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Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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Geothermal Potential and Development in Indonesia
Prof. Yusuf L. Henuk, Ph.D1 and Analiser Halawa
2
1Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, SUMUT
2Fakultas Teknologi Mineral, Institut Sains dan Teknologi TD
Pardede, Medan, SUMUT
Corresponding & Presenting Author1: E-mail: yusufhenuk62@live.com –
Mobile: +62 81353 705862
Abstract
Geothermal energy is energy derived from the heat of the earth. The earth’s centre is a distance of
approximately 4000 miles and is so hot that is molten. Temperatures are understood to be at least
500oC. Heat from the centre of the centre of the earth conducts outwards and heat up the outer layers of
rock called the mantle. When this type of rock melts and becomes molten it is called magma. Magma
can reach just below the earths surface. Rain water sometimes seeps down through geological faults
lines and cracks becoming super heated by the hot rocks below. Some of this super heated water rises
back to the surface of the earth where it emerges as hot springs or even geysers. Sometimes the hot
water becomes trapped below the surface as a geothermal reservoir. The rapid increase in fossil-fuel
based energy consumption, which is subject to volatility in the world oil market, is the main challenge
facing the country’s energy supply. At the same time, growing greenhouse gas emissions from the use
of fossil fuels imposes costs on the economy and society. Geothermal energy provides one solution to
these issues. It is a source of clean, renewable and environmentally friendly energy for power
generation. Furthermore, as an indigenous and non-tradable energy source, it will enhance the country’s
energy security by serving as a natural hedge against the fluctuations of global fossil fuel prices.
Sitting on the so-called “Pacific ring of fire” with nearly 129 active volcanoes, Indonesia is blessed
with enormous geothermal resources. The geothermal energy reserves that have been confirmed span
from Sumatra to East Nusa Tenggara have the potential to produce up to 29,000 megawatts of
electricity or 40% of the world’s geothermal resources. Half of these potential are found in Java and
Bali, the most densely populated islands in Indonesia. The largest potential reserve is in the island of
Sumatra, with 5,983 MW, however only 380 MW has been proven. In 2010 The Energy and Mineral
Resources Ministry has revised the country’s geothermal potential to 29,215 megawatts across 276
spots, a figure equivalent to 12 billion barrels of oil and almost twice the size of Indonesia’s oil
reserves. The geothermal energy that is currently being generated in Indonesia totals 4% of this
potential figure at 1,200 MW. As a comparison guide the United States currently produces 4,000 MW
and the Philippines currently produces 2,500 MW. However, The Government of Indonesia has
recognized the role of geothermal energy and has put major efforts into promoting its development with
initiatives such as the Roadmap of Geothermal Development 2012–2025, the National Energy Policy
2014, the issuance of a new geothermal tariff in 2014 and the Geothermal Law No. 21 of 2014. The
Government of Indonesia is targeting to increase the capacity of geothermal power plant (PLTP) in the
next ten years by 300 MW per year. Based on the roadmap of geothermal development power plants, it
is expected to reach 12,000 MW by 2025. A total of 58 geothermal working area (GWA) in Indonesia
with seven existing geothermal fields already in operation: (1) Sibayak (12 MW), (2) Salak (337 MW),
(3) Puppet Hindu ( 227 MW), (4) Darajat (270 MW), (5) Kamojang (220 MW), (6) Dieng (60 MW),
and (7) Lahendong (80 MW). The conclusion is the geothermal energy that is currently being generated
in Indonesia totals 4% of this potential figure at 1,200 MW. As a comparison guide the United States
currently produces 4,000 MW and the Philippines currently produces 2,500 MW. Indonesia’s potential
is 40% of the world’s geothermal resources. If it is used for 30 years, it would be equivalent to 12
billion barrels of oil to operate power plants and almost twice the size of Indonesia’s oil reserves. The
potential use of new renewable energy geothermal abundant buried deep in the bowels of the earth
Indonesia should be used due to hidden or unexpected (a blessing in disguise) for the welfare of all the
people of Indonesia.
Key words: Geothermal Energy, Potential, Development, Indonesia
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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What is Geothermal Energy?
