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GHSGT ReviewGHSGT Review
Week 1: Week 1:
CellsCells
Cell TransportCell Transport
Chemistry of LIfeChemistry of LIfe
CellsCells
Cell TheoryCell Theory
All living things are made of cellsAll living things are made of cells
All come from preexisting cells All come from preexisting cells
Cells are the basic unit of structure and Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of lifefunction of life
Robert HookeRobert Hooke
11stst saw cells under microscope saw cells under microscope
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic CellsCells
Prokaryotic CellsProkaryotic Cells
DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUSDO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS
Example – BACTERIA BACTERIA and Example – BACTERIA BACTERIA and NOTHING BUT BACTERIANOTHING BUT BACTERIA
Prokaryotic Cells continuedProkaryotic Cells continued
Kingdom – EUBACTERIA or Kingdom – EUBACTERIA or ARCHEABACTERIA (these used to be ARCHEABACTERIA (these used to be the old single kingdom MONERA) the old single kingdom MONERA) EUBACTERIA are the common bacteria EUBACTERIA are the common bacteria that are found everywherethat are found everywhereARCHEABACTERIA are found only in ARCHEABACTERIA are found only in very hostile environments (hot steam very hostile environments (hot steam vents, areas with very high or low pH or vents, areas with very high or low pH or places that have a high salt content)places that have a high salt content)
EUKARYOTIC CELLSEUKARYOTIC CELLS
HAVE A NUCLEUSHAVE A NUCLEUS
All:All:PlantsPlantsAnimalsAnimalsFungiFungiProtistaProtistaAre examples of organisms that have eukaryotic Are examples of organisms that have eukaryotic
cellscells
Plant Cells vs. Animal CellsPlant Cells vs. Animal Cells
Animal CellsAnimal CellsNucleus – The control center of the cellNucleus – The control center of the cell
Ribosomes- the site of protein synthesisRibosomes- the site of protein synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum – a system of transport pathways Endoplasmic Reticulum – a system of transport pathways throughout the cellthroughout the cell
Golgi (apparatus, body, complex) a stack of flattened Golgi (apparatus, body, complex) a stack of flattened sacks, sacks are filled with materials that exit the cellsacks, sacks are filled with materials that exit the cell
Cell Membrane - also called the PLASMA MEMBRANE –a Cell Membrane - also called the PLASMA MEMBRANE –a barrier that keeps the inside in and the outside out. barrier that keeps the inside in and the outside out.
Mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell – the site of Mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell – the site of Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration
More Animal Cell OrganellesMore Animal Cell Organelles
Lysosomes – vesicles that contain digestive enzymes – Lysosomes – vesicles that contain digestive enzymes – the stomach of the cell.the stomach of the cell.
Vacuoles – Water filled sacks – animal cell have manyVacuoles – Water filled sacks – animal cell have many small water vacuolessmall water vacuoles
Cilia & Flagella – long hair like structures used for Cilia & Flagella – long hair like structures used for locomotion –locomotion –
flagella = one long whip, flagella = one long whip, Cilia = many short - allover the outer Cilia = many short - allover the outer
surface of the cellsurface of the cell
Vesicles – fluid filled sacks that contain various materialsVesicles – fluid filled sacks that contain various materials
And MORE animal cell organellesAnd MORE animal cell organelles
Cytoplasm – (cyto=cell; plasm=liquid)Cytoplasm – (cyto=cell; plasm=liquid)the gel in the cell in whichthe gel in the cell in which
the organelles arethe organelles are suspended.suspended.
Chromosomes – Coiled DNAChromosomes – Coiled DNA
Nuclear Membrane – separates the nucleus Nuclear Membrane – separates the nucleus from the rest of the cell – also called,”the from the rest of the cell – also called,”the nuclear envelope”nuclear envelope”
Nucleolus- Found inside the nucleus – this produces Nucleolus- Found inside the nucleus – this produces ribosomesribosomes
Plant CellsPlant Cells
Same as animal, EXCEPT:Same as animal, EXCEPT:– Have cell wall – made of CELLULOSEHave cell wall – made of CELLULOSE
– Have chloroplast (plastid) – contains the Have chloroplast (plastid) – contains the photosynthetic pigment called CHLOROPHYLLphotosynthetic pigment called CHLOROPHYLL
– Have one LARGE vacuoleHave one LARGE vacuole
– Do NOT have centriolesDo NOT have centrioles
DAY TWODAY TWO
Cell Transport and Cell Transport and HomeostasisHomeostasis
HomeostasisHomeostasis
Maintaining a stable internal environmentMaintaining a stable internal environment
Examples:Examples:
maintaining a constant internal body maintaining a constant internal body temperaturetemperature
Water regulationWater regulation
Crossing the Plasma Crossing the Plasma MembraneMembrane
Passive Transport – does not Passive Transport – does not require energy input on the part of require energy input on the part of the cell. the cell.
