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FuelPrices and Taxationwith comparative tablesfor 160 countries
Pricing Policies for
Diesel, Fuel and Gasoline
in Developing Countries and
Global Motorization Data
by Gerhard P. Metschies
Deutsche Gesellschaft fürTechnische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
May 1999
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Editor: GTZ OE 44:Environment, Water, Energy and Tran
P.O.BOX 5180,D-65726 Eschborn/Germany Tel. +49-(0)6196-79-1354Fax +49-(0)6196-79-7194
Text: Gerhard MetschiesLayout: Andreas Funke, 61476 KronbergPhotos: Gerhard MetschiesComputer Graphics: Sascha Thielmann
Comments and suggestions are welcomealso via email: Gerhard.Metschies@gtz.de
Imprint:
GTZ-Offices
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New Delhi
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Development Cooperation Offices
Port-au-PrinceGuatemala City Santo Domingo
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La Paz
Asunción
Buenos Aires
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Eschborn
Kaliningrad
Riga
Odessa
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AnkaraTunis
AmmanRabat
N’Djamena
NouakchottNiamey
OuagadougouDakar
Conakry
Abidjan
Bamako
Lomé
Accra
Cotonou
Lagos
Bangui
Yaoundé
KigaliBujumbura
Kampala
Kinshasa
Nairobi
Dar es Salaam
Lilongwe
Lusaka
Harare
Windhoek Antananarivo
MaputoGaborone
Pretoria
Luanda
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Colombo
B
Han
Dhaka
Kathmandu
Altai
Almaty
Islamabad
Beijing
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1. Introduction ...........................................................................
2. Executive Summary .............................................................
3. Basic Parameters of the Survey Data .............................
4. Fuel Price Tables of the Continents .................................
Africa .......................................................................................
Synoptical Table:Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and Dies
Geographical Representation: Fuel Prices as of November 1
Price-series Representation: Ranking of Fuel Prices as of No
Graphical Representation: Price Trends in Individual Count
America...................................................................................
Synoptical Table: Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and DiesGeographical Representation: Fuel Prices as of November 1
Price-series Representation: Ranking of Fuel Prices as of No
Graphical Representation: Price Trends in Individual Count
Asia and Australia ...............................................................
Synoptical Table: Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and Dies
Geographical Representation: Fuel Prices as of November 1
Price-series Representation: Ranking of Fuel Prices as of No
Europe
Table of Contents
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5. Basic Problems of Fuel Pricing .........................................
Fuel Subsidy Policies...............................................................
Country-specific Fuel Subsidies .............................................
Transport Sector Policy and Fuel Prices ...............................
Problems Arising from Fuel-price Increases .........................
Box: "Dozens die in price rise protests" .......................
Fuel Prices and Purchasing Power.........................................
Box: The "egg index" table .............................................
6. State Management of Fuel Taxation.................................
General Taxation of Petroleum Products...............................
Importance of Fuel Taxation for Overall State Revenues......
Potential State Revenues from Fuel Taxation (in million US
Motorization .....................................................................
Mileage and consumption...............................................
Estimates for Fuel Tax Revenues ...................................State Expenditures out of Fuel Taxes ...................................
Problems and Outlook ...........................................................
Loss of revenue through fuel smuggling .......................
Outlook on fuel taxation and resource bases ...............
7. Global Motorization (Data on 4-Wheel and 2-Wheel Moto
Motor Vehicles with four Wheels or More ...........................
Geographical Presentation: Africa .................................
Geographical Presentation: America...............................
Geographical Presentation Asia and Australia
Table of Contents
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8. Annexes .................................................................................
Factors in the Calculation of Untaxed Fuel Prices ...............
The Crude Oil Price.........................................................
World Market Prices f.o.b. ...............................................
Border Price .....................................................................
Untaxed Wholesale Price ...............................................
Untaxed Retail Pump Price .............................................
Untaxed Retail Pump Price as global reference price
("benchmark price").........................................................
Fuel taxation and value added tax VAT.........................
Literature .................................................................................
Table of Contents
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Fuels, fuel prices and fuel taxation are matters of global debatetransport and energy policy , but also with regard to econenvironmental policy . Within that context, international compaincreasingly important role.
The present working paper on global fuel prices and global m
published by the GTZ division "Transport and Mobility" and is a source of comparative basic data for a national sector poliportation sector in developing countries.
Nowadays, the revenues side of the transportation sector is of pprimarily because the expenditures side – mainly for road conscular, highways in developing countries – has been so predseveral decades.
Sustainable transport policy – like sustainable environmental pouser pays principle. Consequently, all around the world, the costs incurred for transport routes is giving rise to the axiomces transport".
Now that industrialized countries have come to rely increasinga means of financing roads and highways (e.g., on the basis offinanzierungsgesetz”, 1960; and on that of the U.S. Federal Hdeveloping countries are also pondering the introduction of fuel taxation.
Initial suggestions made within the framework of the WMaintenance Initiative1 postulate that developing countries sooa fuel tax of some US cents 10 per liter (and roughly US $ 75 pto cover the cost of road maintenance. It should be noted, howa tax may suffice to cover all expenditures for road maintenancservicing, and new highway construction in the United States, it for little more than road maintenance (!) in developing counnear as many vehicles are licensed, i.e., where traffic den
However, despite political dialogue at international donor conculties are still being encountered in attempts to enforce edemand in the interest of independent road maintenance.
By contrast, financing models of the kind one used to encount where the entire road transport sector was financed out of gei.e., taken from the national budget with no appropriate coun
Introduction1
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Likewise undisputed within the context of general economic pfuel (like transport services in general) must be viewed as a no(= an ordinary commodity), which, with all of its various inputfull +final value-added tax (amounting in Germany to US centgasoline).
At the same time, fuel taxes have emerged as a major source of budgets within the scope of general fiscal policy . In Germanyis generating US $ 37 billion annually, this amounts to the thiincome for the federal budget – following personal incomeadded tax.
For developing countries, too, many of which have trouble copinadministrative effort that has to be invested in collecting VAT taxes, fuel taxes suggest themselves by reason of their inherent
airtight simplicity of control, and their potential for direct rcompanies themselves. In turn, numerous nuisance taxes could
Due to excessively steep price increases, there have been occaand even riots. That, however, should not obscure the fact thatfuel taxes by the general public has been steadily increasing,Thus, filling stations have inconspicuously evolved into modern
Despite the high pump price (amounting in Germany to aboutsuper and 69 US cents per liter diesel), the average consumer app
that the – theoretically and globally possible – original referencsuper gasoline and diesel amount to a mere US cnets 21 pe18 per liter , respectively.
One prerequisite, however, is that smuggling be systematicalllarly between countries with borders that are difficult to monito
The 1992 UNCED conference in Rio and the 1997 follow-on ain Kyoto have injected new topicality into the international connection with environmental policy , but it will hardly be pagreed reductions in CO2 emissions at the national level witprice signals (in the transport sector, this means without increa
Despite their international significance, general knowledge of intdata and facts remains pronouncedly rudimentary. This is chie
weakness of statistical offices in practically all developinginternational data pooling points of such organizations as the
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The appendix to this report also includes information on the degrizaton (including the particularly environmentally relevant two-wfacilitation – together with general economic and demographic regarding crucial infrastructural, economic, financial and envirocators.
