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Fundamental Fundamental Design ToolsDesign Tools
Chapter 2Chapter 2
An intro to several techniques used…
BrainstormingBrainstorming
Five to fifteen individualsFive to fifteen individuals Discussion leader restates problem Discussion leader restates problem
and reiterates rules of discussionand reiterates rules of discussion Individuals suggest ideasIndividuals suggest ideas Evaluate ideas at conclusion of Evaluate ideas at conclusion of
discussiondiscussion Useful for new ideas / deadlock Useful for new ideas / deadlock Drawback: relies on willingness to Drawback: relies on willingness to
speak upspeak up
Class Design ProblemClass Design Problem
Ear WaxEar WaxAn example brainstorming exercise -
Grade in Design? Grade in Design? (Concept Map)(Concept Map)
Each individual writes Each individual writes down three ideasdown three ideas
Tablets are exchanged, Tablets are exchanged, ideas are elaborated, ideas are elaborated,
or new ideas are generatedor new ideas are generated
Five exchanges Five exchanges take placetake placeMethod 635Six
individuals
Drawback: Drawback: isolation, no isolation, no group group synergysynergy
Useful in Useful in systematic systematic approach approach and large and large numbers of numbers of ideasideas
Delphi ModelDelphi Model
Polling process
Resultant Resultant response list response list is reordered is reordered and and evaluatedevaluated
Useful in situations Useful in situations where future of process where future of process is of concernis of concern
Drawback: relies Drawback: relies on high response on high response raterate
Suggestions Suggestions are regrouped are regrouped and returned and returned to paneliststo panelists
Expert Expert panel panel generates generates starting starting pointspoints
Synetics
Problem is Problem is presented to a presented to a small groupsmall group
Analogies of Analogies of terms are terms are examined and examined and relationships relationships forcedforced
Group Group familiarizes familiarizes itself with the itself with the problemproblem
Also utilizes Also utilizes variations such variations such as randomly as randomly choosing words choosing words from a from a dictionary and dictionary and forcing a fitforcing a fit
Useful when problem to be solved has an Useful when problem to be solved has an analogy and group is willing to explore bizarre analogy and group is willing to explore bizarre
trains of thoughttrains of thought
Class Design ExampleClass Design Example
Right to left heart shunt that needs to be Right to left heart shunt that needs to be closed – minimally invasive technology.closed – minimally invasive technology.
When doing catheterization, need to go with When doing catheterization, need to go with the flow…the flow…
Cannon droops when rapidly fired.Cannon droops when rapidly fired.
Need to get a ladder through a small space Need to get a ladder through a small space and up in an alleyway.and up in an alleyway.
Web-based and Print Web-based and Print LiteratureLiterature
Web-based search enginesWeb-based search engines www.amazon.com – search for recent www.amazon.com – search for recent
booksbooks www.uspto.gov & search for granted www.uspto.gov & search for granted
or pending patents or pending patents Trade magazines & web sites, Trade magazines & web sites,
especially www.cancom.com especially www.cancom.com And www.google.com (or And www.google.com (or
scholar.google.com), search for topics scholar.google.com), search for topics ……
Process Charts: Process Charts: SymbolsSymbols
Operations
Inspection
Transportation
Delay
Storage
See http://vubme.vuse.vanderbilt.edu/King/powerpoint_slide_shows_for_cours.htm for a process diagram package -
Process ChartProcess ChartS
tep
Op
erat
ion
Tra
nsp
ort
Insp
ect
Del
ayS
tora
ge
Dis
tan
ce(f
eet)
Tim
e(m
in)Description
ofprocess
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Unload apples from truck
Move to inspection station
Weigh, inspect, sort
Move to storage
Wait until needed
Move to peeler
Apples peeled and cored
Soak in water until needed
Place in conveyor
Move to mixing area
Weigh, inspect, sort
TotalPage 1 0f 3 480
30
5
20
15
360
30
20
190 ft
20 ft
20 ft
50 ft
100 ft
Date: 9-30-00
Analyst: TLR
Location: Graves Mountain
Process: Apple Sauce
Date: OfficeAnalyst: Apply Band Aid
Ste
p
Op
era
tio
n
In
sp
ec
tio
n
Tra
nsp
ort
ati
on
Dela
y
Sto
rag
e
Description of Process
1Obtain Band Aid
2Open Band Aid
3Apply Band Aid
4Inspect Application, go to 5 if needed, else 7
5Remove if necessary
6Go to 2
7Remove trash
8Wait for next customer
August 8,2007 Location: King Process:
Apply Band Aid!!!!!!!!!!
FlowchartingFlowcharting
Activity
DecisionYesYes
NoNo
Start or end
D
FlowchartingFlowcharting
Assists in understanding processes to Assists in understanding processes to modify or improve them.modify or improve them.
Broad range of charts- from simple Broad range of charts- from simple process charts to fairly complicated process charts to fairly complicated combinations of signal, material, and combinations of signal, material, and information flows.information flows.
Dr. King at the doctorDr. King at the doctor
Flowcharting OverviewFlowcharting Overview
Clinic Flow ChartsClinic Flow Charts
Linear system-Each event must be complete prior to the next beginning
Patient Sign-in
Wait for room(5-10 minutes)
Weight & Medication Check
(1)
Waiting Room(2-20)
Blood Pressure Check
(2)
Wait for room(5-20)
Go to roomWait for MD
(5-20)See MD
(5)
Update Meds, Sign out
(2)
Flowcharts with Decision Flowcharts with Decision PointsPoints
Patient Sign-in Data Needed?Collect weight, BP,
Meds info(1)
MD needed?Waiting room, wait
for MD(5-20)
MD Interaction(5)
Sign out, reschedule
RN Needed?Waiting room, wait
for RN(5-10)
RN interaction(5)
Update Meds(2)
Yes
NoYes
No
Yes
Decisions: Selection Decisions: Selection ChartChart
Choice
Demand # Fountain
Pen
Pencil Chalk Marker
1. Writes on paper + + ? +
2. Won’t stain hands - + + -
3. Damp paper tolerant ? + ? ?
Summary no go go recheck no go
Selection Matrix: “Writes in a damp environment” (School)
Evaluation ChartEvaluation Chart
Commercial airline Ocean Liner
“wish” weight value product value Product
High speed 3 5 15 2 6
Convenience 5 4 20 5 25
Comfort 5 3 15 5 25
Low cost 2 2 4 3 6
Food & Drink 5 1 5 5 25
Total 59 87
Daddy Warbucks goes New York to Rome
Objective Tree: Objective Tree: Why go to Why go to college?college?
Quality Function Quality Function Deployment Diagrams Deployment Diagrams
(QFD)(QFD)
Example Student Work
TRIZTRIZ Russian acronym based upon series of Russian acronym based upon series of
papers on the theory of inventive problem papers on the theory of inventive problem solvingsolving
Method of reducing design process to a Method of reducing design process to a step-by-step procedurestep-by-step procedure
As difficulty increases, number of solution As difficulty increases, number of solution increasesincreases
Different themes of transition have finite Different themes of transition have finite variationsvariations
Negative interactions between desired Negative interactions between desired functionsfunctions
TRIZ - BasicTRIZ - Basic
ID ProblemID Problem Restate to elaborate Restate to elaborate
contradictionscontradictions Search for previously well solved Search for previously well solved
problemproblem Search for analogous solutions Search for analogous solutions
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