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Issue 2.0
Date 2012-09-17
Future smartphone solution White Paper
ContentsChange History .................................................................................ii
1 Executive Summary ........................................................................1
2 Proposed solution ..............................................................3
2.1 LTE-Hi(Hotspot /Indoor) solution ...............................................................3
2.1.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 3
2.1.2 Key Technology fo LTE-Hi............................................................................ 3
2.2 D2D (Device to Device) soultion based on network managed ................................ 5
2.2.1 Background............................................................................................... 5
2.2.2 Application Scenarios................................................................................. 6
2.2.3 Requirements and Solutions.................................................................... 10
2.3 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation (HCA) .................................................. 13
2.3.1 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation introduction........................................ 13
2.3.2 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation Stage 1............................................ 13
2.3.3 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation Stage 2............................................... 15
2.4 Multiple UE Cooperative Communication ....................................................... 17
2.4.1 MUCC Introduction.................................................................................. 17
2.4.2 Basic idea of MUCC............................................................................. 18
2.4.3 Perspective............................................................................................. 19
2.5 Video Services Enhancements ....................................................................... 20
2.5.1 Introduction............................................................................................ 20
2.5.2 Video Services Enhancement Introduction............................................... 20
2.5.3 Challeges and Problems for the Video Services........................................... 20
2.5.4 Solutions based on UE............................................................................. 20
2.5.5 Solutions based on Network.................................................................... 21
3 Conclusion ........................................................................... 23
A Acronyms and Abbreviations .................................................... 24
B Reference .................................................................................... 27
C Contributors .............................................................................. 28
Issue:1.0
Description:This is the first release.
Date:2012-09-17
Prepared By:Smartphone ecosystem R&D support team
Approved By:Zhao Qiyong (employee ID: 00119431)
Change History
Figures
Tables
Figure 1-1 Proposed technology overview .......................................................................... 1
Figure 2-1 Multi-layer network layout with dense low power nodes ........................................... 4
Figure 2-2 Simulation result of 256QAM ...........................................................................4
Figure 2-3 D2D scenarios ...............................................................................................6
Figure 2-4 Social networking scenarios ................................................................................6
Figure 2-5 With specific target users ...................................................................................7
Figure 2-6 Local advertisement .......................................................................................7
Figure 2-7 Local enhancement ........................................................................................8
Figure 2-8 Distance based application ...............................................................................8
Figure 2-9 Enhance network capability ..............................................................................9
Figure 2-10 System architecture for proximity discovery..........................................................11
Figure 2-11 RAN architecture for direct communication ........................................................11
Figure 2-12 No control plane supported over the DMC link and Re-use LTE user plane protocol stack ..12
Figure 2-13 protocol structure of HCA stage 1 ....................................................................14
Figure 2-14 protocol structure of HCA stage 2 ....................................................................16
Figure 2-15 An example of MUCC ...................................................................................17
Figure 2-16 Basic architecture of MUCC ............................................................................18
Figure 2-17 Extended architecture of MUCC ......................................................................19
Figure 2-18 A CDN Deploys Method in 3GPP ......................................................................21
Figure 2-19 Independent Smart Unit in 3GPP ......................................................................22
Figure 2-20 Smart Function calling example ........................................................................22
Table 2-1 summarizes the overall requirement of the desired solutions of D2D ........................10
1
With the development of technology, smart phone is becoming widespread,
and mass data is transmitted between the terminal and network. It is
forecasted that network capacity requirement is multiple 1000 on 2020
year, and the most popular service are: Streaming service (e.g video and
music data), File transfer (download file from internet),Instant message (QQ,
weibo),Gaming &social network.
To satisfy future service requirement, network shall provide high bit rate、low
delay and high reliability; In fact, it is difficult for current network, especially in
cell edge and hotspot and indoor area, the available bit rate is very low.
In spite of 3G/4G specification is published, and there are a lot of WiFi
deployed, the low delay, high bit rate isn’t satisfied every where, the new
technology based on current network shall be studied.
