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Part 1: Cultures with low gender diversity.Part 2: Cultures with high gender diversity.Part 3: Differences between women and men.
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Masculinityand
Femininity
Part A14 differences between men and women.
Part BHigh masculinity cultures.
Part CLow masculinity cultures.
Part A14 differences between men and women
# 1Companies with
more women in top management aremore successful
Source :http://www.catalyst.org/press-release/73/companies-with-more-women-board-directors-experience-higher-financial-performance-according-to-latest-catalyst-bottom-line-reporthttps://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Changing_companies_minds_about_women_2858
Fortune 500 companies with the highest percentages of women board directors outperformed those with the least by 66% measured by return on invested capital.
Firms with women in top positions perform better -especially if the firms pursue an innovation intensive strategy, in which creativity and collaboration are especially important.
Source :2008 study on the top 1,500 U.S. companies from 1992 to 2006.http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-end-of-men/8135/?single_page=true
# 2There are more male CEOs than
female CEOs
12 Fortune 500 companies have a woman as CEO
Source : http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/womenceos/
Source : http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2011/womenceos/
# 3The greater the
power of women, the greater a country’seconomic success
Source :OECD research.http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-end-of-men/8135/?single_page=true
# 4Women rate
meaning higher thanpay and status.
Men do not.
Most women rate meaninghigher than pay and status.
Most men rate pay and status higher than meaning.
WomenMen
Source :Ms. Joanna Barsch, McKinsey & Company. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsWWbxLmIS8
# 5Women have more social competence
than men
Women experience more emotions than men do
Source :Ms. Joanna Barsch, McKinsey & Company. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsWWbxLmIS8http://www.pixelio.de/details.php?image_id=476364&mode=search
Women tend to be a little better than men on average at sensing in the moment what the other person is feeling.
Source : Daniel Goleman.http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6368484
Girl babies pay attention tofacial expressions.
Boy babies pay attention to toys.
SourceFrans de Waal. http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/200910236
Empathy derives, originally, from maternal care.
Source : Frans de Waal. http://youtu.be/UONxT4Tb3C0
Women score significantly higherthan men on measure of empathy .
Sourceshttp://youtu.be/Aq_nCTGSfWE, minute 6.Frans de Waal. http://www.sciencefriday.com/program/archives/200910236
Women have, on average, more emotional intelligence than men.
Groups with more women thereforetend to be smarter.
Source :Thomas Malone.http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/05/mit-management-professor-tom-malone-on-collective-intelligence-and-the-genetic-structure-of-groups/
Women cooperate more than men in mixed-sex interactions.
However, male-male interactions are more cooperative than female-female interactions.
Source : Sex differences in cooperation: A meta-analytic review of social dilemmas.Balliet, Daniel; Li, Norman P.; Macfarlan, Shane J.; Van Vugt, Mark.Psychological Bulletin, Sep 12, 2011.http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2011-20484-001/
Source : http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/7216/1/umi-umd-4612.pdf, p. 4.
Females are rated on average as having greater levels of
social competence than males.
# 6Women dominate
men in social networking
Source : U.S. online adult population. http://mashable.com/2011/09/22/women-social-network/
34% of women and 22% of men use social media to stay in touch with their coworkers
Women have 8% more Facebookfriends on average than men.
Source :Sheryl Sandberg, COO Facebook.http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/20/why-women-rule-the-internet/
Women build deeprelationships but don’t have wide networks.
Men build wide networks but not deep relationships.
WomenMen
Source :Ms. Joanna Barsch, McKinsey & Company. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rsWWbxLmIS8http://www.pixelio.de/details.php?image_id=240660&mode=search
# 7Men are more likely
than women to disregard guidance
from others
Studies show that men are more likely than women to disregard guidance from others.
Source :Kelly E. See, Elizabeth Wolfe Morrison, Naomi B. Rothman, and Jack B. Soll:“The decision-making flaw in powerful people.”http://www.strategy-business.com/article/re00162?pg=all
Source”Typisch Mann – typisch Frau.” Einstein, June 17th, 2010.http://videoportal.sf.tv/video?id=3702ed16-d306-4aa8-a0f0-11716f6561bf
Men do not feel well when being interrupted.
