Georgia and the American Experience Chapter 11: Flappers, Depression, and the Global War Study...

Georgia and the American Experience

Chapter 11:Flappers, Depression,

and the Global War

Study Presentation

©2005 Clairmont Press

SS8H8: Analyze the important events that occurred after World War I and their impact on Georgia..

SS8H9: Describe the impact of World War II on GA locally.

Georgia and the American Experience

Section 1: The Roaring TwentiesSection 2: The Great DepressionSection 3: The New DealSection 4: World War II

©2005 Clairmont Press

Section 1: The Roaring Twenties

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION:–What made the 1920s ‘roaring’?

Section 1: The Roaring Twenties

• What words do I need to know?– jazz– the blues– boll weevil– Great Migration

The New Woman• 1920 – 19th Amendment gave women the right

to vote• More women in the workforce• Flappers: name given to women who took on

the new fashion – known for short hair, make-up, dancing, drinking

• First women in Georgia legislature: Bessie Kempton Crowell & Viola Ross Napier

• Rebecca Latimer Felton first woman in U.S. Senate

Music

• Speakeasies: clubs known for having liquor (which was illegal)

• Jazz: became popular music – Louis Armstrong & Duke Ellington

• Cotton Club in Harlem NY most famous jazz club

• Blues: based on black folk music – Ma Rainey & Bessie Smith

• The Charleston was the popular dance

Crime• Prohibition: laws made

sale and distribution of alcohol illegal

• Gangsters supplied liquor to speakeasies and clubs

• Famous gangsters from New York and Chicago: Al Capone; Baby Face Nelson

• Al Capone: “Public Enemy No. 1”

Bonnie and Clyde

Despite being a killer, Dillinger became a hero to many poor people.

Bonnie and Clyde’s car after they were ambushed by federal agents and local police.

John Dillinger was killed in a shootout with FBI Special Agent Melvin Purvis.

Life in the Roaring Twenties• Life in US after World War I was good• More modern conveniences freed

women from household chores• Electricity became more available• Other inventions included gas stoves,

toasters, sliced bread, baby food• Radio: WSB started in Atlanta• 1927: first talking motion picture• Walt Disney creates

Steamboat Willie

The Destruction of King Cotton

• Boll weevil: insect which ate GA’s

most important cash crop• Price of cotton also dropped• 1924: major drought (period with little or

no rain) hit Georgia• Georgia farmers did not have the “good

life” that many Americans enjoyed• Farms closed forcing banks and farm-

related business to close

The Great Migration• Many tenant farmers left Georgia to

work in northern factories• Chicago and Detroit were popular

destinations• Many African Americans moved north for

better pay, education, and more citizenship rights such as voting

• Young men sent north first to get jobs; sent for the family when they had saved enough money

African Americans left the South looking for educational opportunities, jobs, and more freedom to practice their civil rights.

The Klan Strengthens

• Targeted African Americans, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants

• Number of members increased in every state

• 1925: Klan march on Washington with 40,000 members

• Declining membership by the end of the decade as members were linked to racial terrorism

A Special Day

• 1927: Charles Lindbergh became first person to fly nonstop from New York to Paris

• 3,600 mile trip, 33 ½ hours – traveled alone

• No navigation or weather instruments• Won $25,000 prize• “Spirit of St. Louis” was his plane

Charles Lindbergh, “the Lone Eagle.”

The Lindbergh Kidnapping

Section 2:The Great Depression

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION–How did the Great Depression

affect Georgians?

SS8H8: Analyze the important events that occurred after World War I and their impact on Georgia..

SS8H9: Describe the impact of World War II on GA locally.

Section 2: The Great Depression

• What words do I need to know? – stock market– Great Depression– laissez-faire– relief

The Bottom Drops Out• Stock Market: Place where shares of ownership in

corporations (stock) are bought and sold• “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market

prices fall greatly; millions of people loose all their wealth

• Total losses by end of year: $40 billion• Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share –

dropped to $22 per share• Some stocks worth less than 1¢• The crash was a symptom, not the cause, of the

depression

Causes of the Depression• Many people had borrowed too much money• Banks made bad loans• Factories produced more goods than they could

sell• As people and businesses had problems making

money, banks did not get paid for loans• “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a

portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up

• Runs on banks: people were afraid they would lose their money if it was left in the bank

• laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if left alone

Market Saturation – a Cause of the Great Depression

1. Sales drop

4. Sales drop further

2. Factories shut or slow down and lay off workers

5. More factories cut production; more workers are laid off

3. Fewer people have money to spend

6. Even fewer people with money to spend

Living Through the Depression• 1932: 13 million unemployed (25%)• 9,000 banks closed (bad loans)• 31 Georgia banks failed• Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover –

shacks where homeless people gathered • Soup kitchens set up by charities and

governments to feed hungry• Schools were often forced to close or shorten

schedules• Georgians were already suffering from economic

problems before Black Tuesday

Prolonged drought led to dust storms (“black blizzards”) in the Midwest. Dust clouds rose as high as 16,000 ft. and carried topsoil as far away as the Atlantic coast.

