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The Skeletal & Muscular Systems
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Functions of Bones• Support of the body
• Protection of soft organs
• Movement due to attached skeletal muscles
• Storage of minerals and fats
• Blood cell formation
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Types of BonesHuman skeleton has 206 bones
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Microscopic Anatomy of Bone
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Types of Bone Cells
• OsteocytesMature bone cells
• OsteoblastsBoneforming cells
• OsteoclastsBonedestroying cells
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Stages in the Healing of a Fracture
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The Axial Skeleton
• Forms the longitudinal part of the body
• Divided into three parts
SkullVertebral columnBony thorax
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The Skull• Two sets of bones
CraniumFacial bones
• Bones are joined by fused joints
• Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
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The Fetal Skull
• The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length
• Gaps allow the brain to grow over the next 2 years
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The Vertebral Column
• Cervical vertebrae comprise the neck 7
• Thoracic vertebrae have ribs growing off of them 12
• Lumbar vertebrae comprise the lower back 5
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The Bony Thorax• Forms a cage to protect major organs
• Madeup of three parts
SternumRibsThoracic vertebrae
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The Appendicular Skeleton
• Limbs (appendages)
• Pectoral girdle
• Pelvic girdle
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The Pectoral Girdle
• Composed of two bonesClavicle – collarboneScapula – shoulder
blade
• Allow arms to have exceptionally free movement
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Bones of the Upper Limb
• The arm is formed by a single bone
• Humorous
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Bones of the Upper Limb
• The forearm has two bones
• Ulna – pinky side
• Radius – thumb side
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Bones of the Upper Limb
• The hand
• Carpals – wrist
• Metacarpals – palm
• Phalanges – fingers
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Bones of the Pelvic Girdle
• Hip bones
• Comprised of three pairs of fused bones
• Ilium• Ischium• Pubic bone
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
• The thigh has one bone
• Femur
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
• The leg has two bones
• Tibia – front leg• Fibula – back leg
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Bones of the Lower Limbs
• The foot
• Tarsals – ankle
• Metatarsals – sole
• Phalanges – toes
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The Muscular System
• Three basic muscle types are found in the body
• Smooth muscle• Cardiac muscle• Skeletal muscle
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Smooth Muscle • Involuntary – no conscious control
• Found mainly in the walls of hollow organs
• Also line blood vessels
• Slow, sustained and tireless
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Cardiac Muscle
• Involuntary
• Found only in the heart
• Beat 100,000 times a day, 35 million times a year, and over 2.5 billion times in a lifetime
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Skeletal Muscle
• Produce movement
• Maintain posture
• Stabilize joints
• Generate heat
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Anatomical Terms• Distal Away from the main part
• Proximal Close to the main part
• Cranial End with the mouth
• Caudal Opposite end of the mouth
• Anterior Towards the head end
• Posterior Towards the tail end
• Dorsal Back side
• Ventral Belly side
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