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Glycolysis and Fermentation
What’s so sweet about Sugar?
Objectives• Discuss ATP and where the ‘energy’ is• Describe what fermentation is and
where the ‘energy’ is • Design an experiment to ‘test’
fermentation• Weigh the merits of fermentation vs.
respiration• Recognize/explain what happens in a RedOx
reaction
Thinking it Through• CH4 (methane)
C2H5OH H3C-CH2-OH (ethanol) C8H18 CH3(CH2)6CH3
(octane)
• H2O CO2
• Similarities in components/structure?
• Differences in behavior?
• Differences in structure?
So where are ‘calories’?
Energy (heat) needed to raise 1g water, 1oC
Saturated Fat
Why are there more calories?
RedOx Reactions
OIL RIG
OIL = Oxidation Is Loss
RIG = Reduction Is Gainof electrons
of electrons
O
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAD+
H H H
Oxidized Form Reduced Form
Oxidized Form Reduced Form
NAD+ NADH
“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”
“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”
“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”
Phosphate Groups
“ATP- molecule used to store and transfer energy”
• Why not just separate?
• What does this mean in terms of ‘energy’?
How does breaking a bond ‘release’ energy?
Same thing shown with a bit more detail…
http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/ChemStructures/Atphydrl.gif
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
Metabolic Pathways
Glycolysis• Glyco – glucose/sugar
• Lysis – “to loosen”, take apart
Glucose(6 Carbons)
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP2 NAD+
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
NAD+ is reduced to “NADH”
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
*Addition of 2 inorganic
phosphates
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Glycolysis
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Net production of 2 ATP
GlycolysisGlucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
How do you Keep Glycolysis Going?
How do you Keep Glycolysis Going?
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
How do you Keep Glycolysis Going?
Glucose(6 Carbons)
2 ATP
2 ADP
Pyruvate3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 ATP 2 ATP2 ADP 2 ADP
2 NADH
2 NAD+
Fermentation(Lactic Acid)
Lactic Acid3 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 NAD+2 NADH
NADH is oxidized into NAD+
Pyruvate is reduced and forms Lactic Acid
Fermentation(Alcoholic)
Ethanol2 Carbons
Pyruvate3 Carbons
2 NAD+2 NADH
NADH is oxidized into NAD+
Pyruvate is reduced and forms Ethanol
CO2CO2
Fermentation• Keep Glycolysis going - oxidizes
NADH into NAD+ • Glycolysis – 2 ATP
• “NO” O2 present
• Lactic Acid• Alcoholic
– Ethanol- CO2
Here’s the claim:Glycolysis –
Glucose + 2ATP Pyruvate + 4ATP
Fermentation (no O2 present)
Pyruvate + NADH ethanol + CO2 + NAD+
What can you test?
Conditions needed?
How?
Rank in terms of: feasibility, safety, ‘fun’
Optimizations• We’ve proposed testing for components
• Are all tests best done under same conditions?
• Concept: limiting components. How do you max your yield (or sensitivity) for:– Glucose
– CO2
– ETOH
More?
• What will your solution look like?– “murky”?
• How do you speed it up?
• What conditions do we WANT?
Time to get to know each other better…
Okay, that’s FermentationHow does it ‘usually’
happen?
So?• WHY do you breath O2?
• Where does the CO2 come from?
• Where does ‘body heat’ come from?
• What is the relationship between sugars, and fats?
What do ‘conclusive’ results tell you?
• Smoking, etc.– ‘consistent’ with
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