In this document, some solutions are proposed to discuss this issue, generally
picture is shown as following:
1 Executive Summary
Figure 1-1 Proposed technology overview
AP(LTE-Hi)
AP(UMTS)
AP(WiFi)
AP(LTE-Hi)LTE-Hi scenarioHCA scenario
MUCC&D2D scenario
eNB
RNC
Support UE
Benefit UE
2
Technology 1: D2D (device to device): using Proximity search method, UE
will find his neighbor UE, and data can be transferred between UEs directly;
Technology 2: MUCC (multiple UE cooperative communication): using D2D
technology, supported UE is allowed to receive data from network and
forward it to benefit UE;
Technology 3: LTE-Hi: Hot spot & indoor solution, using 3.5GHz frequency
(maximum bandwidth is 200MHz ), and some technology enhancement such
as 256QAM/ flexible uplink/downlink slot configuration;
Technology 4: HCA (Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation): when UE enter a
special area that is covered by both 3G/4G network and WiFi, UE will receive
data from 3G/4G and WiFi at same time;
Technology 5: video enhancement: give some optimizations when video data
is transmitted on network, which can improve user experience.
33
2.1 LTE-Hi(Hotspot /Indoor) solution
2.1.1 Introduction
Mobile communication technology is developing very fast. 3G network is
setting up in large scale and MBB service brings people very convenient and
rich experience. But due to the capacity of 3G network is limited, and data
service requirements of subscribers is increasing explosively, MBB service has
to face many serious challenges, the following two challenges are popular as
descript following:
Challenge 1: Capacity Increasing Explosively. Most of the mobile data
requirements come from hotspot and indoor area.
Challenge 2: Not enough spectrum to meet mobile communication
requirement, especially lacking global union bandwidth spectrum.
The technology that can resolve above problems is named LTE-Hi (Hotspot /
high bit rate and indoor solution based on LTE).
2.1.2 Key Technology fo LTE-Hi
LTE-Hi is focused on massive traffic requirement in hotspot and indoor
scenario, the major technology include: deploying dense low power nodes,
using 3.5GHZ spectrum for global, using high order modulation (e.g.
256QAM), Adaptive DL/UL configurations.
Multi-layer network layout with dense low power nodes (LPN)
In the multi-layer network architecture, it is separated two type coverage,
one is coverage layer(as shown in following figure, 700/800M is used to
national wide area, and 2.6G is used to urban area), the other is capacity
layer(as shown in following figure, 3.5G is used to hotspot/indoor area); in
the coverage layer, the basic service (e.g. VOIP, SMS) and lower bit rate data
service(e.g. web browsing) can be supported; in capacity layer, the high bit
rate service (e.g. HD video) can be supported.
2 Proposed solution
44
LPNs optimized and simplified for hotspot and indoor scenarios
In the hotspot and indoor scenario, the SNR in receiver is high, so high order
modulation can be used to improve spectrum efficiency.
For typical terminal form factors (1 RX antennas), as simulation result shown,
when the SNR is better than 20dB, the benefit of 256QAM can be obtained;
Peak Spectrum Efficiency can reach 10 bps/Hz (~25% improvement over LTE-
Advanced).
In addition, flexible TDD DL/UL configuration to adapt local traffic and control
signaling reduction also can be used.
Figure 2-1 Multi-layer network layout with dense low power nodes
Figure 2-2 Simulation result of 256QAM
Thro
ug
hp
ut
Hot spots
LTE LPN 3.5GHz
Urban & Suburban(e.g.LTE 2.6GHz)
Nation wide(e.g.LTE 700/800 GHz)
55
2.2 D2D (Device to Device) soultion basedon network managed
2.2.1 BackgroundProximity-based applications and services represent a recent and enormous
social-technological trend. The principle of these applications is to discover
instances of the applications running in devices that are within proximity of
each other, and ultimately also exchange application-related data. In parallel,
there is interest in proximity-based discovery and communications in the
public safety community.
Current 3GPP specification are only partially suited for such needs, since
all such traffic and signaling would have to be routed in the network, thus
impacting their performance and adding unnecessary load in the network.
These current limitations are also an obstacle to the creation of even more
advanced proximity-based applications.
In this context, 3GPP technology has the opportunity to become the platform
of choice to enable proximity-based discovery and communication between
devices, and promote a vast array of future and more advanced proximity-
based applications.
There are two import services of ProSe. The first one is proximity discovery
with which users can discovery each other in proximity. The second is
direct communication with which users can communicate with each other
in proximity. There is no causality between proximity discovery and direct
communication. Proximity discovery can be stand alone services to users
and doesn’t always trigger direct communication. Users may initiate direct
communication directly without proximity discovery. However, users can use
direct communication easily when they know the proximity information.