# 8Women’s voices
are more pleasingthan men’s
Scientific studies have shown that people generally find women's voices more
pleasing than men's.
Source :http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/21/tech/innovation/female-computer-voices/
Source : http://www.alive.dk/Nyheder/Samfund/2011-18-kvinder-irriterende-stemme.aspx
People listen to caring womenand intelligent men
# 9Men take more
risks thanwomen do
Source :http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-human-beast/201008/why-women-live-longer-menhttp://www.pixelio.de/details.php?image_id=480789&mode=search
Women live longer than men mostly because they avoid a risky lifestyle .
Women avoid risk because they are primary care-givers.
# 10The higher women climb up
the corporate ladder, the fewer children they have.
The reverse is true for men.
Source : http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/swiss/news_publications/pdf/women_matter_english.pdf, p. 16.
Source : http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-end-of-men/8135/?single_page=true
# 11Women live
longer than men
Source : http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/07/the-end-of-men/8135/?single_page=true
# 12Men are bigger
than women
The body size of men is, on average, 10% larger than that
of women .
Sources : Hofstede, Geert: Cultures and Organizations, p. 137 and 462.http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/sport/aktuell/schwingfest_-_wenger_eilt_in_frauenfeld_von_sieg_zu_sieg_1.7292911.html
# 13Men lie about
earnings. Women lieabout their weight
Women tend to lie about their age and their weight.
Source : http://23moments.com/why-men-lie-up-and-women-lie-down
Men tend to lie about their earnings and their height.
# 14Women like
brighter coloursbetter than men do
Favourite coloursof men
SourceSurvey of 232 people from 22 countries. http://advertiser-in-arabia.blogspot.com/2011/03/true-colors-colors-by-gender.html
SourceSurvey of 232 people from 22 countries. http://advertiser-in-arabia.blogspot.com/2011/03/true-colors-colors-by-gender.html
Favourite coloursof women
Part BHigh masculinity
cultures
MasculinityPercentage ofmen/women in
parliament
Percentage ofmen/women in
management positions
Degree of differences in tasks that
girls/women andboys/men do at home
Percentage ofmen/women
doing board work
Development aidin percent of GDP
Percentage ofcompanies owned
by women
Degree ofagression in
solving conflicts
Expenditure onmaternity leaveand child care
Degree of differences in tasks that
girls/women andboys/men do at work
Extent to whichreligions are tough
Highmasculinity
Source : http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/report2010.pdf, p. 19.
Gender cap index
Source : http://russiansphinx.blogspot.com/2011/03/men-vs-women-on-facebook.html
Male – female ratio on Facebook
For Arab families, honor is one of the highest values.
Since family honor is dependent upon female purity, extreme modesty and sexual segregation must be maintained at all times.
Source :http://www.healthcarechaplaincy.org/userimages/Cultural_Spiritual_Sensitivity_Learning_%20Module%207-10-09.pdf, p. 22.
Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html
Niquab
Dupatta
Burqa
Chador Tudong
Hijab
Abaya
Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html
An Afghan woman at the older part of Kabul
SourceDie Welt in Bildern. Eine Bildauswahl der NZZ-Redaktion. February 16th, 2011.
Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html
Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html
Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html
Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html
Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html
Source : http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704529204576257272103463618.html
A woman in Saudi Arabia is not allowed to drive a car .
Source : http://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/100416_Globetrotter_Sabrina3_su/index_EN
Sources : http://kolindkuren.dk/2008/03/07/saudi-arabien-effektivitet/
In Riyadh, a city of 4.7 million people, 1 million people work as drivers .
In Saudi Arabia, women must obtain written permission from their closest male relative to leave the country or travel on public transportation between different parts of the kingdom.
Source : http://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/100416_Globetrotter_Sabrina3_su/index_ENhttp://listverse.com/2008/11/20/10-extreme-examples-of-gender-inequality/
Behind the steering wheel, all Saudi men turn into testosterone-driven predators who stop for nothing and no one.