Finally, this brochure's executive summary offers an initial ominous data yield. The conclusions drawn, however, are intenimpetus for nudging the developing countries' various competenown deliberations on how to arrive at a sustainable long- andprice policy .
The author wishes to express his special gratitude to all those wto this database, in particular the GTZ offices (primarily in AfricGerman Federal Foreign Office (for such individual countries as
Myanmar and Djibouti), the German automobile association ADcountries), the GTZ/EU project OLADE in its capacity as ener America as well as the World Bank.
The Author
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This publication draws on data from more than 150 countries industrializing and industrialized – to arrive at the following 8 c
The globalization of world trade has leveled motor vehicle world to such an extent that the price ratio for equivalentexceeds about 1 to 2 between any two countries. Motor vehicle
differ on a scale of as much as 1 to 100.
In other words, the fuel price differential is 50 times high vehicle price differential.
That being so, there is definite need at the international level for cpricing complex, i.e., of what constitutes "normal" or "appropriate
According to a GTZ survey, the fuel policies of all countriesassigned to one or the other of 4 categories:
Category 1 contains the subsidizing and producing countries,at prices below the world market reference price, i.e., without seprices beginning at 1 US cent per liter for diesel fuel).
Category 2 contains countries – like the USA – which pursue atherefore levy only an average tax of 10 US cents per liter on(with diesel selling for 31 US cents/liter or less).
Category 3 contains countries at the threshold between low-policy (between 31 and 61 US cents /liter diesel).
Category 4 contains the high-price countries – Japan and tax on diesel ranges from 40 to 80 US cents per liter and the taxto between 60 and 100 US cents per liter (so that diesel co111 US cents/liter).
At 136 US cents per liter, Hong Konghas the highest gasolinenearly five times as high as in neighboring China.
A gasoline price of DM 5.-, i.e., roughly 300 US cents per liter, a
cussion in and for Germany, would be globally unprecedented
A given country's inclusion in one of the above four categories in terms of its economic situation (per capita GNP) and often arbitrary . For example, the high-price group includes, for gasas Uganda, Sri Lanka, Brazil and the United Arab Emiratecountries like Ghana, the Philippines, Guyana, Russia and Y
Executive Summary 2
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Fuel price increases can become necessary for two reasons: Trelatively adjusted from time to time to offset what frequently able national inflation, and they may require "structural increaapplicant countries). Especially in less developed countries, suquently implemented "unprofessionally", because price surge
are to be avoided at all cost for psychological reasons, so thastrategies need to be pursued.
The global motorization data contained in this brochure ena with average-consumption values – an initial estimation of fmotor vehicles in individual developing countries. This, in turnthe potential magnitude of public revenues from fuel taxes anin such taxes. This constitutes a major planning aid not only fobut also for the shaping of fuel taxes, which in some countrithird-largest source of tax revenues.
Finally, this is the first time that separate motorization datahamopeds and other two-wheel vehicles. Particularly for Asia, theto differences between the motorization strategies adopted by where two-wheel motorization is much more important than fou(cf. India, Indonesia, Taiwan). This is of particular environmentamixtures required for two-stroke mopeds are more environmentfor passenger cars.
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Method of collection
Around the world, fuel prices vary not only from country to coglobal oil prices or due to individual countries' legal provisions vidual countries. Countrywide average filling-station fuel price sare drawn on here for Europe and South America, while the pr
loping countries are those posted at filling stations in the respeclatter were collected by way of a questionnaire circulated via th
Data reference date
November 10, 1998, was chosen as the fuel-price reference date vary somewhat for some individual prices. The price series stemmare "labeled" with their respective month and year.
Currency conversionThe objective was to compare the fuel-price situation in various cThe US dollar was chosen as the reference currency because almost countries' import statistics are stated in dollars.
The conversion rate as of November 10, 1998, was 1 US$ = 1.6
The conversion rates for the individual countries were also pegdollar as of November 10, 1998, and/or as listed in the internapublished in the ”Finacial Times” at 14-day intervals1
In countries with different, or double, exchange rates, the "markeblack market rate" was given preference over the official excbecause it is the rate that consumers mostly rely on, but also beas experience shows, the official exchange rate tends to be repexchange rate. This method of conversion corrects the price lecountries – in Uzbekistan, for example, downward by a factor o(D. R.) by "1.5”.
Units of measurement All fuel prices are based on the metric liter as unit of measuresome extent, the South American prices were converted from Usome isolated cases (Sierra Leone) the British Imperial gallon h
1 US gallon = 3.7853 liters 1 barrel = 159 liters 1
Basic Parameters of the Survey Dat3
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Data sources
The data pertaining to the industrialized countries stem from varifrom the German automobile club ”Allgemeiner Deutscher Autoin Munich for the countries of Europe; the GTZ-EU OLADE Projecy in Quito, Ecuador, for South America; and from the World B
countries. Most of the data for developing countries, especially tand Asia, are based on local price surveys conducted by GTZ ces. In some difficult cases, e.g., Macau, North Korea, MyanmarPersian Gulf Countries, the German Federal Foreign Office kinefforts to collect the relevant data.
Untaxed pump price and "world market price"
In calculating the fuel tax burden, the difference between the ta
the non-taxed pump price is decisive. The average global unassumed here as 18 US cents per liter diesel and 21 US cgasoline. (The untaxed pump price is nearly twice as high as thprice.)