The term “geothermal” origines from two Greek words “geo” and “therm”. The Greek word
“geo” meant the earth whilst their word for “therm” meant heat from the earth. Geothermal
energy is energy derived from the heat of the earth. The earth’s centre is a distance of
approximately 4000 miles and is so hot that is molten. Temperatures are understood to be at
least 500oC. Heat from the centre of the centre of the earth conducts outwards and heat up the
outer layers of rock called the mantle. When this type of rock melts and becomes molten it is
called magma. Magma can reach just below the earths surface. Rain water sometimes seeps
down through geological faults lines and cracks becoming super heated by the hot rocks
below. Some of this super heated water rises back to the surface of the earth where it emerges
as hot springs or even geysers. Sometimes the hot water becomes trapped below the surface as
a geothermal reservoir (see Figure 1; Ryan, 2009). According to Geothermal Energy
Association (2003), heat has been radiating from the center of the Earth for some 4.5 billion
years. At 6437.4 km (4,000 miles) deep, the center of the Earth hovers around the same
temperatures as the sun's surface, 9000°F (5,000°C). The geothermal system as simple as if
we boiled the water (Figure 1a). It has been estimated that 42 million megawatts (MW) of
power flow from the Earth’s interior, primarily by conduction. Geothermal energy is site
specific, cannot be stored, and also cannot be transported. It is a renewable resource. One of its
biggest advantages is that it is constantly available. The constant flow of heat from the Earth
ensures an inexhaustible and essentially limitless supply of energy for billions of years to
come. It is a green energy because it produces lower green house gasses (GHG) than natural
gas, oil and coal (Figure 1b). The rapid increase in fossil-fuel based energy consumption,
which is subject to volatility in the world oil market, is the main challenge facing the country’s
energy supply. At the same time, growing greenhouse gas emissions from the use of fossil
fuels imposes costs on the economy and society. Geothermal energy provides one solution to
these issues. It is a source of clean, renewable and environmentally friendly energy for power
generation. Furthermore, as an indigenous and non-tradable energy source, it will enhance the
country’s energy security by serving as a natural hedge against the fluctuations of global fossil
fuel prices.
Figure 1a. Section of Earth, Geothermal Reservoir, and Analogy of Geothermal Energy.
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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Figure 1b. Comparison of Geothermal, Natural Gas, Oil and Coal CO2 Emissions.
Brief History of Geothermal Power Plant Development in Indonesia
Historically, at the Larderello, Italy dry steam field, Prince Piero Ginori Conti first proved the
viability of geothermal power plant technology in 1904 (Figure 2a). Larderello is still
producing today. For Indonesia, the first proposal on energy from volcanoes came in 1918
during the Dutch colonial era and proposed by JB Van Dijk in 1918 to harness geothermal
energy resources in the area of the crater Kamojang, West Java, is the starting point for the
history of geothermal development in Indonesia. By coincidence, the event coincided with the
beginning of geothermal in the world, namely in Larderello, Italy, which also occurred in
1918. The difference is, if in Indonesia is still a proposal, the Italian business has produced
natural steam that can be harnessed to generate electricity.
In 1926, five test borings were drilled in Java's Kawah Kamojang field (Figure 2b), the third
being the first that was successful in 1928. Kamojang geothermal field, with the well named
KMJ-3, which produced steam in 1926, was a milestone in geothermal drilling the first
exploration by the Dutch colonial government. Until the year of 1928 has made five
geothermal exploration drilling, but the one succeeded in producing steam was only wells
KMJ-3 with the depth of 66 meters. Until now KMJ-3 still produces natural dry steam with a
temperature of 1400oC and pressure of 2.5 atmospheres. Since 1928 Indonesia’s geothermal
activity practically stopped and only resumed in 1964.
The first survey by geothermal expert is started in 1964, followed by more specific surveys in
1968. Six exploration wells were drilled in Kamojang, West Java from 23 September to 27
November 1972. The well No. 6 is then used for experimental production well and the first
monoblock of 250 MW was inaugurated on 27 November 1978. The first commercial power
plant Kamojang I of 30 MW is then built, and was inaugurated on 29 January 1983. Then, it
was still discharging super heated steam from a depth of 66 meters at a temperature of 140°C
and a pressure of 3.5 to 4 bars. A prefeasibility study for electricity generation was initiated in
1972 by Geothermal Energy New Zealand. The first generator was inaugurated in 1983 by
President Suharto and subsequently expanded in 1987. Current capacity is 140 MW. Since the
mid-1980s, Chevron, the world's largest geothermal power producer, has operated two
geothermal fields in West Java at Salak and Darajat with a combined capacity of around
365 MW.
Between 1989 and 1997 explorations were conducted at the Sibayak geothermal field in
northern Sumatera, and subsequently a 12 MW plant has been placed in operation. In 1991, the
Indonesia Geothermal Association (Asosiasi Panasbumi Indonesia - API), a non-governmental
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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organization, was established to promote geothermal energy. It has approximately 500
members including geothermal experts, companies, and stakeholders. The Wayang Windu
Geothermal Power Station in West Java, owned by British Star Energy, has been in operation
since 2000. It currently comprises two units with a total capacity of 227 MW. There are plans
for a third unit of 127 MW which is expected to be on-stream by mid-2013.