Horrendous traffic accidents are therefore the norm.
Sourcehttp://www.ethlife.ethz.ch/archive_articles/100604_globetrotter_sabrina5_su/index_EN
Eine saudische Frau kann ohne Erlaubnisihres Vormunds nicht ein Telefon kaufen.
Source :http://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/ausland/asien-und-ozeanien/Warum-saudische-Vaeter-ihren-Toechtern-die-Hochzeit-verbieten-/story/20512583
In Saudi Arabia, Saudi women accounted for less than 1% of the private-sector workforce in 2009.
Source : www.strategy-business.com/article/11209?pg=all
Of the 260 lingerie shops in Jeddah, 5 are staffed by women.
Source : http://us.mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6A91S820101110
Women who want to establish their own businesses are obliged to hire a male manager in order to receive a commercial license.
Source : http://genderindex.org/country/saudi-arabia
Percentage of women in national parliaments
Source : http://www.ubs.com/2/e/medlib/wmr/IGWM_spez_2010_en.pdf
Kuwait prohibits women from working after 8 PM.
Source :http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Scaling_up_-_why_women_-_owned_business_can_recharge_the_global_economy/$FILE/WomensWork.pdf, p. 10.
Source :http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Scaling_up_-_why_women_-_owned_business_can_recharge_the_global_economy/$FILE/WomensWork.pdf, p. 10.
In Swaziland, women require the permission of husbands or fathers to open a bank account or a business, obtain a passport or enforce a contract
Swazi people dancing
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaziland
In Iraq, Libya, Jordan, Morocco, Oman and Yemen, married women must have their husband’s written permission to travel abroad.
Source : http://listverse.com/2008/11/20/10-extreme-examples-of-gender-inequality/
After the revolution in Iran in 1979, many laws were passedthat disadvantaged women greatly. These laws are still in force today.
Example # 1The age at which girls can be tried at court is 9 – for boys 15.
Example # 2A woman’s testimony is worth only half of that of a man.In practice, that means that a woman has to produce 2 witnesses in the event of a rape, for example.
SourceInterview with Dr. Shirin Ebadi, first female judge in Iran and Nobel Peace Prize winner.https://emagazine.credit-suisse.com/app/article/index.cfm?fuseaction=OpenArticle&aoid=292118&lang=EN
Girls are nurtured primarily tothink of marriage, children.
SourceInterview with Ms. Najda Al-Awadhi, CEO of Dubai Media.http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/papers/download/20090311middleeast-english.pdf
Men earn 4 times more than women in Egypt
Source :http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/global-markets-institute/featured-research/power-of-purse-doc.pdf
Female labour force participation
Source : http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/global-markets-institute/featured-research/power-of-purse-doc.pdf
% of working age population
Source :http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Scaling_up_-_why_women_-_owned_business_can_recharge_the_global_economy/$FILE/WomensWork.pdf, p. 29.
Percentage of women in national parliaments
Source :http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/global-markets-institute/featured-research/power-of-purse-doc.pdf
Source : http://pewresearch.org/pubs/1639/global-survey-gender-equality-women-rights-job-priority-education-girls
When jobs are scarce, men should have more right to a job
Source : http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/report2009.pdf, p. 25.
Global gender cap
Global competitiveness
Egypt
Source : http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/report2010.pdf, p. 126.
As of April, 2010, music, musical ringtones, movies and bras are banned in Somalia.
Source : http://www.news.com.au/world/music-bras-banned-in-somalia/story-e6frfkyi-1225853365318
Working proportion of mothers with children under 6 yea rs
Source : http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/demographic-change/womenomics-2011/right-column/womenomics3.pdf, p. 10. 2001 numbers.
In Japan, a woman’s marriagechances diminish if she has a
career of her own.
Source : Hofstede, Geert: Cultures and Organizations, p. 154.
Average number of hours per day fathers spendon household chores and childcare
Source : http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/demographic-change/womenomics-2011/right-column/womenomics3.pdf, p. 14.