Representation of findings
The fuel-price findings are broken down according to continendifferent chapters: AFRICA, AMERICA, ASIA and EUROPE (with nogrouped together, and with Asia and Australia counting as a sin4 different types of representation were chosen to satisfy differ
• Synoptical representation, in which the countries are arrantables and prices for super and diesel are listed for the yeand 1998;
• Geographical representation, in which pump prices for supefor diesel) are shown both for the individual countries andsince political considerations in connection with potential pr
prevention of smuggling must, of course, include a comparisin neighboring countries;
• Price-series representation, in which the countries are arrtheir respective pump prices for super gasoline. This form of rclassification of the countries on a given continent as low-, mcountries;
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Africa
America
Asia and Australia
Europe
Global Fuel Prices for 187 Countries
• World Table of Pump Prices for Super Gasoli
• Ranking of Diesel and Gasoline Prices for 160
• Conclusions
Annex: Fuel Prices in Local Currenc
Fuel Price Tables of the Continents4
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Africa
Synoptical Table:
Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and Dies
Geographical Representation :
Fuel Prices as of November 1998
Price-series Representation:
Ranking of Fuel Prices as of November 1
Graphical Representation of Price Developm
Price Trends in Individual Countries, 1991
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Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998
- Africa -
Fuel prices in US cents per liter
Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998
"Untaxed pump price" 21 18 Alger ia 15 20 40 31 4 9 23 16
Angola 38 19 Benin 63 62 36 39 48 47 28 31 Botswana 68 41 38 31 61 37 35 29 Burkina Faso 103 100 81 68 84 85 62 50 Burundi* 63 59 52 72 61 54 48 66 Cameroon 68 69 68 64 58 58 50 48 Cape Verde* 68 81 40 43Central African Rep 133 128 82 81 99 98 64 65 Chad* 105 102 80 70 97 95 70 61 Congo (Dem Rep) 81 74 73 50 73 67 70 50 Congo (Rep) 105 (72) 71 (40) Côte d'Ivoire 124 123 83 74 115 86 56 45 Djibonti Republic 77 61 93 91 38 56 40 40 Egypt 29 30 29 29 7 9 12 12 Eritrea* 50 40 37 29 19 23 Ethiopia* 27 26 32 36 14 19 24 25 Gabon 118 116 63 83 70 39 Gambia 73 67 83 52 48 63 Ghana 53 53 38 32 43 45 33 30
Guinea* 67 61 68 61 56 56 Kenya 53 40 56 70 37 33 43 54 Lesotho 39 38 Libya* 22 17Madagascar 43 54 47 47 25 31 32 33 Malawi 64 71 65 51 56 67 55 45 Mali Rep 112 114 82 77 74 74 57 48 Mauritania 86 85 59 53 43 31 Morocco 82 75 94 79 45 41 47 47 Mozambique 74 48 53 55 26 21 32 41
Namibia* 46 42 38 41 38 36 Niger Rep 94 92 79 76 81 60 55 52 Nigeria* 5 2 13 13 4 1 3 10 Rwanda 81 93 72 79 88 72 Senegal 119 123 94 71 74 88 62 48 South Africa 52 51 43 52 46 39 Sudan Rep* 7 58 50 33 6 58 25 26
Super gasoline Diesel
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Fuel Pricin US cents per li(diesel in bracket
Libya*22
(17)
Mauritania59
(31)
CAR81 (65)
Chad*70
(61)
Congo DemRep50
(50)
Cameroon
64(48)
Nigeria*
13(10)
Niger Rep76
(52)Sudan Re
33(26)
Mali Rep77
(48)
West. Sahara-
(-)
Morocco79
(47)
Tunisia60
(33)
Algeria31(16) Egypt
29(12)
Zambia*53
(49)
Zimbabwe*26
(22)Botswana31
Namibia*38
Angolann
38(19)
Congo Rep n
72(40)
Gabon
63(39)
Equat . Guinea
-(-)
Guinea Bissau
-(-)
Sierra Leone n
61(53)
Liberia
-(-)
Togo
42(37)
Benin
39(31)
Côted’Ivoire
74(45)
Ghana
32(30)
Burk . Faso68 (50)
Senegal71
(48)
Guinea*
68 (56)Gambia
83(63)
T
U
(
Cape Verde81
(43)
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1 8
"Untaxed Retail Pump Price" 18
Nigeria 10Libya 17
Zimbabwe 22Egypt 12
Algeria 16Botswana 29
Ghana 30Sudan Rep 26
Ethiopia 25Eritrea 23
Swaziland 36
Namibia 36Benin 31
Lesotho 38Togo Rep 37
South Africa 39Madagascar 33
Malawi 45Zambia 49
Mozambique 41Mauritania 31
Tunisia 33Gabon 39
Tanzania 57Cameroon 48
Burkina Faso 50Guinea 56
Chad 61Kenya 54
Senegal 48Burundi 66
Rwanda 72C™te d'Ivoire 45
Niger Rep 52Mali Rep 48Morocco 47Cape Verde 43
Central African Rep 65Gambia 63
Uganda 68
Angola 19
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Diesel Prices in US Cents per Liter
Diesel
Fuel Prices as of Nov Average Consumer Prices at Hig
Source: GTZ Fuel Price Survey 1998 (Dr. Metschies); 1 US$ = 1,66 DM =*Price for regular gasoline **“Untaxed Retail Pump Price“ is a global ave
Deutsche Gesellschaft fürTechnische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
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120
100
80
60
40
20
0 1991 1993 1995 1998
Algeria140
15 20
4031
140
4 9
120
100
80
60
40
20
0 1991 1993
Algeria
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Benin140
63 62
36 39
140
48 47
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993
Benin
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Botswana140
68
41 38 31
140
6137
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993
Botswana
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Burkina Faso140
103 10081
68
140
84 85
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993
Burkina Faso
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timpump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
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120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Cameroon140
68 69 68 64
140
58 58
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1
Cameroon
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Central African Rep.140
82 81
140
99 98120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1
Central African Rep.
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Chad*140
105 102
8070
140
97 95
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1
Chad*
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Côte d’lvoire140
124 123
8374
133 128
140
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993 1
Côte d’lvoire
115
86
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timepump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
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120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Eritrea*140
5040 37
140
29
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993
Eritrea*
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Ethiopia*140
27 26 32 36
140
14 19
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993
Ethiopia*
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Gabon140
118 116
63
140
8370
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993
Gabon
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Gambia140
73 6783
140
52 48
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993
Gambia
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timpump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
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120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Guinea*140
67 61 68
140
61 56
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1
Guinea*
140
37 33
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1
Kenya
120
100
80
6040
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Madagascar140
43 54 47 47
140
25 31
120
100
80
6040
20
01991 1993 1
Madagascar
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Malawi140
64 71 6551
140
56 67
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993 1
Malawi
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Kenya140
5340
5670
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timepump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
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120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Mauritania140
86 85
59
140
5343
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993
Mauritania
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Morocco140
82 75
9479
140
45 41
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993
Morocco
120
100
80
6040
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Mozambique140
74
48 53 55
140
26 21
120
100
80
6040
20
01991 1993
Mozambique
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Namibia*140
46 42 38
140
41 38
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993
Namibia*
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timpump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
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120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Nigeria*140
5 2 13 13
140
4 1
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1
Nigeria*
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Rwanda140
8193
72
140
79 88
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1
Rwanda
120
100
80
6040
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Senegal140
119 123
94
71
140
7488
120
100
80
6040
20
01991 1993 1
Senegal
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
South Africa140
52 5143
140
52
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993 1
South Africa
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timepump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
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120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Swaziland140
46 43 37
140
41 40
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993
Swaziland
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Tanzania*140
42 4356 63
140
25 30
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993
Tanzania*
120
100
80
6040
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Togo Rep.140
8172
47 42
140
66 63
120
100
80
6040
20
01991 1993
Togo Rep.