66
2.2.2 Application ScenariosD2D scenarios include proximity discovery and direct communication.
Here are several typical proximity services and applications based on D2D.
1. Social Networking
The following figure shows the typical scenario of social networking.
Figure 2-3 D2D scenarios
Figure 2-4 Social networking scenarios
Find Friend in500m
7
1) Without specific target users
In the case of without specific target users, ProSe applications discovery
all the users in proximity and network helps to choose those of users’
interest.
2) With specific target users
In the case of with specific target users, ProSe applications only discover
the specific users, usually the friends of users and show the proximity
information on the right of the target user.
2. Local Advertisement
The following figure shows the typical scenario of local advertisement. The
shops will automatically distribute the advertisement to the passage nearby.
Applications in users’ terminal discover the advertisers automatically and receive
the information from them, including introduction, menus, coupons, etc.
Figure 2-6 Local advertisement
Figure 2-5 With specific target users
Find KFC in500m
8
3. Location Enhancement
The following figure shows the typical scenario of local enhancement. The
D2D terminals receive the real-time parking space information that helps
finding one’s parking space easily. It can provide more information than a GPS
based application by D2D.
4. Distance Based Applications
The following figure shows the typical scenario of distance based applications.
Members of a team or group can obtain the sphere of activities for each
other by D2D distance monitoring when touring, keeping a safe movement
range to prevent occurring accident.
Figure 2-8 Distance based application
Figure 2-7 Local enhancement
9
5. Enhance Network Capability
The following figure shows the typical scenario of network capability
enhancement. D2D applications can provide coverage enhancement without
increasing infrastructure cost, capacity enhancement by multiplexing D2D and
cellular spectrum and user experience enhancement of link robustness and
throughput.
Figure 2-9 Enhance network capability
10
2.2.3 Requirements and SolutionsThis section summarizes the requirements in technological terminology for
desired D2D solutions and then analyzes the overall architecture and solutions
for proximity service (ProSe).
1. Requirements
The following table summarizes the overall requirement of the desired
solutions.
2. Proposed Solutions
The overall solution for ProSe is involved with UE, radio access network, core
network and application servers. System architecture for direct communication
is same as LTE while for proximity discovery is different. The proposed system
architecture for proximity discovery is depicted in the following figure.
Table 2-1 summarizes the overall requirement of the desired solutions of D2D
Metric Requirements
Energy EfficiencyVery low average power consumption
Always on, days of operating time
Scalability
Thousands of devices in proximity
Continuously changing environment due to nodes appearing and disappearing
Resource can be reconfigured for more number of users
Resource Efficiency
High resource efficiency of proximity discovery solution
High spectrum efficiency for direct mobile communication
Mobility At least support low speed
Support BillingBilling for proximity services may take many forms (e.g. billing per user/service association event, billing per volume of data, flat rate billing, etc.)
Qos
Discovery or communication range should be hundreds of meters
Discovery may have larger range requirement
Distance detection resolution should be 10 meters (TBD)
Work Together With Cellular
Coexist with cellular systems
Work well with cellular phones without ProSe
11
Figure 2-10 System architecture for proximity discovery
Figure 2-11 RAN architecture for direct communication
In the above architecture, a new network element is added to provide the
proximity services called Proximity Server. The new interface “If-ProSe” is
introduced but the standardization of the interface may be out of the scope
of 3GPP. And the interfaces between proximity server and PCRF, HSS, MME,
P-GW are also needed to be defined.
Radio access network for proximity discovery is same as LTE while for direct
communication is different. The proposed RAN architecture for direct
communication is as follows. The data plane is over the DMC link (Ud) and
the control plane is over the cellular link (Uu).
APP Module
D2DModule
eNB MME/GW
PCRF
Rx
P1
UE
APP Server
Proximity Server
HSS
MME/S-GW MME/S-GW
eNBE-UTERAN
eNB
eNB
S1
S1
S1S1
X2
X2
X2
Uu Uu
Ud
12
Figure 2-12 No control plane supported over the DMC link and Re-use LTE user plane protocol stack
The following two figures show D2D control plane reuses the LTE cellular
control protocol stack and the new Ud interface represent D2D user plane
reuses the LTE user plane protocol stack, under the RAN architecture
Considering the following benefit can be obtained based network
management based solution
the radio resource can be scheduled by network , spatial reuse of spectrum 1.
and interference reduce can be done easier;
legal listening can be supported when data is transferred between UEs;2.