Female graduates and post-graduatesin % of total graduates
Source : http://www.economist.com/blogs/dailychart/2011/09/female-graduation-rates?fsrc=scn/tw/te/mt/degreesofequality
Right to vote for women
Kuwait2005
Iran1963
Norway1913
Switzerland1971
Saudi Arabia2015
New Zealand1893
CountryYear
Sources :http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/suffrage.htmhttp://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/SysWebRessources/March-April/$FILE/Norway.pdfhttp://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Royal-reprieve-for-Saudi-woman-driver/articleshow/10177933.cms
Source : http://demokratie.geschichte-schweiz.ch/chronologie-frauenstimmrecht-schweiz.html
1971Women are allowed to vote at Swiss elections.
1990Women are allowed to vote in Appenzell Innerrhoden.
Seit 1971 ist die Schweiz eine Demokratie. Vorher war sie eine Männerherrschaft.
Mr. Franz von Däniken.Ehemaliger Staatssekretär, Schweiz.
Source : Das Magazin, nr. 41, Oktober 2009.
Sourcehttp://www.schillingreport.ch/upload/public/5/4173/schillingreport_2011_DE_web.pdf, page 49.
5% women in Top Management
Alice Stümcke, CEO de Sede Group, beschäftigt in der Geschäftsleitung50% Frauen, im Kader 33%.
Source : http://www.getdiversity.ch/images/content/medien/Bilanz%2013_2010.pdf
Percentage of women in management of 10 largest Swiss companies
Source : http://www.getdiversity.ch/images/content/medien/Bilanz%2013_2010.pdf
Frauen verdienen in der Privatwirtschaftim Schnitt noch immer fast
24% weniger als die Männer.
SourceVergleichende Analyse der Löhne von Frauen und Männern anhand der Lohnstrukturerhebungen 1998 bis 2006.http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/03/22/lexi.Document.112211.pdf, p. 83.
SourceVergleichende Analyse der Löhne von Frauen und Männern anhand der Lohnstrukturerhebungen 1998 bis 2006.http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/03/22/lexi.Document.112211.pdf
CHF
CHF
SourceVergleichende Analyse der Löhne von Frauen und Männern anhand der Lohnstrukturerhebungen 1998 bis 2006.http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/03/22/lexi.Document.112211.pdf
BMW was forced to recall a female-voiced navigation system on its 5 Series cars in the late 1990s after being flooded with calls from German men saying they refused to take directions from a woman .
Source :http://edition.cnn.com/2011/10/21/tech/innovation/female-computer-voices/
Part CLow masculinity
cultures
Percentage of women in senior management
Source : http://www.getdiversity.ch/images/content/medien/WiB_11_06_Krabbenkorb.pdf
Female managers are virtuallynonexistent in Japan , but frequent
in the Philippines and Thailand.
Source : Hofstede, Geert: Cultures and Organizations, p. 137.
In the USA as well as in other masculine culturessuch as Britain and Ireland, there is a feeling thatconflicts should be resolved by a good fight.”Let the best man win.”
In femine cultures such as the Netherlands, Sweden, and Denmark, there is a preferencefor resolving conflicts by compromise and negotiation .
Source : Hofstede, Geert: Cultures and Organizations, p. 166.
4Adapting
5Avoiding
3Compromising
1Cooperating
2Forcing
Cooperative behaviourSource : Adapted from Blake & Mouton (1964)
Self confidence
Prime Minister David Cameron has written to heads of government across the globe from Canada to Australia, the Solomon Islands and Tuvalu, calling it an “anomaly” that, in an age of gender equality, the monarchy continues to enshrine male superiority.
Source : http://www.economist.com/node/21532321?fsrc=scn/tw/te/ar/equalityandthemonarchy
Public expenditure on child care andpre-school education services
Source : http://assets.unicef.ch/downloads/rc8_eng.pdf
GDP per capita(USD in thousands)
Global gender capSource : http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/report2010.pdf, p. 29.