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Tunisia140
58 5264 60
140
33 31
120
10080
60
40
20
01991 1993
Tunisia
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timpump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
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120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1991 1993 1995 1998
Zambia*140
40
7260 53
140
24
66
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1991 1993 1
Zambia*
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1995 1998
Zimbabwe*140
68
4738
26
140
3728
120
100
80
60
40
20
01991 1993 1
Zimbabwe*
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timepump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
Untaxed Retail Pump Price 21 US cents (1998) Untaxed Retail Pump Price 18 US cents
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America
Synoptical Table:
Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and Dies
Geographical Representation:
Fuel Prices as of November 1998
Price-series Representation:
Ranking of Fuel Prices as of November 1
Graphical Representation of Price Developm
Price Trends in Individual Countries, 1991
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Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998
- America -
Fuel prices in US cents per liter
Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998
"Untaxed Pump Price" 21 18 Argentina 79 60 94 29 28 42
Bolivia 43 38 53 35 31 35 Brazil 53 63 80 38 39 34 Canada 47 45 41 39 36 39 Chile 43 53 49 31 33 29 Colombia 23 35 24 19 27 20 Costa Rica 37 40 41 28 27 28 Cuba 50 18Dominican Republic 40 40 28 22 Ecuador 31 33 38 19 28 24 El Salvador 54 30Grenada 54 41Guatemala 32 39 41 25 28 32 Guyana 30 27Haiti 59 36Honduras 41 35 50 26 25 30 Jamaica 37 33Mexico 39 32 36 28 25 28 Nicaragua 69 62 47 30 31 35 Panama 43 41 30 28 Paraguay
43 44 47 27 28 24 Peru 56 68 55 32 43 33 Puerto Rico 34 32 Suriname 56 41Trinidad and Tobago 39 20United St. (average) 32 34 32 28 33 27 United States (high) 35 31United States (low) 30 26Uruguay 89 90 38 42 Venezuela 3 14 1 8
Super gasoline Diesel
* 1998 price for regular gasoline
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Fuel Pricesin US cents per liter g(diesel in brackets) No
Brazil80
(34)
Ecuador38
(24)
Venezuela14(8)Colombia
24
(20)
Guyana30
(27)
Suriname56
(41)
FG
Peru55
(33 )
Mexico36
(28)
Guatemala41
(32)
El Salvador
54(30)
Honduras50
(30)
Costa Rica
41(28)
Nicaragua47
(35)
Panama41
(28)
Cuba50
(18)
Haiti59
(36) Dominic4
(2
Trinidad and Tobago39
(20)
P
United States (range)
30 - 32 - 35( 26 - 27 - 31 )
Canada41
(39)
3 0
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"Untaxed Retail Pump Price" ** 18
Venezuela 8Colombia 20
Guyana 27United States (low) 26
United States (average) 27Puerto Rico 32
United States (high) 31Mexico 28
Jamaica 33Ecuador 24
Trinidad and Tobago 20Dominican Republic 22
Canada 39Costa Rica 28
Guatemala 32Panama 28
Nicaragua 35Paraguay 24Chile 29
Cuba 18Honduras 30
Bolivia 35El Salvador 30
Grenada 41Peru 33
Suriname 41Haiti 36Brazil 34
Uruguay 42Argentina 42
110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10
Diesel Prices in US Cents per Liter
Diesel
Fuel Prices as of Nove Average Consumer Prices at Hig
Deutsche Gesellschaft fürTechnische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
Source: GTZ Fuel Price Survey 1998 (Dr. Metschies); 1 US$ = 1,66 D*Price for regular gasoline **“Untaxed Retai l Pump Price“ is a global
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120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1993 1995 1998
Argentina140
79
60
94
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1993 1995
Argentina140
29 28
120
100
80
60
40
200
1993 1995 1998
Bolivia140
43 3853
120
100
80
60
40
200
1993 1995
Bolivia140
35 31
120
100
80
6040
20
01993 1995 1998
Brazil140
53 63
80
120
100
80
6040
20
01993 1995
Brazil140
38 39
120
10080
60
40
20
01993 1995 1998
Canada140
47 45 41
120
10080
60
40
20
01993 1995
Canada140
39 36
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timepump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
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120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1993 1995 1998
Colombia140
2335
24
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1993 1995
Colombia140
19 27
120
100
80
60
40
200
1993 1995 1998
Costa Rica140
37 40 41
120
100
80
60
40
200
1993 1995
Costa Rica140
28 27
120
100
80
6040
20
01993 1995 1998
Dominican Republic140
40 40
120
100
80
6040
20
01993 1995
Dominican Republic140
28
120
10080
60
40
20
01993 1995 1998
Ecuador140
31 33 38
120
10080
60
40
20
01993 1995
Ecuador140
19 28
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Time -pump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
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120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1993 1995 1998
Honduras140
41 3550
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1993 1995
Honduras140
26 25
120
100
80
60
40
200
1993 1995 1998
Mexico140
39 32 36
120
100
80
60
40
200
1993 1995
Mexico140
28 25
120
100
80
6040
20
01993 1995 1998
Nicaragua140
69 6247
120
100
80
6040
20
01993 1995
Nicaragua140
30 31
120
10080
60
40
20
01993 1995 1998
Panama140
43 41
120
10080
60
40
20
01993 1995
Panama140
30
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Timepump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
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120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1993 1995 1998
Peru140
5668
55
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
1993 1995
Peru140
32 43
120
100
80
60
40
200
1993 1995 1998
United States (average)140
32 34 32
120
100
80
60
40
200
1993 1995
United States (average)140
28 33
120
100
80
6040
20
01993 1995 1998
Uruguay140
89 90
120
100
80
6040
20
01993 1995
Uruguay140
38
The Development of Fuel Prices Over Time -pump prices in US cents per liter
Super Gasoline Diesel
Untaxed Retail Pump Price 21 US cents (1998) Untaxed Retail Pump Price 18 US cents
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Asia and Australia
Synoptical Table:
Pump Price for Super Gasoline and Diese
Geographical Representation:
Fuel Prices as of November 1998
Price-series Representation:
Ranking of Fuel Prices as of November 1
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Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998 - Asia and
Fuel prices in US cents per liter
Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998
"Untaxed P. Price" ** 21 18 Afghanistan
Armenia 49 25 Australia 46 45 Azerbaijan 46 22Bahrain 26 18
Bangladesh 36 47 31 26 Bhutan* 59 26Brunei 34 18Burma/Myanmar* 13 12Cambodia 47 28China 27 28 24 25 Hong Kong 119 136 74 85 India 48 56 19 21 Indonesia 44 16 20 7Iran 8 1 Iraq 1 1Israel 73 86 31 31 Japan 125 102 75 69 Jordan 40 42 15 15 Kazakhstan 30 24Korea North* 73 41 Korea South 79 93 33 41 Kuwait 17 13Kyrgyzstan 47 27
Laos 31 24 Lebanon 35 22Macau 74 51Malaysia 42 28 26 17 Mongolia 23 22Nepal* 52 59 22 24 New Zealand 61 64 32 39 Oman 31 26Pakistan 47 46 20 19 Palest. Territories 86 31
Papua New Guinea 41 28Philippines 34 34 27 22 Qatar 16 15Russia 35 28 28 18 Saudi Arabia 16 16 9 10Singapore* 72 36Sri Lanka 75 84 23 30
Super gasoline Diesel
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Fuel Prices Asia and Australiain US cents per liter gasoline(diesel in brackets) November 1998
Russia28
(18)
Mongolia23
(22)
China
28(25)
Kazakhstan30
(24)
Kyrgyzstan nn
47(27)
Tajikistan26
(13)
Syria45
(14)Jordan
42(15)
Lebanon35
(22)
Israel+ Palest. Terr.