Active Transport – requires the Active Transport – requires the cell to expend energycell to expend energy
Passive TransportPassive Transport
Diffusion – particles moving from an area of Diffusion – particles moving from an area of high concentration to an area of low high concentration to an area of low concentrationconcentration
examples – smells, water evaporation,examples – smells, water evaporation,
Osmosis – Osmosis – water moving across a cell water moving across a cell membranemembrane from an area of high from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to an area of low concentrationconcentration
Active TransportActive Transport
Sodium – Potassium Pump – Sodium – Potassium Pump –
Endocytosis – (into the cell)Endocytosis – (into the cell)phagocytosis – large solid particles are phagocytosis – large solid particles are
brought into the cellbrought into the cellpinocytosis – small or liquid (non-water)pinocytosis – small or liquid (non-water)
particles are brought into the particles are brought into the
cell.cell.Exocytosis (out of the cell) materials are Exocytosis (out of the cell) materials are released from the cellreleased from the cell
Day threeDay three
Chemistry of LifeChemistry of Life
ElementsElements
6 elements in all living things: 6 elements in all living things: CPHONSCPHONS
WaterWater
AdhesionAdhesion
CohesionCohesion
PolarPolar
MeniscusMeniscus
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
CarbohydratesCarbohydrates
LipidsLipids
ProteinsProteins
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids
Organic CompoundsOrganic Compounds
Carbohydrates – saccharidesCarbohydrates – saccharides
Lipids – fats and oilsLipids – fats and oils
Proteins **** Proteins **** – Made of Amino AcidsMade of Amino Acids– Enzymes (Catalysts)Enzymes (Catalysts)
Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids– DNA & RNADNA & RNA
What Do Living Things Do?What Do Living Things Do?
What Do Living Things Do?What Do Living Things Do?
Absorb (take in nutrients)Absorb (take in nutrients)ExcreteExcreteDigestDigestBiosynthesisBiosynthesisSecreteSecreteReproduceReproduceAdaptAdaptUse EnergyUse Energy
Photosynthesis & Cellular Photosynthesis & Cellular RespirationRespiration
1. In this process, cells use 1. In this process, cells use glucose to produce energyglucose to produce energy
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
HomeostasisHomeostasis
RespirationRespiration
lysosomelysosome
2. This describes how our body 2. This describes how our body temperature stays at a safe temperature stays at a safe level.level.
RespirationRespiration
HeterotrophHeterotroph
MitochondrionMitochondrion
homeostasishomeostasis
3. Which of the following is an 3. Which of the following is an autotroph?autotroph?
FungiFungi
TreeTree
AmoebaAmoeba
GoldfishGoldfish
4. Which of the following is a 4. Which of the following is a heterotroph?heterotroph?
WheatWheat
HumanHuman
DandelionDandelion
grassgrass
5. What controls movement in 5. What controls movement in and out of the cell?and out of the cell?
Cell wallCell wall
CytoplasmCytoplasm
Cell membraneCell membrane
nucleusnucleus
6. The site of photosynthesis is 6. The site of photosynthesis is the the
Cell wallCell wall
NucleusNucleus
MitochondrionMitochondrion
chloroplastchloroplast
7. It is where protein synthesis 7. It is where protein synthesis takes placetakes place
CytoplasmCytoplasm
RibosomeRibosome
NucleusNucleus
chromosomechromosome
8. It controls the movement in 8. It controls the movement in and out of the nucleus.and out of the nucleus.
Cell membraneCell membrane
NucleolusNucleolus
Nuclear membraneNuclear membrane
ribosomeribosome
9. It is involved in the 9. It is involved in the breakdown of food in the cell.breakdown of food in the cell.
LysosomeLysosome
RibosomeRibosome
VacuoleVacuole
MitochondrionMitochondrion
10. It is the rigid structure that 10. It is the rigid structure that gives shape to plant cells.gives shape to plant cells.
Cell wallCell wall
Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum
Cell membraneCell membrane
Nuclear membraneNuclear membrane
11. Glucose is changed into 11. Glucose is changed into pyruvic acid duringpyruvic acid during
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
GlycolysisGlycolysis
Electron transportElectron transport
The Kreb’s CycleThe Kreb’s Cycle
12. In this process, pyruvic acid 12. In this process, pyruvic acid and oxygen yield carbon and oxygen yield carbon dioxide, water and ATP.dioxide, water and ATP.
PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis
GlycolysisGlycolysis
Electron transportElectron transport
Kreb’s CycleKreb’s Cycle
13. Two structures found in 13. Two structures found in plant cells and not in animal plant cells and not in animal cells arecells are
Mitochondria and chloroplastsMitochondria and chloroplasts
Ribosomes and cell wallsRibosomes and cell walls
Cell wall and chloroplastsCell wall and chloroplasts
Cell membrane and cell wallCell membrane and cell wall
14. When more water goes into 14. When more water goes into a cell than out of a cell, the a cell than out of a cell, the solution around the cell issolution around the cell is
HypertonicHypertonic
HypotonicHypotonic
IsotonicIsotonic
destroyeddestroyed
15. Which element is present in 15. Which element is present in all living things?all living things?
IronIron
CarbonCarbon
HeliumHelium
SodiumSodium
16. What is the function of an 16. What is the function of an enzyme in a biochemical enzyme in a biochemical reaction?reaction?
CatalystCatalyst
SolventSolvent
InhibitorInhibitor
nutrientnutrient
17. All living things exhibit the 17. All living things exhibit the following characteristics following characteristics EXCEPT:EXCEPT:
Growth and developmentGrowth and development
Response to the environmentResponse to the environment
Respiration of oxygenRespiration of oxygen
Transfer of genetic informationTransfer of genetic information
18. Which of the following is 18. Which of the following is true of MOST living things?true of MOST living things?
A male and female are required for reproductionA male and female are required for reproduction
All cells of the organism are the sameAll cells of the organism are the same
All organisms have cells arranged into tissuesAll organisms have cells arranged into tissues
The ultimate source of energy for all organisms The ultimate source of energy for all organisms is the sun.is the sun.
NEXT WEEK:HeredityNEXT WEEK:Heredity
Mitosis & MeiosisMitosis & Meiosis
Transcription, Translation, ReplicationTranscription, Translation, Replication
Punnett Squares, DominancePunnett Squares, Dominance
Genetic DiseasesGenetic Diseases
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