Female employment rate in percent
Source : http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/demographic-change/womenomics-2011/right-column/womenomics3.pdf, p. 10.
Source : http://www.mckinsey.com/locations/swiss/news_publications/pdf/women_matter_english.pdf
Percentage of women on boards of Norway’spublic listed companies
Source : http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/SysWebRessources/March-April/$FILE/Norway.pdf
2002Ansgar Gabrielsen, Minister of Trade and Industry in Norway, proposed - as a voluntary measure - a quota suggesting that, until July 2005, 40% of board members in Norwegian companies are female.
2005The government introduced legislation. Firms were penalized first with fines, then with deregistration from the Oslo Stock Exchange and finally dissolution, if they didn’t reach the quota by January 1st, 2008.
Source : http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/SysWebRessources/March-April/$FILE/Norway.pdf
The law was not about getting equality between the sexes; it was about the fact that diversity is a valuein itself, that it creates wealth.
Mr. Ansgar Gabrielsen
Sources :http://www.mba.unisg.ch/org/es/mba.nsf/SysWebRessources/March-April/$FILE/Norway.pdfhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iOE3deWjE0Q
In Spain, 6.6% of board seats are currently filled by women.
Companies will have until 2015 to ensure women make up 40-60% of board positions.
Sourcehttp://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/documents/Breaking%2520the%2520Mould%2520for%2520Women%2520Leaders%2520-%2520could%2520boardroom%2520quotas%2520hold%2520the%2520key.pdf
Advantage # 1Better decisions due to more points of views.
Advantage # 2More motivated workforce, because womenas well as men are represented on the board.
Source :Ms. Annet Arris. http://youtu.be/-WvkSXjojwg, minute 9.
Biggest advantages of having women on boards
Source : http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2010/12/make_the_argument_put_women_in.html
Talented women, working in inclusive environments, bring in new ideas, values, and perspectives , alongside other benefits.
These include new strategic input, less conflict, greater discussion, and debate about board decision-making. It is here that breakthrough strategies, creativity, and new ways doing business emerge.
”The older you get, the more youare in favour of women quotas.”
Source :http://youtu.be/-WvkSXjojwg, minute 8.
Ms. Annet Arris.
Female labor-force participation rates have risen in Europe
Source : http://www2.goldmansachs.com/ideas/demographic-change/women-hold-up-half-of-the-sky.pdf
“Vivre la République à visage découvert, c'estune question de dignité et d'égalité .
Le voile intégral dissout l'identité d'unepersonne dans celle d'une communauté .”
Mme Michèle Alliot-Marie
Sourceshttp://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/09/14/le-parlement-vote-l-interdiction-du-voile-integral_1411203_823448.html
Sourceshttp://www.publicsenat.fr/lcp/politique/parlement-vote-definitivement-linterdiction-burqa-36496http://www.lemonde.fr/politique/article/2010/09/14/le-parlement-vote-l-interdiction-du-voile-integral_1411203_823448.html
Le projet de loi, présenté par la ministre de la justice, Michèle Alliot-Marie, prévoit l'interdiction du port du voile intégral dans tout l'espace public, avec, à la clé, une amende de 150 euros en cas d'infraction. En casde refus persistant, cette peine pourra être assortie d'un stage de citoyenneté.
En outre, toute personne obligeant une femme à porter le voile intégral – niqab ou burqa – sera passible d'unepeine d'un an d'emprisonnement et 30 000 eurosd'amende .
Where 25% of French women working part-time say they want to work full-time, just 4% of Dutch women do.
Source : http://www.economist.com/blogs/democracyinamerica/2010/11/dutch_feminism
In the Netherlands , less than 10% of women are employed full-time.
Source : http://www.slate.com/id/2274736
Norway
Source : http://www.weforum.org/pdf/gendergap/report2010.pdf, p. 238.
From 2011, 40% of people who are in management roles of Christlich Soziale Union (CSU), must bewomen.
Source : http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/international/agenx_deutschland_csu_frauenquote_1.8193945.html
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