In 2014, the issuance of The Law No. 21 Year 2014 on Geothermal on 17 September 2014 and
Minister Energy and Mineral Resources Decree No. 17 Year 2014 on Ceiling Tariff for
Electricity from Geothermal Power Plant (Figure 2c) were the breakthrough from the
Government in order to unlock and accelerate the geothermal development in Indonesia to
meet the vision 25/25.
Figure 2a. First Geothermal Power Plant Built in 1904 in Larderello, Italy.
Figure 2b. Five Test Borings were Successfully Drilled in Java's Kawah Kamojang Field in
1928.
Kawah
Kamojang
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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Commercial
Operating
Date (COD)
Group Tariff
(Cent US$/kWh)
Region I
(Sumatera,
Java, Bali)
Region II
(Sulawesi, NTB,
NTT, Halmahera,
Maluku, Papua,
Kalimantan)
Region III
(Region located in Region I and
Region II were isolated and meeting
the needs of most of the electrical
power plant (using fuel oil)
2015 11.8 17.0 25.4
2016 12.2 17.6 28.8
2017 12.6 18.2 26.2
2018 13.0 18.8 26.6
2019 13.4 19.4 27.0
2020 13.8 20.0 27.4
2021 14.2 20.6 28.3
2022 14.6 21.3 28.0
2023 15.0 21.9 28.7
2024 15.5 22.6 29.2
2025 15.9 23.3 29.6
(Source: Decree of Minister Energy and Mineral Resources Number 17 Year 2014).
Figure 2c. New Geothermal Ceiling Tariff in Indonesia.
Geothermal Potential in Indonesia
Sitting on the so-called “Pacific ring of fire” with nearly 129 active volcanoes (Figure 3ab),
Indonesia is blessed with enormous geothermal resources. The geothermal energy reserves that
have been confirmed span from Sumatera to East Nusa Tenggara have the potential to produce
up to 29,000 megawatts of electricity or 40% of the world’s geothermal resources. Half of
these potential are found in Java and Bali, the most densely populated islands in Indonesia.
The largest potential reserve is in the island of Sumatera, with 5,983 MW, however only 380
MW has been proven.
In 2010 The Energy and Mineral Resources Ministry has revised the country’s geothermal
potential to 29,215 megawatts across 276 spots (Figure 3c), a figure equivalent to 12 billion
barrels of oil and almost twice the size of Indonesia’s oil reserves. The potential is classified as
Proven Reserve: 2,888 MW, Probable Reserve: 1,050MW, Possible Reserve: 12, 529 MW.
The potential classified as Hypothetic Resources: 4, 391 MW and as Speculative Reserve: 8,
780 MW. The geothermal energy that is currently being generated in Indonesia totals 4% of
this potential figure at 1,200 MW. As a comparison guide the United States currently produces
4,000 MW and the Philippines currently produces 2,500 MW (Figure 3d). However, The
Government of Indonesia has recognized the role of geothermal energy and has put major
efforts into promoting its development with initiatives such as the Roadmap of Geothermal
Development 2012–2025 (Figures 3ef), the National Energy Policy 2014, the issuance of a
new geothermal tariff in 2014 and the Geothermal Law No. 21 of 2014 (Ibrahim, 2011;
Halawa and Henuk, 2014; Poernomo et al., 2015).
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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Figure 3a. Pacific Ring of Fire and About 129 Volcanoes Active in Indonesia.
Figure 3b. Major active volcanoes in Indonesia.
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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Figure 3c. 276 Locations with Geothermal Energy Potential Had Been Identified in
Indonesia.
Figure 3d. World’s Top Geothermal Electricity Producers and Capacity Holders.
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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Figure 3e. Indonesia’s Geothermal Potential to 29,215 Megawatts Across 276 Spots.
Figure 3f. The Geothermal Energy That is Currently Being Generated in Indonesia Totals 4%
of This Potential Figure at 1,200 MW.
