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Futures Marketing
Section II Mechanics of Futures Trading
Price Discovery
Buyers and sellers interacting with information to arrive at a price through negotiation.
Futures Market Price
A source of what buyers and sellers think a commodities worth, at some point in the future, today.
Futures Contract
A transferable agreement to make or take delivery of a standardized amount of a commodity of minimum quality during a specific month.
Every contract identical except for price.
Terms of a contract
Commodity Price Quantity Quality Time of Delivery Place of Delivery Terms of Payment
Additional Terms Related to the Futures Contract Price Quotations and Price Fluctuations Maximum Daily Price Change (limit move) Volume of Trade End of Delivery Month Trading Suspension Bearish Bullish
Delivery Months Basis for Selection Natural Climatic Months Concentration of Volume of Trading Inertia
Settlement of a Futures Contract Delivery
Short - make delivery Long – take delivery
Offsetting Transaction Reversing position with offsetting contract, if you
were short in the market you would buy a contract.
Mechanics of Delivery
NOI – Notice of Intent to deliver short position First Notice Day – Sent by short position to
oldest long position Delivery Day- Retendering-
Functions of the Clearing House Reconciliation of all futures contracts Assuring the financial integrity of all
transactions
Characteristics of Clearing House Separate from exchange Membership is very limited, must be
members of the exchange Requirements for membership are stringent Stock Corporation Members must deposit substantial money
Notice of IntentScenario
A B C D Eshort LS LS LS L
Clearing House
Concept of Long and Short
Long ------------- Buy
Short -------------Sell
Open Interest
1 long + 1 short = 1 open contract
Open Interest Example
A sells to BA- Short B- Long
C sells to B
A- Short B-Long 2 contracts C- Short
Open Interest = 2 Volume = 4
Volume and Open Interest CBOTNovember Soybeans as of Friday
Volume and Open Interest CBOTJanuary Soybeans as of Friday
Selecting a Brokerage House
Broker with Experience Knowledge of Commodity Convenience Willingness to Service Account
Purpose of Margin
Secure Position of Trader Solvency of Clearing House
They take opposite sides of transaction
Margin Accounts
Separate for each customer Audited frequently – see if posted properly
and not being used Commission House cannot use money Amount can vary from one brokerage house
to another Does not pay interest
Initial Margin –amount you must post at origination of contract Sell Contract – post $3,000 margin for
soybeans. (5 to 15 % of contract) What happens if price goes up? Contract Losing Money Effective Margin has been eroded. When the EM reaches the call point you must
post new margin money to bring you account back to the original level of margin.
Example -- Margin Call
Sell November Soybeans at $7.00 must post margin of 10 % of contract value.
Post Margin of 10 % of ($7 * 5,000 bushels) Margin posted $3,500, call point is $2,000 If price increases to $7.40 what is the
effective margin? EM = $1,500, EM < Call Point must post new
margin monies.
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