Citation preview
49-502c.indd*
Generality and Specificity of Landforms of the Korean Peninsula,
and Its Sustainability
Soo Jin Park*
:
. ,
. ,
- . ,
- ( ) .
,
.
, , ,
, .
.
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Abstract : The objective of this study was to examine the
distinctiveness and generality of landforms of the Korean
peninsula, and further discover geomorphological principle that can
be applied to land and environmental management in Korea. The
research targeted East Asia and Korea, with terrain analysis
conducted at a continental scale, national scale, and regional
scale sequentially. East Asia displays complicated characteristics
and evolutionary history of geotectonics, but exhibits distinct
northeast- southwest geomorphological structure and connectivity at
the continental level. While the Korean peninsula follows this
pattern on a continental scale, it also features NNW-SSE direction
(Nangrim and Taebaek Mountains) geomorphological connectivity that
intersects at a right angle. From a national perspective, the
Korean peninsula hosts the most diverse geomorphological features
within East Asia. It does not have a high average altitude, but has
relatively high slope angle and intricate topographical
distribution in comparison to neighboring areas. While the
mountains and plains of the Korean peninsula display a smooth
connection, geomorphologically similar areas such as Shikhote-Alin,
Huanan in China, and Japan have clear characteristics that divide
the mountains and plains. Despite the distinctiveness and diversity
that appear in East Asian topography on the regional scale, the
connectivity that links the top
2010 () (NRF-2010-413-B00006)
* / (Professor, Department of Geography, Seoul National
University/Adjunct Researcher, Asia Center, Seoul National
University), catena@snu.ac.kr
- 657 -
1.
.
(
, 1980; , 2002; , 2005).
,
.
(, )
, ,
.
(superposition) ,
(spatial heterogeneity) .
.
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
, 30-40
(,
2011; , 2013a).1)
(, 2011).2)
(, 2008; , 2008).
,
. ,
.
,
. ,
.
of mountain (hill) to stream is identical among all areas as a
general rule. It is collectively considering the connectivity and
the geomorphological and ecological processes that arise within
this connectivity that will serve as the focal point for
sustainable landscape management.
Key Words : Generality of Landform, Specicity of Landform,
Sustainable Land Management, Terrain Analysis, Slope, Catena
- 658 -
.
, 2) ,
.
, (Shik-
hote Alin)
. 3)
. 4)
.
147°E , 1,300km2
1. () ()
: (2013b)
- 659 -
. , ,
- -
. ,
( 1).
.
. 15 ,
150/km2 .
,
.
(UNEP RRC. AP, 2004).
(Digital Elevation Model,
DEM) .
DEM
. DEM
(NASA) Shuttle Radar Topographic
Mission(SRTM) (Reuter et al.,
2007).3)
(·,
2004).
DEM
.
500m DEM
,
1 ,
.4)
, .
(, 2007). DEM
,
. 4.5×4.5km
5) ,
.
( 2 ),
300m
, 1,000m
.
300m 1,000m, 2,000m ,
300m (), 300-1,000m
(), 1,000-2,000m (),
2,000m ()
( 2).
- 660 -
2 ). 1°
( 1 ).
3°
10° (Morgan,
2005). 1°
(), 1°~3°
(), 3°~9° (), 10°
() ( 2).
.
10×10km(100km2)
.
.
.
,
,
,
.
SRTM 90m (3
1.
CV(%)1 2
448.5 452.9 101.0 -88 2676 390.9 390.8 100.0 -96 3663 312.8 283.7
90.7 -62 2126
507.0 304.1 60.0 -7 2055 782.2 845.6 108.1 -21 3830 3 910.2 869.8
95.6 -221 7120
5.7 4.4 76.0 0.0 32.7 5.4 4.8 88.9 0.0 41.0 5.0 4.7 94.7 0.0
37.2
5.2 3.8 72.3 0.0 30.0 9.6 8.7 90.9 0.0 54.1 3 3.9 4.8 123.1 0.0
54.1
2.8 0.9 34.0 1 7 2.9 1.1 38.8 1 9 3.0 1.1 35.9 1 7
2.6 1.0 40.4 1 7 2.8 1.4 50.2 1 7 3 2.3 1.1 46.7 1 9
1. CV: Coecient of Variation((/)×100) 2. SRTM 500m DEM . ,
DEM
- 661 -
arc second) DEM.
, , 3
, 3, 3
12 . 3
, 130km×140km
.
(Wilson and Gallant, 2000; Huggett, 2011).
(elevation),
(slope), (surface curvature),
(terrain characterization index)
. ,
(Dobos and Hengl, 2009). 3
3. () ().
(SHA1, SHA2, SHA3), (JPN1, JPN2, JPN3), (CHN1, CHN2, CHN3)
, KOR1, KOR2,
KOR3 .
,
(, 2004).
(Willson and
Gallant, 2000).
ln(As/tanb)6)
.
(, 2004).
, 12
(Analysis of Variance) .
(spatial dependency)
(semivariogram)
.7)
,
() ()
(),
(
1).
