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Global South 2007-8. Lecture 6: November 2, 2007 Developmental State. Courtesy: http://www.olemiss.edu/courses/pol387/koreadev.ppt#256,1,Development in South Korea. Golden Era of Growth. Park: 1961-79 year per capita GDP (US$) export (US$) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Global South 2007-8
Lecture 6: November 2, 2007Developmental State
Courtesy: http://www.olemiss.edu/courses/pol387/koreadev.ppt#256,1,Development in South Korea
Golden Era of Growth
Park: 1961-79
year per capita GDP (US$) export (US$)1962 87 56.7 million1980 1,503 17,500.0 million
2001 8,918 150,440.0 million
Questions
How did this growth occur? Why did it not occur anywhere else? Is this growth = development
What explains growth
Kay: Relationship between agrarian and
industrial structure Nature of technological change Pattern of structural change Intersectoral resource flow
Is anything missing in this analysis?
Historical structures (Cox)
Social forcesLand relations?
Industrial capitalism?
Forms of state Democracy/dictatorship
“developmentalism”
World OrdersHegemonic/non-hegemonic
How did South Korea grow?
Main views Export-led growth State interventionism Nature of state intervention: what role
did authoritarianism play?
Japanese colonialism (1910-45)
Colonial educational system Japanese language and culture
Occupation of land Industrialization and Modernization
Independence
1948 August, Republic of Korea established
1948 September, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea established Premier: Kim Il-Sung
President Rhee Syngman (1948 - 60)resigned amid popular protests
1961 military coup by Park Chung-Hee
What did Park do?
Land reform Confiscate wealth Envisioned a transformation from
merchant capital to industrial capital Established a bureaucracy and an
‘autonomous’ developmental state
Importance of Land Reform
What are land reforms? What are the differences between
land reforms in Latin America and East Asia? What is the author’s main argument
about land reforms?
Difference between East Asia and Latin America
“squeeze” agriculture without stifling growth
How? By curbing the power of the landlords
In Latin America this was not possible Labour that was pushed out of land
did not get work
What is state autonomy?
The ability of the state to define its own goal (in most cases modernization/state capitalism)
The ability of the state to implement this set of goals despite opposition from particular interest groups
“Developmental state”
The opposite of a “liberal” state, where the state is not a direct participant in the economy or society. It performs certain minimal roles. Its goals derive from the goals of the society.
A developmentalist state on the other hand actively shapes society, social relations and social goals.
Developmental state
Centerpiece is the bureaucracy which actively adopted goals and strategies. It then allocates resources and roles to different social classes to fulfill these objectives. In this case rather than the state reflecting demands of social classes, social classes are shaped according to state goals
Ingredients of a developmental state
Autonomy Coordination Authoritarian political structure Weak social formations
Strategies of developmentalism
IndustrializationStrategiesLand reformExportsImport substitution Skill development High rates of labour absorption
India
Growth but not ‘development’ What does the author mean?
India (2)
Conventional wisdom – India had no growth or the ‘hindu rate of growth’ before the nineties
Author’s suggestion: earlier growth is underestimated and recent growth is exaggerated
What is the major difference
India (3)
The major difference lies in the nature of the state-capital relationship
Earlier phase: development of capitalism through intervention
Recent phase: realignment of state policy to accommodate maturity of industrial capitalism
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