86(31)
India56
(21)
Saudi Arabia16
(10)
Pakistan
46 (19)
Afghanistan- (-)
Iran8(1)
Kuwait17(13)
Yemen*26(7)
Oman31
(26)
Burma/ Myanmar *
13(12)
U A E
105(67) Bangladesh47(26) Thailand
30(27)
Laos nnn
31
Uzbekistan
11 (9)
Turkme-nistan
9 (5)
Turkey
78(47)
Iraq1
(1) Nepal*
59(24) Bhutan*59(26)
Qatar16
(15 )
Bahrain26
(18)
Georgia
46(25)
Armenia49
(25)
Azerbai jan
46(22)
Fuel Prices as of November
3 8
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Hong Kong 85U A E 67
Japan 69Korea South 41
Palest. Territories 31Israel 31
Sri Lanka 30Turkey 47
Macau 51Korea North 41
Singapore 36New Zealand 39
Nepal 24Bhutan 26
Taiwan 41India 21
Armenia 25Kyrgyzstan 27Cambodia 28Bangladesh 26
Pakistan 19Azerbaijan 22
Australia 45Syria 14
Jordan 15Papua New Guinea 28
Vietnam 26Lebanon 22
Philippines 22Brunei 18
Oman 26Laos 24
Thailand 27Kazakhstan 24
Russia 18Malaysia 17
China 25 Yemen 7
Tajikistan 13Bahrain 18
Mongolia 22Kuwait 13
Saudi Arabia 10Qatar 15
Indonesia 7Burma/Myanmar* 12
"Untaxed Retail Pump Price" ** 18
Iraq 1Iran 1
Turkmenistan 5Uzbekistan 9
160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Diesel
Diesel Prices in US Cents per Liter
Average Consumer Prices at Hig
Deutsche Gesellschaft fürTechnische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
Source: GTZ Fuel Price Survey 1998 (Dr. Metschies); 1 US$ = 1,66 DM =*Price for regular gasoline **“Untaxed Retail Pump Price“ is a global ave
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Europe
Synoptical Table:
Pump Price for Super Gasoline and Diese
Geographical Representation:Fuel Prices as of November 1998
Price-series Representation:
Ranking of Fuel Prices as of November 1
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Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998 - Euro
Fuel prices in US cents per liter
Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998
"Untaxed P. Price" ** 21 18 Albania 86 43 Andorra
Austr ia 115 104 87 82 Belarus 34 13 Belgium 118 112 82 85
Bosnia + Herzegovina 66 60Bulgaria 46 66 26 52 Croatia 75 67 64 61 Cyprus 78 25Czech Rep 85 72 60 60 Denmark 108 105 87 85 Estonia 33 45 33 36 Finland 120 117 85 79 France 117 111 78 77 Georgia 46 25Germany 112 96 77 69 Greece 88 65 59 40 Hungary 74 72 65 64 Iceland 112 40Irish Rep 96 102 87 102 Italy 118 119 86 93 Latvia 41 55 34 35 Liechtenstein 85 89Lithuania 35 51 30 34
Luxembourg 84 78 68 61 Macedonia 93 70 59 46 Malta 77 49Moldova 45 31Monaco
Netherlands 121 114 82 79 Norway 133 121 109 110 Poland 55 54 42 44 Portugal 102 71Romania 29 53 19 40
Russia 35 28 28 18 Slovakia 66 61 40 54 Slovenia 59 66 50 64 Spain 89 84 70 70 Sweden 117 109 101 84 Switzerland 102 86 101 91 T rke 56 78 37 47
Super gasoline Diesel
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Fuel Prices in Europein US cents per liter gasoline(diesel in brackets) November 1998
Portugal102(71)
Spain
84(70)
France111(77)
Italy
United Kingdom111
(111)
Germany96
(69)
Irish Rep102
(102)
Iceland112(40)
Norway121(110)
Sweden109(84)
Finland117(79)
R
Poland
54(44) Ukraine49
(25)
Belarus34
(13)
Romania53
(40)
Bulgaria66 (52)
Albania
86
Austr ia
104(82)
Slovenia
66(64)
Czech Rep
Croatia
67(61)
Tur7
(4
Denmark105(85)
Switzerland
86(91)
Netherlands114(79)
Belgium112(85)
Luxembourg78
(61)
Fuel Prices as of NoveC
4 2
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Norway 110Italy 93
Finland 79Netherlands 79
Iceland 40Belgium 85
United Kingdom 111France 77
Sweden 84Denmark 85
Austria 82Portugal 71
Irish Rep 102Germany 69
Switzerland 91Albania 43
Liechtenstein 89Spain 70
Turkey 47Luxembourg 61
Cyprus 25Malta 49
Hungary 64Czech Rep 60
Macedonia 46Croatia 61
Slovenia 64Bulgaria 52
Bosnia and Herzegovina 60Greece 40
Yugoslavia / Serbia 43Slovakia 54
Latvia 35Poland 44
Romania 40Lithuania 34
Ukraine 25Georgia 25
Moldova 31Estonia 36
Belarus 13Russia 18
"Untaxed Retail Pump Price" ** 18
140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Diesel Prices in US Cents per Liter
Diesel
Average Consumer Prices at Hig
Deutsche Gesellschaft fürTechnische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
Source: GTZ Fuel Price Survey 1998 (Dr. Metschies); 1 US$ = 1,66 DM =*Price for regular gasoline **“Untaxed Retail Pump Price“ is a global ave
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Overview: Global Fuel P
World Table of Pump Prices for Super Gaand Diesel
Ranking of Diesel and Gasoline Prices fo160 Countries
Conclusions
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World table of pump prices for super gasoline a[US cents/l], 1991 – 1998
The following table summarizes the fuel prices pertaining to thIt lists 187 countries of the world in alphabetical order and indifuel prices in US cents per liter. The local prices have been cothe valid exchange rates as of the survey date. The respective sdate of the last survey are noted separately. The basic paramete(cf. chapter 3) apply as well to this table.
The fuel prices in the individual states of the USA are not menonly summarized in the three categories "average", "low" and "h
Ranking of Diesel and Gasoline prices for 160 coas of November 1998
Of the 187 countries listed in the following table, the 160 mos(with populations exceeding 1 million) have also been listed, ifuel prices, in a diesel/gasoline-price diagram. The diesel pric"black line", i.e., the untaxed pump price of 18 US cents per liteprice list has its "black line" situated at 21 US cents per liter (cfRetail Pump Price).
Diesel prices: global country rankings (160 countries)
At 111 US cents per liter diesel, the United Kingdom has the
and at 1 US cents per liter, Iran and Iraq have the lowest.
The diesel diagram plainly indicates four main country categori
Category 1 (subsidized); these are the oil subsidizing and pr which diesel fuel is available at liter prices situated below theof 18 US cents per liter (beginning at 1 US cents per liter).
Category 2 (low-taxed US category), i.e., the USA and other a low-price policy, where diesel and gasoline taxes average ou
per liter (pump price: 18 - 31 US cents/liter diesel).Category 3 (between US and EU), i.e., countries occupying asituated between low-taxed and highly taxed price policies (pumand 61 US cents/liter diesel).
Category 4 (highly taxed EU and Japan) i e the EU countr
Global Fuel Prices for 187 Countries
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Gasoline prices: global country rankings (160 countries)
With local pump prices ranging around 136 US cents/liter for drivers pay more for gasoline than anyone else in the world –much as in neighboring China. Conversely, Iraq's gasoline priceis the lowest the world.
The gasoline diagram also comprises 4 different country catego
Category 1 (subsidized); these are the oil subsidizing and pr which gasoline is available at liter prices situated below the un21 US cents per liter (beginning at 1 US cents per liter).
Category 2 (low-taxed US category), i.e., the USA and other a low-price policy, where diesel and gasoline taxes average ouper liter (pump price: 22 - 35 US cents/liter gasoline).
Category 3 (between US and EU), i.e., countries occupying a
situ-ated between low-taxed and highly taxed price policies (p35 and 78 US cents/liter gasoline).