NAS
S1 - AP
RRC
PDCPRLCMAC
Uu PHY
NAS
S1 - AP
SCTP
IP
L2
L1
UE MMEeNB
S1-AP S1-AP
RRCSCTP
IP
PDCPRLCMAC
L2
Uu PHY L1Uu
App.
TCP/UDP TCP/UDP
Uu PHY IP
PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
UuPHY
D2DPHY
App.
TCP/UDP TCP/UDP
Uu PHY IP
PDCP PDCP
RLC RLC
MAC MAC
D2DPHY
UuPHY
IP
GTP - u
UDP
IP
L2
L1
UE2 S-GW/P-GW
PDCP GTP - u
RLC UDP
MAC IP
UuPHY
L2
L1
eNBUE1
D2D Uu
13
2.3 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation (HCA)
2.3.1 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregationintroduction
Since the boom of mobile internet applications and popularization of smart
phones, users are thirsty for higher band width. To face the challenge,
current radio access technologies, such as WiFi, HSPA, WiMAX and LTE, have
improved the bandwidth prominently, but according to the market trend
analysis, the demand of mobile broad bandwidth shall increase explosively
and not be satisfied by none of current technologies alone. Radio network
congestion and service quality decline is appearing inevitably.
Nowadays, in consideration of the population of smart terminals having
multiple radio access capability and WLAN hotspots, if communication nodes
established mobile and WiFi connections concurrently to implement dynamic
data links aggregation and intelligent data load offload, the hardware and
spectrum resource shall be used more effectively and users shall have better
experience. We call the solution ‘Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation’
which is abbreviated HCA. Before the revolutionary breakout in radio access
technology, HCA is reasonable and natural, which shall partly relieve the
network overload pressure on mobile operators.
Depending on the standardization plan and market actuality, the solution is
divided to two stages and more details shall be described in the following
chapters.
The major proposal of following HCA solution is: compacting seamless of
3G and WiFi to improve user experience, and WiFi & unlicensed spectrum is
integrated into 3G/4G RAN;
2.3.2 Heterogeneous Carrier AggregationStage 1
The basic idea of HCA stage 1 is:
By installing suitable application software on terminals, a self-defined HCA 1.
signal procedure shall apply automatic WiFi hot spot discovery, access
and authentication to simplify user operation and enhance subscriber
experience greatly.
After establishing concurrent connections on mobile network and WLAN, 2.
the user plane activity of HCA shall be performed.
14
In the network side:
For the downlink data processed by S1/IU-PS, it shall be directly delivered 1.
to the data offloading anchor locating at RAT elements, such as eNB, BSC
and RNC, which shall exchange the link quality and network load with
WLAN to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between mobile
and WLAN.
For the uplink data transmission, to avoid negative impacts on upper 2.
protocols caused by multi-path, the smart reordering module is deployed
on RAT elements.
In the terminal side:
For the downlink data transmission, to avoid negative impacts on upper 1.
protocols caused by multi-path, the smart reordering module is deployed
on terminals.
For the uplink data received, it shall be directly delivered to the data 2.
offloading anchor locating at terminals. According to the link quality
and network load, the network shall indicate the offloading policy to
the terminals to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between
mobile and WLAN.
The protocol structure of HCA stage 1 is showed below.
From the description mentioned above, we can conclude the overall
benefits of HCA stage 1:
The offloading anchor locates at radio access side, which shall not require •
any new network element and impact the network topology less.
The implement shall not require any modification on standards, which •
makes market popularization more convenient.
Multiple radio access aggression shall enhance peak throughout and user •
experience greatly.
Figure 2-13 protocol structure of HCA stage 1
RAN Terminal
Uu
WIFIOffload
/Re-
Ordering
el
WLAN APIP in IP Tunn
802.11Transport Network
APP
TCP/UDP
IP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
APP
TCP/UDP
IP
Outer IP
802.3 MAC
L1
APP
TCP/UDP
IP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
APP
TCP/UDP
IPAPP
TCP/UDP
IP
Outer IP
802.11 MAC
802.11b/g/n
802.11 MAC
802.11b/g/n
APP
TCP/UDP
IP
GTP-U
UDP
L1
L2
IP2
WIFI Offload
/Re-
Ordering
15
Multiple radio technologies coordinate to apply smart and dynamic •
offloading algorithm based on link quality and network load, which shall
improve radio resource utilization.
