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G I N A Q U A NP H Y S I C S H 1 9 0 S P R I N G 2 0 1 2
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ANOMALOUSLY HIGH PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN
ICELAND
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ANOMALOUSLY HIGH PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN ICELAND
• Introduction to Iceland• History• Energy Produced• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Other
• Consumption• Future
3
What is Iceland?
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WHAT IS ICELAND?
• Population: 320,000• 60% reside in the
capital city, Reykjavik
• 100,000 sq km• High standard of
living• Terrain• Tectonically active• Mid-Atlantic ridge• Volcanic activity
• Glaciers and rivers
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WHAT IS ICELAND?
• Isolated • Motivation to be
self-sustaining
• What’s in Iceland?• Geysers, Hot
springs• Aurora Borealis• Bjork
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ANOMALOUSLY HIGH PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN ICELAND
• Introduction to Iceland• History• Energy Produced• Geothermal• Hydroelectric• Other
• Consumption• Future
7
HISTORY OF ENERGY
• Hydro dams in the early 20th c.• Government encouraged electric
stoves
• Geothermal space heating• Women used to bake “hot spring
bread” (hverabrauth)• First used in homes- early 20th
century swimming pools
• Industry growth growth in hydroelectric and geothermal power
• 1970’s movement toward replacing oil
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ANOMALOUSLY HIGH PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN ICELAND
• Introduction to Iceland• History• Energy Produced• Hydroelectric• Geothermal• Other
• Consumption• Future
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HYDROELECTRIC POWER
• Accounts for 80% of electricity produced• Rivers, waterfalls
dams• Criticism for
environmental consequences• Mostly near aluminum
smelters (more on that later)
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ANOMALOUSLY HIGH PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN ICELAND
• Introduction to Iceland• History• Energy Produced• Hydroelectric• Geothermal• Other
• Consumption• Future
11
GEOTHERMAL POWER
• ~25% of energy produced in Iceland• Heats 90% of homes in
Iceland• How?• 1. Heat from Earth heats
water under crust• 2. Iceland drills boreholes• 3. Hot water• 4. Profit!!!
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GEOTHERMAL POWER
• Blue Lagoon (Bláa lónið)• One of Iceland’s most
visited attractions
• 6 million liters of water• Water from geothermal
plant waste• Rich in sulphur, silica
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GEOTHERMAL POWER
• “Sustainable”- heat removed is small compared to total heat in Earth• Precipitation replenishes
water• 5 major geothermal
plants• 4 TWh/yr but could grow
to up to 30 TWh/year
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ANOMALOUSLY HIGH PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN ICELAND
• Introduction to Iceland• History• Energy Produced• Hydroelectric• Geothermal• Other
• Consumption• Future
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OTHER ENERGY SOURCES
• Oil• Roughly 20% of energy
consumption• Transportation, fishing
• Coal• Shift toward renewable
resources- 1960’s• Plans to be completely
renewable by 2050
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ANOMALOUSLY HIGH PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN ICELAND
• Introduction to Iceland• History• Energy Produced• Hydroelectric• Geothermal• Other
• Consumption• Future
17
CONSUMPTION OF ELECTRICITY
• 100% of electricity renewable• Provides itself 70% of
primary energy• More than any other country
• Virtually all is consumed by residents• ~5.9 kW per person= 16.5
million MWh/year
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COST OF ELECTRICITY IN ICELAND
SO CHEAP
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Why the high electricity consumption per capita?
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MANUFACTURING
• Aluminum smelters• Three plants• 1969- Rio Tinto Alcan (CN)• Intially, 33k metric tons/year
• 1998- Century Aluminum Country (US)
• 2008- Alcoa (US)• Built an entire hydroelectric
plant• ~1000 tons of aluminum/day• Cause of 2008 crash?
• Total- nearly 800k metric tons/year!
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MANUFACTURING
• Bauxite imported from US, Ireland and Australia
"We are based in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. We are not connected to the mainland Europe grid," said Bjarni Mar Gylfason, chief economist for the Federation of Icelandic Industries. "So we export energy in the form of aluminum."
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TOTAL ICELANDIC ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION
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MANUFACTURING
• Ferrosilicum plants• Industrial products-
Roughly 55% of Iceland’s exports• Other exports• Fish
• Plants consume 5x electricity of residents
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ENERGY CONSUMPTION- ALL
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ANOMALOUSLY HIGH PER CAPITA ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION IN ICELAND
• Introduction to Iceland• History• Energy Produced• Hydroelectric• Geothermal• Other
• Consumption• Future
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TO THE FUTURE
• Economic recession oil imports costly• Projects to develop
renewable energy• Harvest methane in
agriculture• Hydrogen fuel for cars
and ships• Deep drilling
supercritical steam• + more!
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TO THE FUTURE
• Current energy policy• Conserving natural areas• Reduce greenhouse gas
emissions• Promote sustainable
development• Diversify Economy• Increase forestation• Increase use of
environmentally friendly vehicles
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CONCLUSION
• Iceland’s anomalously high electricity consumption per capita is due to large scale manufacturing• 80% of Iceland’s energy consumed is renewable• The majority of energy produced is geothermal
and hydroelectric
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SOURCES
• Energy Development in Island Nations <http://www.edinenergy.org/iceland.html>• Energy Solutions In Iceland <http://
www.thesolutionsjournal.com/node/637>• Gjelsvik, et. al. Energy Demand in Iceland.
Statistics Norway Research Department. May, 1995.• Ministry for the Environment in Iceland. Iceland’s
Fifth National Communication on Climate Change. 2011.• Wikipedia.org
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THANK YOU
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