Category 4 (highly taxed EU and Japan), i.e., the EU countrcountries in which the per-liter tax on gasoline amounts to betcents (resulting in pump prices of 78 – 136 US cents/liter gaso
Conclusions
A given country's assignment to one of the above 4 categoriesits economic situation (per capita GNP, cf. motorization table ithe impression is more or less one of arbitrariness, since the hcategory includes countries like Uganda, Sri Lanka, Brazil aEmirates, while comparable countries like Ghana, the Philippand Yemen belong to the low-taxed price group.
Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D
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(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998
Fuel prices in US cents per liter
Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998
Afghanistan Albania 86 43 Alger ia 15 20 40 31 4 9 23 16 Andorra Angola 38 19 Antigua Argentina 79 60 94 29 28 42 Armenia 49 25
Australia 46 45 Austr ia 115 104 87 82 Azerbaijan 46 22BahamasBahrain 26 18Bangladesh 36 47 31 26 Barbados 72 62Belarus 34 13 Belgium 118 112 82 85 BelizeBenin
63 62 36 39 48 47 28 31 Bhutan* 59 26Bolivia 43 38 53 35 31 35 Bosnia + Herzegovina 66 60Botswana 68 41 38 31 61 37 35 29 Brazil 53 63 80 38 39 34 Brunei 34 18Bulgaria 46 66 26 52 Burkina Faso 103 100 81 68 84 85 62 50 Burma* 13 12Burundi* 63 59 52 72 61 54 48 66
Cambodia 47 28Cameroon 68 69 68 64 58 58 50 48 Canada 47 45 41 39 36 39 Cape Verde* 68 81 40 43Central African Rep. 133 128 82 81 99 98 64 65 Chad* 105 102 80 70 97 95 70 61 Chile 43 53 49 31 33 29 China 27 28 24 25 Colombia 23 35 24 19 27 20 ComorosCongo (DemRep) 81 74 73 50 73 67 70 50 Congo (Rep.) 105 (72) 71 (40) Costa Rica 37 40 41 28 27 28 Côte d'Ivoire 124 123 83 74 115 86 56 45 Croatia 75 67 64 61 Cuba 50 18Cyprus 78 25C h R 85 72 60 60
Super gasoline Diesel
Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(i US li ) 99 998
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(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998
Fuel prices in US cents per liter
Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998
Eritrea* 50 40 37 29 19 23 Estonia 33 45 33 36 Ethiopia* 27 26 32 36 14 19 24 25 Fiji Is* 50 37Finland 120 117 85 79 France 117 111 78 77 Gabon 118 116 63 83 70 39 Gambia 73 67 83 52 48 63
Georgia 46 25Germany 112 96 77 69 Ghana 53 53 38 32 43 45 33 30 Greece 88 65 59 40 Grenada 54 41Guatemala 32 39 41 25 28 32 Guinea* 67 61 68 61 56 56 Guinea-Bissau 30 27 61 56Guyana 30 27Haiti 59 36Honduras 41 35 50 26 25 30 Hong Kong 119 136 74 85 Hungary 74 72 65 64 Iceland 112 40India 48 56 19 21 Indonesia 44 16 20 7Iran (8) (1) Iraq 1 1Irish Rep 96 102 87 102 Israel 73 86 31 31 Italy 118 119 86 93
Jamaica 37 33Japan 125 102 75 69 Jordan 40 42 15 15Kazakhstan 30 24Kenya 53 40 56 70 37 33 43 54 KiribatiKorea North* 73 41 Korea South 79 (93) 33 (41) Kuwait 17 13Kyrgyzstan 47 27 Laos 31 24 Latvia 41 55 34 35 Lebanon 35 22Lesotho 39 38 LiberiaLibya* 22 17Liechtenstein 85 89Li h i 35 51 30 34
Super gasoline Diesel
Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(i US t lit ) 1991 1998
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(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998
Fuel prices in US cents per liter
Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998
Malta 77 49Marshall IsMauritania 86 85 59 53 43 31 MauritiusMexico 39 32 36 28 25 28 MikronesiaMoldova 45 31Monaco
Mongolia 23 22Morocco 82 75 94 79 45 41 47 47 Mozambique 74 48 53 55 26 21 32 41 Namibia* 46 42 38 41 38 36 Nauru IsNepal* 52 59 22 24 Netherlands 121 114 82 79 New Zealand 61 64 32 39 Nicaragua 69 62 47 30 31 35 Niger Rep 94 92 79 76 81 60 55 52 Nigeria* 5 2 13 13 4 1 3 10 Norway 133 121 109 110 Oman 31 26Pakistan 47 46 20 19 Palest. Territories 86 31Panama 43 41 30 28 Papua New Guinea 41 28Paraguay 43 44 47 27 28 24 Peru 56 68 55 32 43 33 Philippines 34 34 27 22 Poland 55 54 42 44
Portugal 102 71Puerto Rico 34 32 Qatar 16 15Romania 29 53 19 40 Russia 35 28 28 18 Rwanda 81 93 72 79 88 72 San MarinoSao ToméSaudi Arabia 16 16 9 10Senegal 119 123 94 71 74 88 62 48 Sierra Leone 45 49 (61) 43 44 (53) Singapore* 72 36Slovakia 66 61 40 54 Slovenia 59 66 50 64 Somali Rep 21 15South Africa 52 51 43 52 46 39 Spain 89 84 70 70 S i L k 75 84 23 30
Super gasoline Diesel
Pump Prices for Super Gasoline and D(in US cents per liter) 1991 1998
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(in US cents per liter) 1991-1998
Fuel prices in US cents per liter
Country 1991 1993 1995 1998 1991 1993 1995 1998
Tanzania* 42 43 56 63 25 30 44 57 Thailand 34 30 30 27Togo Rep 81 72 47 42 66 63 40 37 Trinidad and Tobago 39 20Tunesia 58 52 64 60 33 31 44 33 Turkey 56 78 37 47 Turkmenistan 9 5 U A E 105 67