To avoid negative impacts on upper protocols caused by multi-path, •
smart reordering algorithm is applied to keep subscriber experience.
By installing application software on terminals, automatic WiFi hot spot •
discovery, access and authentication shall be applied to simplify user
operation and enhance subscriber experience greatly.
2.3.3 Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation Stage 2
The basic idea of HCA stage 2 is:
Without installing any application software on terminals, a self-defined 1.
HCA signal procedure deployed on mobile stack shall apply automatic
WiFi hot spot discovery, access and authentication to simplify user
operation and enhance subscriber experience greatly.
After establishing concurrent connections on mobile network and WLAN, 2.
the user plane activity of HCA shall be performed.
In the network side:
For the downlink data processed by RLC, it shall be directly delivered to 1.
the data offloading anchor locating at RAT elements, such as eNB, BSC,
and RNC, which shall exchange the link quality and network load with
WLAN to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between mobile
and WLAN.
For the uplink data received from WLAN, it shall be uniformly reordered 2.
by RLC to avoid negative impacts on upper protocols caused by multi-
path.
In the terminal side:
For the downlink data received from WiFi device, it shall be uniformly 1.
reordered by RLC to avoid negative impacts on upper protocols caused by
multi-path.
For the uplink data processed by RLC, it shall be directly delivered to the 2.
data offloading anchor locating at terminals. According to the link quality
and network load, the network shall indicate the offloading policy to
the terminals to balance the data load smartly and dynamically between
mobile and WLAN.
The whole protocol stack is showed below.
16
From the description mentioned above, we can conclude the overall benefits
of HCA stage 2:
The HCA stage 2 shall utilize existing 3GPP standards to provide following •
functions without any modification on 802.11 PHY and MAC:
The unified authentication, ciphering/deciphering and integrity protection •
based on 3GPP NAS and PDCP.
The unified lossless handover based on the PDCP and RLC.•
The unified ARQ based on RLC.•
The unified reordering based on RLC which shall not require any •
modification on terminal operation systems.
The unified radio resource scheduling based on real time link quality and •
network load.
Figure 2-14 protocol structure of HCA stage 2
3GPP PHY
802.11 PHY
3GPP MAC Tunnel IP802.11 MAC
RAN RAN
Tunnel IP
802.11 PHY
802.11 MAC
APPTCP/UDP
IPPDCPRLC
3GPP MAC
3GPP PHY
OffloadingAnchor
OffloadingAnchor
OffloadingAnchor
OS Stack Data
Terminal
3GPP PHY
802.11 PHY3GPP MAC 802.11 MAC
802.11 PHY
802.11 MAC
APPTCP/UDP
IPPDCPRLC
3GPP MAC
3GPP PHY
OffloadingAnchor
IU-PS IU-PS
OS Stack Data
Terminal
(A) (B)
APPTCP/UDPInner IPGTP-UUDP
Outer IPL2L1
APPTCP/UDPInner IPGTP-UUDP
Outer IPL2L1
Inner Relay Inner Relay
APPTCP/UDPInner IPPDCPRLC
APPTCP/UDPInner IPPDCPRLC
17
2.4 Multiple UE Cooperative Communication
2.4.1 MUCC IntroductionAs the development of mobile communication system, many new technologies
appear, e.g. CoMP, relay. While all those technologies are single UE based, i.e.
the technologies are to improve the throughput or spectral efficiency of the
single pipe especially the radio pipe (single UE specific).
Here a novel concept, multiple UE cooperative communication, MUCC, is
introduced. We start this with an example: OnStar, a cellular-network-based
product installed in GM cars, can provide many car /road related services, like
Automatic Crash Response, Roadside Assistance etc. For this kind of application,
reliability is a very important requirement.
However, the reliability of OnStar may be low when the car is driving in an area
with poor cellular signal. Current OnStar product has an increased maximum
transmission power (up to 8 times of the specified one) to overcome this
problem. While this is not a good idea since this would interfere other UEs
greatly.
Usually in a car, there are driver and some passengers. They also have mobile
phones. As long as the UEs including the mobile phones and OnStar have short
range communication capability (e.g. WiFi), the mobile phones can support the
OnStar to enhance its communication, to improve its throughput and reliability.