Easing the Burden• President Hoover’s plan: government would

buy farmer’s crops to help raise the price• Another plan was to hire unemployed

people to do work for the government• Plan did not employ enough people to really

help

Click to return to Table of Contents.

Section 3: The New Deal

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION – How did Georgians benefit from the New

Deal?

SS8H8: Analyze the important events that occurred after World War I and their impact on Georgia..

SS8H9: Describe the impact of World War II on GA locally.

Section 3: The New Deal

• What words do I need to know?– New Deal– minimum wage– stretch out– collective bargaining– rural electrification– subsidy– integrate

Section 3: The New Deal

• What people do I need to know?– Franklin D. Roosevelt– Richard B. Russell– Ellis Arnall– Eugene Talmadge

The New Deal• 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected

president• New Deal: laws passed to help economic

recovery– Examined banks for soundness– Gave jobs to unemployed workers– Tried to improve American’s lives

• Paved the way for recovery

though all programs did not work

Georgia and the New Deal• NIRA: National Industrial Recovery Act – set

minimum wage• Textile mill owners did not like the minimum

wage. Stretch out: mill owners tried to make workers work longer, faster, or more tasks

• TVA: Tennessee Valley Authority – Blue Ridge Lake, Lake Chatuge, Lake Nottley

• CCC: Civilian Conservation Corps – built many parks, sewer systems, bridges, etc.

• REA: Rural Electrification Authority – brought electric power to rural areas

• SSA: pensions for retired workers• FDIC: insures bank deposits

Savannah High School (now Savannah Arts Academy) was built during the Depression by the Public Works

Administration.

African Americans During the New Deal

• Did not benefit from many New Deal programs

• WPA: Works Public Administration – did employ many African Americans

• Roosevelt’s “Black Cabinet”: influential African Americans working with President Roosevelt:– Mary McLeod Bethune– Clark Foreman– Robert Weaver– William Hastie

Georgia’s New Deal Governors

• Richard B. Russell– Worked to reorganize state government like a successful

business– Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years

• Eugene Talmadge– Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia

• Eurith “Ed” Rivers– Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in

Georgia– Began programs for public housing– Term ended with corruption problems

Georgia’s New Deal Governors

• Talmadge re-elected in 1940– Began to use some New Deal programs– Used his power as governor to remove state

officials working to integrate Georgia’s state colleges

• Ellis Arnall– Reformed Board of Regents and state prisons– Removed poll tax– New state constitution

Click to return to Table of Contents.

Section 4: World War II

• ESSENTIAL QUESTION– How did World War II affect Georgians?

SS8H8: Analyze the important events that occurred after World War I and their impact on Georgia.

SS8H9: Describe the impact of World War II on GA locally.

Section 4: World War II

• What words do I need to know?– isolationism– dictator– appeasement– World War II– Holocaust– ration– G.I. Bill

Increasing Tensions• Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military

strength

Axis Powers:

Country Leader Quick FactsJapan Emperor

HirohitoAttacked China seeking raw materials

Italy Mussolini Attacked Ethiopia and Albania

Germany Adolf Hitler Nazi leader; began rebuilding military forces, persecuting Jews, and silencing opponents

Country LeaderGreat Britain

WinstonChurchill

France Charles De Gaulle

USA Franklin D. Roosevelt

Soviet Union(USSR)

Josef Stalin

Leaders of the Free WorldAllied Powers:

Education and the media(newspapers, radio, film etc) are strictly controlled

by the Government

One person - the ‘Dictator’ -

holds all of the power in the country

So no elections are heldbecause the Dictator does

not allow people to choose who they want to

run their country

Anyone who is considered to be an enemy of the Dictator

and his political party are persecuted

Only one political party is allowed to exist - the

Dictator is the leader of this party, and the party helps

him to run the country

Dictators rely upon a large, strong and loyal army to help them to maintain their power

What is a Dictatorship?

The War Begins

• 1938: Hitler’s Germany takes back land lost to France in WWI (Rhineland)

• Annexed Austria, Czechoslovakia, and attacked Poland (1939); Great Britain and France declared war

• Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and agreed to split Poland with Germany

• By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway, Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain

Blitzkrieg – “Lightning War”

Fast-moving columns of armored vehicles and infantry strike with the support of dive-bombers.