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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Geothermal Development in Indonesia
As shown in Figures 3ef, The government of Indonesia is targeting to increase the capacity of
geothermal power plant (PLTP) in the next ten years by 300 MW per year. Based on the
roadmap of geothermal development power plants, it is expected to reach 12,000 MW by 2025
(Figures 3ef & 4a). A number of efforts have been taken by the Government of Indonesia to
encourage the development of geothermal power plants starting from regulation, revision of
electricity tariff rates to unlock the potential for private sector investment. Currently, there are
58 potential projects in geothermal working areas. 26 projects will be tendered in 2014,
including Simbolon, Samosir, in North Sumatera with a capacity of 155 MW; Mt. Talang in
West Sumatra with a capacity of 35 MW; and Umbul Telomoyo, Central Java with a capacity
of 120 MW. Until 2012, a total of 58 geothermal working area (GWA) in Indonesia with seven
existing geothermal fields already in operation: (1) Sibayak (12 MW), (2) Salak (337 MW), (3) Puppet
Hindu ( 227 MW), (4) Darajat (270 MW), (5) Kamojang (220 MW), (6) Dieng (60 MW), and (7)
Lahendong (80 MW) with installed electricity power plant has reached 1,226 MW covering the
islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali-Nusa Tenggara, and Sulawesi (Figure 4bc). Besides these, the
Government of Indonesia has issued 26 new geothermal working areas (GWA or Wilayah
Kerja Panasbumi – Figure 4d). Up to 58 GWA are expected to be offered to investors (Figure
4e). In 2012, most of new and new renewable energy in Indonesia met by biomass, followed
by hydroelectric, geothermal, and biofuels. But at the end of 2025, geothermal for power
generation will dominate, followed by hydro, biofuels, and biomass consecutively (Figure 4f –
Sugiyono, 2014).
Figure 4a. Geothermal Road Map in Indonesia.
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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Figure 4b. Location of The Biggest Seven Installed Geothermal Power Plant Capacity in
Indonesia.
Figure 4c. The Biggest Seven Installed Geothermal Power Plant Capacity in Indonesia.
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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Figure 4d. 26 New Geothermal Working Areas in Indonesia.
Figure 4e. Total Of 58 GWA Are Expected To Be Offered To Investors.
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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Figure 4f. Projection of New and Renewable Energy Supply in Indonesia.
Conclusions
The geothermal energy that is currently being generated in Indonesia totals 4% of this
potential figure at 1,200 MW. As a comparison guide the United States currently produces
4,000 MW and the Philippines currently produces 2,500 MW. Indonesia’s potential is 40% of
the world’s geothermal resources. If it is used for 30 years, it would be equivalent to 12 billion
barrels of oil to operate power plants and almost twice the size of Indonesia’s oil reserves. The
potential use of new renewable energy geothermal abundant buried deep in the bowels of the
earth Indonesia should be used due to hidden or unexpected (a blessing in disguise) for the
welfare of all the people of Indonesia.
COAL
Geothermal
Seminar Nasional ke-3, Fakultas Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran, 28 Mei 2016
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References
Geothermal in Indonesia Low Carbon Development. 2011.
http://www.thepmr.org/system/files/documents/Geothermal+in+Indonesia+Low+Carbo
n+Development+R2.pdf. Retrieved 22nd
February 2016.
Halawa, A. and Henuk, Y.L. 2014. Potensi Pengembangan Energi Baru Terbarukan Panas
Bumi di Indonesia. Pp.: B-25 – B-44. In: Proceedings of Seminar Nasional Sains dan
Teknik Undana II, 15 – 16 Oktober 2014, Hotel Aston, Kupang – NTT
(http://www.kompasiana.com/prof_yusufhenuk/potensi-pengembangan-energi-
terbarukan-panas-bumi-di-indonesia_54f89139a3331168158b458c). Retrieved 22nd
February 2016
Ibrahim, H.D. 2011. Geothermal Energy Development in Indonesia. A paper presented in the
World Geothermal Energy Summit 2011, Arc Media Global, Manila, 8 December
2011.
Jarman. 2012. Geothermal Power Plant Development in Indonesia. A paper presented at
“Forum for East Asia-Latin America Cooperation”. November 13th
, 2012, Tokyo,
Japan.
Poernomo, A., Satar, S., Effendi, P., Kusuma, A., Azimudin, T., Sudarwo, S. 2015. An
overview of Indonesia Geothermal Development – Current Status and Its Challenges.
Pp. 1 – 11. In: Proceedings of World Geothermal Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 19 –
25 April 2015.
Ryan, V. 2009. What is Geothermal Energy?.
http://www.technologystudent.com/energy1/geo1.htm. Retrieved 22nd
February 2016
Sugiyono, A. Outlook Energi Indonesia 2014. Pusat Teknologi Pengembangan Sumberdaya
Energi BPPT, Jakarta.
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