This is a basic MUCC idea. At least two types of UEs are needed in the MUCC
case: one type of UE is called benefitted UE, which is to send or received data
with the third party via the cellular network (source / termination), and another
type of UE(s) is called supporting UE(s), they are to support the benefitted UE
to communicate with the third party. The benefitted UE can communicate with
the supporting UE via short range communications (e.g. WiFi or LTE-D2D).
Figure 2-15 An example of MUCC
18
2.4.2 Basic idea of MUCC
To communicate with the third part, there are two radio paths for the
benefitted UE: B-UE← →eNB directly, and B-UE ← →S-UE← → eNB, wherein
B-UE and S-UE communication is via short range communication, and (B- or S-)
UE and eNB communication is via cellular communication.
Use the above figure as an example: B-UE and S-UE are cooperated as a group. For the downlink data towards the B-UE arrives from the CN bearer of the B-UE, eNB can select the best UE from the B-UE and S-UE(s) with the best channel quality, and send the data to this best UE. If the best UE is S-UE, the S-UE will further forward the data to the B-UE. Or else, the best UE is B-UE itself. This UE selection and data transmission would happen every scheduling unit (e.g. 5RB), so as to have a multiple user diversity gain.
In this case, the downlink data from the B-UE’s CN bearer can be split in the eNB according to the UE selection due to different channel quality. For example, if one S-UE has the best channel quality (best CQI), the eNB will schedule it to send B-UE’s data, and the S-UE thereafter forwards the data to the B-UE via short range communication. If the B-UE itself has the best channel quality at the next scheduling unit, the eNB will send data to the B-UE directly. So the eNB will always select the best UE for data transmission, a multiple user diversity gain is achieved. And that is just like the B-UE always has the best channel quality among the UEs. The B-UE would further merge all data from itself and other S-UEs.
For uplink data, the B-UE can send to the eNB directly if the uplink channel is the best among all UEs, or the B-UE send the uplink data to a most appropriate S-UE first, and then the S-UE sends the data to the eNB. The eNB would merge the uplink data and send them to the third party along the B-UE’s CN bearer.
The S-UE(s) only involve in radio bearer. It’s at the eNB to split the downlink data and at the B-UE to merge them. And it’s at the B-UE to split the uplink data and at the eNB to merge them. The data would still go along the B-UE’s CN bearer (i.e. S1 bearer and S5/S8 bearer), only at the radio, the data would go along the best UE’s radio bearer. As a result the S-UEs won’t pay any money for transmitting the B-UE’s data.
Figure 2-16 Basic architecture of MUCC
Benefitted UE
Supporting UE
IP Service App
E-UTRUAN SAE-GWS1-U
SGi
S1-C S11
MME
19
In summary, MUCC has the following advantages,
Improving system throughput. This is achieved by always scheduling the 1.
best UE with the best channel quality (multi-user diversity gain).
Improving reliability. There is several channel / UEs’ RBs / radio pipes. The 2.
probability that all the channels / RBs are deteriorated at the same time is
quite small.
Only the benefitted UE is charged. Since the CN bearer is benefitted UE’s, 3.
and the supporting UE only involve in radio bearer, the supporting UE
won’t be charged.
2.4.3 Perspective
MUCC contribute the terminal cloud concept, or multi-radio-pipes concept. The
benefitted UE and its supporting UEs compose a MUCC group, which can be
regarded as a terminal cloud.
Besides, not like conventional way, the communication involves several UEs,
each UE having its own radio pipe; so MUCC is a multi-radio-pipes concept.
When the concept is developed further, the multi-pipes can be extended to the
end to end, so that we can have access cloud and E2E multi-pipes concept as
the below figure:
Multiple terminals can compose the terminal cloud. Different RATs (e.g. LTE,
UMTS ) can compose the access cloud. With this architecture, MUCC will be
much more flexible. The system would always find the best pipe to reach the
final destination, so that the system performance can be further improved. And
any single pipe optimization can be used at the same time (e.g. MIMO, CoMP
etc.), i.e. MUCC can improve the system performance from a new dimension
beyond the current single pipe solutions.