() , ()
.
.
2.
300m 1 9.60 13.98 16.86 5.70 22.09 15.84
300m 1-3° 18.48 18.17 19.13 11.35 10.54 7.18 300m 3-9° 26.23 23.52
22.70 12.30 11.95 5.94
300m 9° 0.31 0.72 0.56 0.11 1.71 0.11 300-1,000m 1 0.02 0.13 0.08
0.28 0.00 5.82
300-1,000m 1-3° 0.30 1.82 1.43 4.25 0.17 7.14 300-1,000m 3-9° 22.15
24.54 24.66 55.16 6.22 16.68
300-1,000m 9° 10.65 10.37 12.32 5.57 17.06 3.77 1,000-2,000m 1 0.06
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.24
1,000-2,000m 1-3° 0.51 0.03 0.00 0.07 0.00 6.64 1,000-2,000m 3-9°
6.53 1.73 0.57 3.33 0.01 10.01
1,000-2,000m 9° 4.99 4.64 1.68 1.88 19.52 3.67 2,000m 1 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21
2,000m 1-3° 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.62 2,000m 3-9° 0.09 0.00
0.00 0.00 10.71 3.38
2,000m 9° 0.07 0.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.74
: 500m SRTM DEM 4.5×4.5km
- 663 -
,
,
.
.
-
.
( 3 ).
/()
. -
/
.
3° 9°
16.68% ( 2).
/--/
/ (9.24%),
.
, (10.01%)
.
,
- /
( 3 ).
,
.
(Burbank and Anderson, 2001).
.
,
(craton)
(McElhynny, 1981; (1999)
).8)
(orogeny)
.9) Sengör(1985) Man-
churides
Tethysides Nipponides
(Sengör and Natal’in,
2009).
Tethy-
sides . 3 (Eocene)
.
,
(Tapponnier et al., 1986).
,
.
4
(·, 1995).
, (-)
.
, ,
(, 1999).
,
3 (2,500 )
- 664 -
, 1993; , 1999).
Manchurides
(Zao, 1986). ,
,
.
-
.
()
.
. , Manchurides
, Tethysides
Nipponides
,
(·, 1995).
(Zao, 1986;
·, 1995).
-
-
( )
-
(, 1980; , 2005;
, 2007).
(back-arc basin)
(
, 1997; , 2007).
,
.
448m
(910m) . ,
(3.9°) 2°
5.7° .
(26.2%), (22.1%), (18.5%),
. 2.78(
0.95) 2.27(
1.06) ,
( 1 ).
,
,
,
.
,
( 1, 2).
.
(Ho, 1998; Chang et al., 2000).
,
.
,
, , , ,
( 2).
- 665 -
,
4. ( 2 KOR2) () (), ( 2 JPN2)
() (), ( 2 CHN3) () () .
, .
- 666 -
(507.0m)(448.5m)(390.9m)
(5.7°)(5.4°)(5.2°)
() , , ,
10%
. (3.0)(2.9)
(2.8)(2.6) .
()
,
.
, .
,
.
,
3. 12
1 (m) (°)
KOR1 277.99 11.27 4.67 0.03 8.35 -2.93
211.33 7.50 0.82 6.94 3.07 32.62
KOR2 244.41 11.74 4.69 -0.07 8.43 -3.32
201.12 7.79 0.84 7.23 3.24 33.59
KOR3 316.11 12.01 4.67 -0.03 8.43 -3.34
273.92 8.39 0.84 7.55 3.23 35.50
JPN1 400.77 9.62 4.68 0.04 8.71 -2.45
326.57 7.20 0.81 6.18 3.10 29.83
JPN2 598.77 12.19 4.68 -0.03 8.36 -3.61
364.98 8.90 0.80 7.99 3.01 38.89
JPN3 344.32 10.75 4.66 0.00 8.45 -3.12
223.06 7.12 0.82 6.46 3.22 33.18
CHN1 550.30 16.76 4.63 0.19 7.76 -3.87
330.45 10.08 0.78 10.42 2.77 50.17
CHN2 292.33 9.20 4.64 0.01 8.50 -2.76
153.64 6.63 0.88 6.08 3.17 28.67
CHN3 212.90 9.48 4.61 0.12 8.65 -2.24
197.19 7.69 0.86 6.49 3.40 30.39
SHA1 567.48 10.81 4.72 -0.09 8.37 -3.18
248.12 6.69 0.76 6.32 2.54 30.52
SHA2 716.10 12.47 4.69 0.16 8.08 -2.66
259.02 7.70 0.78 7.75 2.30 37.24
SHA3 830.41 12.76 4.73 -0.05 8.18 -3.71
256.85 7.79 0.75 7.71 2.34 37.80
446.86 11.59 4.67 0.02 8.36 -3.10
N 118987 118987 118987 119994 118987 118987 324.84 8.09 0.81 7.35
2.98 35.33
1. 3 .
- 667 -
.
. ,
,
.
(
4).
.
,
.
,
.
,
.
, .
.
.
.
,
.