Panther tank Junkers 88 bomber

ME 109 fighter

Tiger tank

A Neutral United States• Most Americans did not want to get involved in

the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain• Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the

Soviet Union• Lend-lease: policy• to lend or lease • (rent) weapons • to Great Britain • and the USSR• American ships began escorting British ships

in convoys

Battle of Britain

Supermarine SpitfireHawker Hurricane

Dornier Do 17Heinkel He 111

Battle of Stalingrad – the turning point in the ETO

“A Day that Will Live in Infamy”• President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to

protest its expansion into other countries• Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and

metals were stopped• The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941• Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them

control of the Pacific Ocean• The USA declared war on Japan• Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, France, USSR• Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

Doris Miller

American Military Forces• Millions of Americans enlisted after the

attack on Pearl Harbor• Segregation in the military kept African

American and white service men in different units

• Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force

• 330,000 women joined – could not serve in combat roles

The War in Europe• ETO was primarily a land war• 1942-1943: British and American troops won

control of Africa• 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the

Allies• American general Dwight D. Eisenhower

coordinated plan to recapture Europe• D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in

northern France• Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France• April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet

and Germany surrenders – Hitler commits suicide

USAAF: 8th Air Force – formed in Savannah, Jan. 28, 1942. Mission: strategic daylight bombing of Germany.

Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress

Consolidated B-24 Liberator

Battle damage

Lockheed P-38 Lightning Republic P-47 Thunderbolt

North American P-51 Mustang

Focke-Wulf 190 Messerscmitt Me 109

Messerschmitt Me 163 Messerschmitt Me 262

German Terror Weapons

V-1 Flying Bomb V-2 Ballistic Missile

Mistel remote control bomb

The Holocaust

• Genocide: systematic elimination of an entire race• Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all

Jewish people:

1. Discriminatory Laws

2. Euthanasia

3. Einsatzgruppen

4. Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed

5. 6 million people killed in the Holocaust

Warsaw ghetto

Euthanasia victims Einsatzgruppen executing victims

Medical experiments

Transport

Holocaust: Death Camps

“Work Makes You Free”

Barracks

Shaving newly-arrived prisonersEntrance to the Auschwitz gas

chamber

“Danger – Harmful Gas”

Prisoners’ Orchestra, Auschwitz

Corpses, Women's’ Barracks, Auschwitz

Victims’ shoes, Auschwitz

Warehouse for victims’ clothing

Human hair, bagged for shipment

Crematorium oven

Victims’ shoes

Zyklon B was a commercial rat poison.

Samples of human organs Wedding rings

Crematorium ovens

Human ashes

Forced labor

Corpses to be transported to the crematorium

Germans forced to view a death camp

Theresienstadt

The War in the Pacific• PTO was primarily a naval war• 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout

the Asian Pacific region• 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese

controlled lands• Japan refused to surrender• President Truman authorized the use of atomic

bombs to force Japan’s surrender• Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb

on Hiroshima, Japan• Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb

dropped on Nagasaki• Over 50 million people died in the war

Savannah shipyards built 88 Liberty ships and Brunswick yards another 85 during WWII.

Mitsubishi Zero Aichi Val

Nakajima Kate Mitsubishi Betty

Douglas SBD Dauntless Grumman F6F Hellcat

Vought F4U Corsair Grumman TBF Avenger

The Battle of Midway – the turning point in the PTO

SBD Dauntless

The Death of Admiral Yamamoto

Japanese balloon bomb (Fu-go weapon) and 3 of the 6 victims killed in Oregon.

Kamikaze – the “Divine wind”

L – Mount Suribachi, Iwo Jima R – raising the flag on the summit of Suribachi

Georgia Loses a Friend• President Roosevelt visited Georgia often

at his “Little White House” in Warm Springs

• His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs

• April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at Warm Springs

• Vice President Harry Truman became president

FDR at Warm Springs

FDR’s funeral

USS IndianapolisTorpedoed after delivering the atomic bomb to Tinian, only 317 men of 900 survived after 5 days in the Pacific.

Georgia During World War II• 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces –

over 7,000 killed• Military bases were built in the state which

improved the economy• Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for

the average farmer• Limits were put on the consumption of goods

such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing)

• Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war

• Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food

• POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases

Navajo Code talkers Japanese-American soldiers

“Rosie the Riveter”

Tuskegee Airmen

The War’s Effects on Society• Everyone was expected to help in the war

effort• Women began working in jobs to replace

men who had gone to war• G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers

adapt to civilian life– Low cost loans for homes or business– College education opportunities

• Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war

.

The Nisei

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