Figure 2-17 Extended architecture of MUCC
Terminal Cloud Access Cloud
20
2.5 Video Services Enhancements
2.5.1 IntroductionThe solutions described above are focused on capacity improving, service
optimization to match network performance shall be studied also; mobile
video services are the killer application now, a lot of new innovative mobile
application are based on the mobile video services. The mobile video services
generate huge amount of wireless data and consumes a lot of radio and core
network resources. In order to provide large-scale mobile video services, the
MNO needs high-rate and more efficient network infrastructure. The video
service enhancement technologies can provide better user experience and
save the radio and network resources and save the capital to invest to the
network infrastructure at the same time.
2.5.2 Video Services Enhancement IntroductionCategory of the Video Services
live and on-demand video streaming; •
video clip download/upload/messaging; •
video monitoring; and •
Real-time communication.•
2.5.3 Challeges and Problems for the Video Services
Long Start-up Delay•
Frequent stalls; •
Bitrate intense•
2.5.4 Solutions based on UE
Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (DASH)
DASH is an adaptive bitrate streaming technology where a multimedia file is
partitioned into one or more segments and delivered to a client using HTTP. A
media presentation description (MPD) describes segment information (timing,
URL, media characteristics such as video resolution and bit rates).DASH is
audio/video codec agnostic. One or more representations (i.e., versions at
different resolutions or bit rates) of multimedia files are typically available, and
selection can be made based on network conditions, device capabilities and
user preferences, enabling adaptive bitrate streaming.
21
UE-Based Cache
If the Video is cached to the UE, there is almost no start-up delay. The UE can
proactive retrieve the video/audio files from the server and store them at local
storage, e.g. Flash-memory in the background without or with the user's
instruction or notice. Or the MNO can proactive push some video/audio files
from the server and store them at UE's local storage.
2.5.5 Solutions based on Network
Mobile CDN
CDN is a good way to accelerate the web/Video/Audio downloading in the
Internet. Here we give a simple instance to introduce how to use CDN in
3GPP network. Following figure is a two layers CDN architecture model,
main cache provides an interface to CP/SPs, so they can push some content
wishing to be accelerated to this unit, this open architecture is helpful to
accelerate those CP/SPs content transmission, who have rent Cache resource
from operator, and finally the operator will obtain the deserved benefits.
The first layer of CDN comprises two components, one is Main Cache who
is the content storage part, the other one is CPCF (Cache Policy Control
Function) who is the control part and responsible for cache policy control
and some other control function like negotiation with CP/SPs and RAN cache.
Main Cache can be an individual unit or just a part of P-GW/GGSN, and CPCF
also can be an individual unit or a part of PCRF, and even Main Cache and
CPCF could be a different function unit in one device.
Figure 2-18 A CDN Deploys Method in 3GPP
PDN(CP/SPs)
P-GW/GGSN
C-D-U C-D-C
eRx
Main Cache CPCF PCRF
S-GW/SGSN S-GW/SGSN
eNB/RNC/BSC eNB/RNC/BSC eNB/RNC/BSCeNB/RNC/BSC
22
Cloud-based solution
We hope to build a centralized smart unit to receipt complex tasks form
Radio Access Network Node(RAN), and provide suitable interface to RAN
and Core Network to cooperate with them which can refer to following
figure . Advantages are very clear here, the independent function unit could
be provided by any other hardware company and software company, the
functions depart from 3GPP network devices could reduce the RAN and CN
complexities, save operator network cost. Also the function unit update is
easy, operator will no need to buy hardware devices, they only need to install
some new application softwares to provide newest functions.
Following figure gives an example process of calling smart function,
we can see the process is easy to use, and the impact to existent network is
very small, all of the complexities have been finished by Smart unit.
Figure 2-20 Smart Function calling example
Figure 2-19 Independent Smart Unit in 3GPP
PDN
PDN
CoreNetwork
Trans-Coding Trans-rating
Cloud
RAN
CoreNetworkRAN
Virus Scanning Virus Scanning
Downlink transmission calls for virus scanning method
Uplink transmission calls for virus scanning method
CN/RAN CN/RAN
23
To satisfy the challenge caused by massive traffic produced by smart phone, the following technology trend shall be considered:
small cell deployment and technology enhancement such as LTE-Hi;1.
D2D technology (shall be managed by network equipment) to transmit 2.
data between UEs and proximity discovery for social network;
More than one RAT can server to one special UE at same time to enlarge 3.
throughput for it;
video enhancement technology on network4.