Uganda 69 79 98 86 55 71 85 68 Ukraine 49 25United Kingdom 92 111 85 111 United St. (average) 32 34 32 28 33 27 United States (low) 30 26United States (high) 35 31Uruguay 89 90 38 42 Uzbekistan 32 11 31 9 Vanuatu Vatican Venezuela 3 14 1 8 Vietnam 34 35 25 26 Yemen* 26 7Yugoslavia / Serbia (76) 61 (84) 43 Zambia* 40 72 60 53 24 66 57 49 Zimbabwe* 68 47 38 26 37 28 29 22
Super gasoline Diesel
* 1998 price for regular gasoline
US cents per
lit di l
120Globalization of Fuel Market: Transition to US o
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5
T u r k m e n i s t a n
3 3
T u n e s i a
3 2
G u a t e m a l a
3 2
P u e r t o R i c o
3 1
B e n i n
3 1
I s r a e l
3 1
P a l e s t . T e r r i t o r i e s
3 1
M a u r i t a n i a
3 1
M o l d o v a
3 1
U n i t e d S t a t e s ( h i g h
)
3 0
E l S a l v a d o r
3 0
G h a n a
3 0
H o n d u r a s
3 0
S r i L a n k a
2 9
B o t s w a n a
2 9
C h i l e
2 8
C a m b o d i a
2 8
C o s t a R i c a
2 8
M e x i c o
2 8
P a n a m a
2 8
P a p u a N e w G u i n e a
2 7
G u y a n a
2 7
K y r g y z s t a n
2 7
T h a i l a n d
2 7
U n i t e d S t a t e s ( a v e r a g e )
2 6
B a n g l a d e s h
2 6
B h u t a n
2 6
S u d a n R e p
2 6
U n i t e d S t a t e s ( l o w )
2 6
V i e t n a m
2 6
O m a n
2 5
A r m e n i a
2 5
C h i n a
2 5
C y p r u s
2 5
E t h i o p i a
2 5
G e o r g i a
2 5
U k r a i n e
2 4
E c u a d o r
2 4
K a z a k h s t a n
2 4
L a o s
2 4
N e p a l
2 4
P a r a g u a y
2 3
E r i t r e a
2 2
A z e r b a i j a n
2 2
D o m i n i c a n R e p u b l i c
2 2
L e b a n o n
2 2
M o n g o l i a
2 2
P h i l i p p i n e s
2 2
Z i m b a b w e
2 1
I n d i a
2 0
C o l o m b i a
2 0
T r i n i d a d a n d T o b a g o
1 9
A n g o l a
1 9
P a k i s t a n
1 8
B r u n e i
1 8
B a h r a i n
1 8
C u b a
1 8
R u s s i a
1 7
L i b y a
1 7
M a l a y s i a
1 6
A l g e r i a
1 5
J o r d a n
1 5
Q a t a r
1 4
S y r i a
1 3
B e l a r u s
1 3
T a j i k i s t a n
1 3
K u w a i t
1 2 B
u r m a
1 2 E
g y p t
1 0
N i g e
r i a
1 0
S a u d i A r a b i a
9
U z b e k i s t a n
8
V e n e z u e l a
7
I n d o n e s i a
7
Y e m e n
1
I r a q
1
I r a n
liter diesel
100
80
60
40
20
0
“Untaxed RetailPump Price“ **:18 US cents
Characteristics:
Level of taxation often too low to guarantee average USroad user fee of 10 US cents per liter
Ch
AsswelCom
Source: GTZ Fuel Price Survey 1998 (Dr. Metschies); 1 US$ = 1,66 DM = 0,85 **The “Untaxed Retail Pump Price“ is a global retail price for diesel incl. distrib
Deutsche Gesellschaft fürTechnische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
Category I:
Diesel pricesbelow "UntaxedRetail Pump Price" **
Category II:
Diesel prices belowor at US level
Characteristics:
No fees or taxes to financeroads or state budgets
Diesel Prices as o Average Consumer Prices at High
US cents per
liter gasoline
140
Globalization of Fuel Market: Transition to US o
Gasoline* Prices as
8/16/2019 Fuel Prices 1999
51/96
5 0
F i j i I s *
4 9 A
r m e n i a
4 9 U
k r a i n e
4 9 C
h i l e
4 7
P a r a
g u a y
4 7
B a n g l a d e s h
4 7
K y r g
y z s t a n
4 7
C a m
b o d i a
4 7
M a d a g a s k a r
4 7
N i c a
r a g u a
4 6
P a k i s t a n
4 6
A z e r b
a i j a n
4 6
G e o r g
i a
4 6
A u s t r a l i a
4 5
S y r i a
4 5
M o l d o v
a
4 5
E s t o n i a
4 3
S o u t h A f r i c a
4 2
J o r d a n
4 2
T o g o R e p
4 1
C o s t a R i c a
4 1
P a n a m a
4 1
G u a t e m a l a
4 1
C a n a d a
4 1
P a p u a N e w G
u i n e a
4 0
D o m i n i c a n R e p
u b l i c
3 9
T r i n i d a d a n d T o b a g o
3 9
B e n i n
3 9
L e s o t h o
3 8
A n g o l a
3 8
E c u a d o r
3 8
N a m i b i a *
3 7
E r i t r e a *
3 7
J a m a i c a
3 7
S w a z i l a n d
3 6
E t h i o p i a *
3 6
M e x i c o
3 5
L e b a n o n
3 5
V i e t n a m
3 5
U n i t e d S t a t e s ( h i g h )
3 4
B e l a r u s
3 4
P h i l i p p i n e s
3 4
B r u n e i
3 4
P u e r t o R i c o
3 3 S u d a n R e p *
3 2
U n i t e d S t a t e s ( a v e r a g e )
3 2
G h a n a
3 1
A l g e r i a
3 1
L a o s
3 1
B o t s w a n a
3 1
O m a n
3 0
K a z a k h s t a n
3 0
U n i t e d S t a t e s ( l o w )
3 0
G u y a n a
3 0
T h a i l a n d
2 9
E g y p t
2 8 M a l a y s i a
2 8 R u s s i a
2 8 C h i n a
2 6
Y e m e n *
2 6
T a j i k i s t a n
2 6
B a h r a i n
2 6
Z i m b a b w e *
2 4
C o l o m b i a
2 3 M o n g o l i a
2 2
L i b y a *
1 7 K
u w a i t
1 6
I n d o n e s i a
1 6
S a
u d i A r a b i a
1 6
Q a
t a r
1 4
V e n e z u e l a
1 3 N i g e r i a
*
1 3 B u r m a *
1 1
U z b e k i s t a n
9
T u r k m e n i s t a n
8
I r a n
1
I r a q
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
“Untaxed RetailPump Price“ **:21 US cents
Gasoline Prices as Average Consumer Prices at Hig
* In most cases the prices given refer to super gasoline. Only in those coun** The “Untaxed Retail Pump Price“ is a hypothetical reference retail pump p
including distribution and VAT but excluding fuel tax.