. ,
,
.
.
5.
, ,
( 4). ,
(F) 13,030.0
5,931.5 .
F 116.2 660.6
,
4.
4 12
F F
13,030.07 0.000 5,931.57 0.000
116.28 0.000 660.61 0.000
1.73 0.158 1.47 0.136
0.31 0.818 2.06 0.020
55.49 0.000 17.43 0.000
53.82 0.000 72.41 0.000
1. (, , , ) 3, 118983
2. 11, 118973
- 668 -
,
.
F 50 ,
.
,
. 4
,
.
F
2 ,
.
. ,
(Burbank and Anderson,
2001).
,
(Huggett, 2011).
.
.
()--
-- (Carson and Kirkby,
1972). 12
,
.
,
,
.
,
/ . ,
/
,
.
/
(semivariogram) (
(range) ,
(27.2km)(10.1km)(1.1km)
(658.6m)(535.5m)
(535.2m) .
CV (56.8%)(46.77%)
,
( ,
2013). 10km
.
.
530m
, (CV) 11%
. ()
500m
,
. ,
,
,
- 669 -
,
. 6. :
.
.
5.
(range, m) (sills)
Exponential
27,221.25 55,855.00 7,850.10 10,855.40 31,958.07 4,677.23 13,944.37
18,399.85 837.89 54,123.08 113,715.28 15,805.73
CV(%) 39.88 57.22 59.58
Exponential
10,180.50 28.51 29.52 5,782.87 11.9 9.65 3,251.32 17.67 13.64
21,199.87 56.65 50.09
CV(%) 56.80 41.74 32.68
Spherical
658.65 0.37 0.26 247.73 0.15 0.16 411.62 0.18 0.00 1,142.98 0.66
0.52
CV(%) 37.61 39.61 60.02
Spherical
535.23 1,213.81 5.33 57.42 463.25 12.52 440.66 834.97 0.00 615.58
2,527.38 35.32
CV(%) 10.73 38.17 235.10
Spherical
1,185.06 3.79 4.92 554.22 1.82 4.81 499.62 1.06 0.22 2,192.77 6.26
19.71
CV(%) 46.77 47.94 97.85
Spherical
658.65 0.37 0.26 247.73 0.15 0.16 411.62 0.18 0.00 1,142.98 0.66
0.52 CV(%) 37.61 39.61 60.02
- 670 -
.
,
.
(, 2011; , 2013a),
.
(, )
, ,
. ,
.
.
(scale)
(Gibson et al., 1998).
,
.
,
(Blöschl et al., 1995; Cash and
Moser, 2000).
(Carson and Kirkby, 1972; Huggett,
2011).
(Gilbert, 1877; Davis, 1909; Penck, 1953;
King, 1953; Hack, 1960; Kirkby, 1971; Conacher
and Dalymple, 1977).
(Gilbert, 1987; Hack, 1960).
(Davis, 1909; Penck, 1953; King, 1953)
( ),
.10)
,
,
(Kirkby, 1971; Huggett, 2011).
,
. 1930
Milne (catena)
(Milne, 1936),
Conacher and Darlymple(1977) Nine-unit Soil
Landscape Model
(normal slope standard slope)
.
,
.
,
. ,
.
,
DEM
. ,
, --
- 671 -
.
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
(
, 2008). , ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
(resilience)
.
.
,
. ,
.
-
.
.
,
.
,
.
. ,
, ,
,
.
.
,
, --
. /
. ,
- 672 -
.
.
,
.
.
.
, .
.
1970 289ha 2000 713ha
, 14
867 (
, 2013a). 1974 2003
10 3.2
2002 2006
2.7 (, 2011).
, 2.7,
4.2(, 2011, p.136)
Consortium for Spatial Information(CGIAR-CSI)
DEM (http://
srtm.csi.cgiar.org ).
.
iogram) ,
(spatial dependency) 4.5km
(, 2007).
(Willson and Gallant, 2000).
.
(spatial depen-
dency) ,
.
8) Sengör(1985)
(Angaran craton), (Indian Craton),
(Arabian Craton), (Kontum craton),
(North China Craton), (South China Cra-
ton), (North Tarim fragment)
.
(Angaran
Cratons, Siberian Platform)
.
Altaids, Manchurides, Scythides, Chukotkalaskides,
Tethysides, Verkhoyansk-Kolyma,
Natal’in(2009) 2 ).
10)
.
weathering-limited slope
,
transport-limited slope . Weathering-
limited slope
,
- 673 -
. Penck(1953)
transport-limited slope
.
, 5, 1-15.
.
, 2007, “ (I): DEM
,” ,
42(3), 368-387.
, 11(3), 113-136.
.
, 2002, ,
.
Tectonic , .
,”
, 47(5), 654-676.
,” , 62-69.
, .
.
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(: catena@snu.
Correspondence: Soo Jin Park, Department of Geography,
College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University, 1
Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742 Korea (e-mail:
catena@snu.ac.kr, phone: +82-2-880-9007, fax: +82-2-
876-9498)