3 Conclusion
24
A3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
A
AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
AC access class
C
C2DM Cloud to Device Messaging
CPC continuous packet connectivity
CPE customer premises equipment
CPU central processing unit
CQI channel quality indicator
CS circuit switched
D
DCH enhanced dedicated channel
DPCCH dedicated physical control channel
DRX discontinuous reception
DTX discontinuous transmission
D2D Device to Device
DMC Direct mobile communication
E
E2E end to end
F
FTP File Transfer Protocol
G
GGSN gateway GPRS support node
GPRS general packet radio service
Acronyms and Abbreviations
25
H
HS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
HSS HTTP Smooth Streaming
HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access
HTML Hypertext Markup Language
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
HCA Heterogeneous Carrier Aggregation
I
IaaS infrastructure as a service
ID identity
IM instant messaging
IMEI international mobile equipment identity
iOS Intelligent Optimization System
K
KPI key performance indicator
L
LBBP LTE baseband processing unit
LTE Long Term Evolution
LTE-Hi Hot spot/High modulation/High frequency /indoor based LTE
M
M2M machine-to-machine
MBB mobile broadband
MIMO multiple-input multiple-output
MUCC multiple UE cooperative communication
O
OS operating system
OTT Over The Top
P
P2P point-to-point service
PaaS platform as a service
PCH paging channel
26
PDCCH physical downlink control channel
PDP Packet Data Protocol
PS packet switched
R
RAB radio access bearer
RAN radio access network
RNC radio network controller
RRC radio resource controller
RTP Real-time Transport Protocol
S
SaaS Software as a service
SCRI
SGSN serving GPRS support node
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SNS social networking site
T
TA tracking area
TAL tracking area list
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
U
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UE user equipment
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UTRAN universal terrestrial radio access network
V
VoIP voice over IP
W
WAP Wireless Access Protocol
WLAN wireless local area network
27
[APNS]: Apple Push Notification Service, 1.
http://developer.apple.com/library/mac/#documentation/NetworkingInternet/Conceptual/RemoteNotificationsPG/ApplePushService/ApplePushService.html
[C2DM]: Android Cloud to Device Messaging, https://developers.google.com/android/c2dm/2.
[NSRM]: Network Scoket Request Manager, 3.
http://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/managing-background-data-traffic-mobile-devices
[HLS]: HTTP Live Streaming, ietf draft, http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-4. streaming
[HSS]: Smooth Streaming, http://www.microsoft.com/silverlight/smoothstreaming/5.
[DASH]: Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP, 3gpp specification 26.2476.
[HTML5]: W3C Working Draft, http://www.w3.org/TR/2011/WD-html5-20110525/7.
3GPP TS 23.060 a.5.0 2011-09-27 General Packet Radio Service 8. (GPRS); Service description;
3GPP TS 36.413 a.3.0 2011-09-27 Evolved Universal Terrestrial 9. Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)
3GPP TS 23.401 a.5.0 2011-09-27 General Packet Radio Service 10. (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access
3GPP TS 24.008 9.4.0 2010-09-28 Mobile radio interface Layer 3 11. specification; Core network protocols; Stage 3
3GPP TS 25.413 10.3.0 2011-09-27 UTRAN Iu interface Radio Access 12. Network Application Part (RANAP) signaling
3GPP TS 36.413, "S1 Application Protocol (S1AP)"13.
3GPP TS 36.331, "Radio Resource Control (RRC); Protocol specification"14.
3GPP TS 23.401, "General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) enhancements for Evolved 15. Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) access"
3GPP TS 25.331: "Radio Resource Control (RRC); protocol specification".16.
3GPPTS 25.308: " UTRA High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)".17.
3GPPTS 25.321: "Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol specification".18.
3GPPTS 25.903: "Continuous connectivity for packet data users ".19.
3GPPTS 25.319: "Enhanced uplink; Overall description "20.
3GPPTS 25.317: ''High Speed Packet Access (HSPA)''21.
B Reference
28
C
Contributors
Contributors Department
Wang Xiaoyu (employee ID: 00145141) Research Dept. WN
Zhang Weiliang (employee ID: 00133227) Research Dept. WN
GuoXiaolong (employee ID: 41423) Research Dept. WN
Xiong Chunshan (employee ID: 00170901) Research Dept. WN
Fu Miao (employee ID: 00181707) Research Dept. WN
Wang Junwei (employee ID: 43070) Research Dept. WN
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