program = "/etc/init.d/mysql start"
stop program = "/etc/init.d/mysql stop"
if failed host 127.0.0.1 port 3306 then restart
if 5 restarts within 5 cycles then timeout
check process apache with pidfile /var/run/apache2.pid
group www
start program = "/etc/init.d/apache2 start"
stop program = "/etc/init.d/apache2 stop"
if failed host www.pirulo.org port 80 protocol http
and request "/monit/token" then restart
if cpu is greater than 60% for 2 cycles then alert
if cpu > 80% for 5 cycles then restart
if totalmem > 500 MB for 5 cycles then restart
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if children > 250 then restart
if loadavg(5min) greater than 10 for 8 cycles then stop
if 3 restarts within 5 cycles then timeout
check process postfix with pidfile /var/spool/postfix/
pid/master.pidgroup mail
start program = "/etc/init.d/postfix start"
stop program = "/etc/init.d/postfix stop"
if failed port 25 protocol smtp then restart
if 5 restarts within 5 cycles then timeout
mkdir /var/www/pirulo.org/web/monit; echo "piru-
lo" > /var/www/pirulo.org/web/monit/token
/etc/init.d/monit start
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WorkDir: /var/www/mrtg
Target[average]: '/usr/local/bin/cpu-load/average'
MaxBytes[average]: 1000
Options[average]: gauge, nopercent, growright, integer
YLegend[average]: Load average
kMG[average]: ,,
ShortLegend[average]:
Legend1[average]: Load average x 100
LegendI[average]: load:
LegendO[average]:
Title[average]: Load average x 100 for pirulo.org
PageTop[average]: <H1>Load average x 100 for pirulo.org</
H1>
<TABLE>
<TR><TD>System:</TD>
<TD>pirulo.org</TD></TR>
<TR><TD>Maintainer:</TD> <TD>webmaster@pirulo.org</
TD></TR><TR><TD>Max used:</TD> <TD>1000</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
atsar
#!/bin/sh
load='/usr/bin/atsar -u 1 | tail -n 1 | awk -F" " '{print
$10}''
echo "$load * 100" | bc | awk -F"." '{print $1}'
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first node on the left receives a piece of data, processes it and sends it to the
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