*** According to the agreed upon EU minimum taxation (“Acquis Communaut
Deutsche Gesellschaft für
Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
Category I:
Gasoline pricesbelow "UntaxedRetail Pump Price" **
Category II:
Gasoline prices between"Untaxed Retail Pump Price" **and highest US level
Category III:
Gasoline betweminimum EU le
Country Table:Prices in Local Currency (November 1
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Exchange rate* Fuel prices i
Gasoline Super UnCountry Currency 1 US $ = [a] [b]
Afghanistan Afghani 4750.0000 Albania Lek 139.7500 80 120
Algeria Dinar 58.6815 Andorra Angola Readje Kwanza 257128.0000 Antigua 2.7000
Argentina Peso 0.9995 Armenia Drum 509.3800 175 250 Austral ia Austra lian $ 1.5779 Austr ia Shill ing 11.6949 Azerbaijan Manat 3950.0000 1600 1800
Bahamas Bahama $ 1.0000Bahrain Dinar 0.3770Bangladesh Taka 48.5000 21 23 Barbados Barb $ 2.0113Belarus Rouble 278000.0000
Belgium Belg. Fr. 34.2900Belize B. $ 2.0000Benin CFA Fr 557.3600 195 220 Bhutan Ngrultrum 42.3000 25
Bolivia Boliviano 5.6100Bosnia and HerzegovinaBotswana Pula 4.3206 1.32 Brazil Real 1.1881Brunei Brunei $ 1.6375
Bulgaria Lev 1656.8000Burkina Faso CFA Fr 557.3600Burma/Myanmar Kyat 305.0000 39.65 Burundi Burundi Fr 485.0010 350
Cambodia Riel 3870.0000Cameroon CFA Fr 557.3600 357 Canada Canadian $ 1.5295
Cape Verde CV Escudo 99.6850Central African Republic CFA Fr 557.3600 450 450
Chad CFA Fr 557.3600 390 Chile Chilean Peso 462.7000China Renmimbi 8.2779 2.1 2.3 Clombia Col Peso 1549.7500
Comoros Fr 417.4880Congo (DemRep) Zaire 137500.0000Congo (Rep.) CFA Fr 557.3600Costa Rica Colon 266.7000Côte d'Ivoire CFA Fr 557.3600 370 410
Croatia Kuna 6.2028Cuba Cuban Peso 23.0000Cyprus Cyprus Pound 0.4930Czech Rep Koruna 29.2345Denmark Danish Crown 6.3195
Djibouti Republic Djib. Fr 177.7200Dominica E Carib $ 2.7000Dominican Republic D Peso 15 8000
Prices in Local Currency (November 1
Country Table:Prices in Local Currency (November 1
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Exchange rate* Fuel prices i
Gasoline Super UnCountry Currency 1 US $ = [a] [b]
Greece Drachma 278.6350Grenada E Carib $ 2.7000Guatemala Quezna 6.5968Guinea Fr 1243.0000 850
Guinea-Bissau CFA Fr 557.3600Guyana Guyanese $ 149.3000Haiti Gourde 16.5850Honduras Lempira 13.7750Hong Kong HK $ 7.7427
Hungary Florint 214.4700Iceland Icelandic Krona 69.2400India Indian Rupee 42.3000Indonesia Rupiah 8300.0000 1000 1300
Iran Rial 3000.0000Iraq Iraqui Dinar 1750.0000 10 25 Irish Rep Irish Punt 0.6679Israel Shekel 4.3197Italy Lira 1644.0100
Jamaica Jamaican $ 35.7500Japan Yen 118.3100Jordan Jordanian Dinar 0.7115 0.221 0.301 Kazakhstan Tenge 82.5000 20 25
Kenya Kenya Shilling 59.6000 38 42 Kiribati Australian $ 1.5779Korea North Won 2.2000Korea South Won 1311.5000Kuwait Kuwait Dinar 0.3021 0.04 0.05
KyrgyzstanLaos New Kip 3682.0000Latvia Lats 0.5759Lebanon Lebanese Pound 1502.0000 500 525
Lesotho Maluti 5.4850
Liberia Liberian $ 1.0000Libya Libyan Dinar 0.3857Liechtenstein Swiss Fr 1.3672Lithuania Litas 4.0010
Luxembourg Lux Fr 34.2900MacauMacedonia Denar 51.5937Madagaskar MG Fr 5115.0000 2090 2380 Malawi Kwacha 44.9750
Malaysia Ringgit 3.8000 1.06 Malediv Is Rufiya 11.7700Mali Rep. CFA Fr 557.3600 370 430
Malta Maltese Lira 0.3764Marshall IsMauritania Ouguiya 203.0550 115.1 120 Mauritius Maur Rupee 24.7750Mexico Mexican Peso 9.9890Mikronesia
Moldova Leu 8.7000
Prices in Local Currency (November 1
Country Table:Prices in Local Currency (November 1
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Exchange rate* Fuel prices i
Gasoline Super UnCountry Currency 1 US $ = [a] [b]
Panama Balboa 1.0000Papua New Guinea Kina 2.1414 0.887 Paraguay Guarani 2825.0000Peru New Sol 3.0790
Philippines Peso 29.9250Poland Zloty 3.4225Portugal Escudo 170.4150Puerto Rico US $ 1.0000Qatar Riyal 3.6405 0.55 0.6
Romania Leu 9850.0000Russia Roubel 15.9500 4 4.5 Rwanda Fr 317.9800 230 San Marino Ital. Lira 1644.0100
Sao Tomé Dobra 2390.0000Saudi Arabia Riyal 3.7504 0.6 0.6 Senegal CFA Fr 557.3600Sierra Leone Leone 1850.0000Singapore $ 1.6375
Slovakia Koruna 35.6260Slovenia Tolar 159.8210Somali Rep Shilling 2620.0000South Africa Rand 5.4850 2.36
Spain Peseta 141.3400Sri Lanka Rupee 67.2700Sudan Rep DinarSuriname Guilder 401.0000Swaziland Lilangeni 5.4850 1.99 2.05
Sweden Krona 7.8085Switzerland Fr 1.3672Syria Pound 45.0000 20.3 20.4 Taiwan $ 32.5135
Tajikistan Tenge 230 250
Tanzania Shilling 665.5000 420 Thailand Baht 36.6350 10.27 11.15 Togo Rep CFA Fr 557.3600 230 235 Trinidad / Tobago $ 6.2450
Tunesia Dinar 1.0850 0.655 0.655 Turkey Lira 291550.0000TurkmenistanU A E Dirham 3.6729Uganda New Shilling 1332.0000 1150
Ukraine Hryvna 3.8100United Kingdom Pound 0.6015United States (average) US $ 1.0000
United States (low)United States (high)Uruguay Peso Uruguayo 10.6750Uzbekistan Sum 440.0000 38 50 Vanuatu Vatu 128.4200 Vatican Lira 1644.0100
Venezuela Bol ivar 568.9750
Prices in Local Currency (November 1
Basic Problems of Fuel Pricing5
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Fuel Subsidy Policies
Country-specific Fuel Subsidies
Transport Sector Policy and Fuel Pri
Problems Arising from Fuel-price Inc
• Box: “Dozens die in price rise protests“
Fuel Prices and Purchasing Power
• Box: The “Egg Index“
g
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The Global Ranking List of Diesel-subsidizing Cou
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Subsidy ranking among
160 countries
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1112
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
2324
25
26
Name of country
Iraq
Iran
Turkmenistan
Indonesia
Yemen
Venezuela
Uzbekistan
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Burma/Myanmar
EgyptBelarus
Tajikistan
Kuwait
Syria
Jordan
Qatar
Algeria
Libya
Malaysia
Brunei
Bahrain
CubaRussia
Angola
Pakistan
Untaxed diesel price
(US cents/liter)
1
1
5
7
7
8
9
10
10
12
1213
13
13
14
15
15
16
17
17
18
18
1818
19
19
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Transport Sector Policy and Fuel Prices
There can be no doubt that a sound transport policy – as advocand multilateral donors and banks – requires a sector policy wprises the following major steps:
• firstly, the elimination of fuel subsidies,
• secondly, taxation of transport fuels to cover road maintenance costs all over the country (often amounting to 10 US cents/liter oand
• thirdly, further taxation to balance the entirety of transpor(including railways and public transport)
Additionally, in the case of private passenger vehicles, many levy additional luxury taxes on gasoline prices to cover other g
These basic principles of national fuel-price policy constitute a masion about WTO (World Trade Organization) membership for dIn the case of applications for EU (European Union) membacquis communautaire is applied. This requires that the countminimum tax on diesel fuel such as to at least equal the lowesin core-EU countries (i.e., Luxembourg).
Problems Arising from Fuel-price Increases
Fuel prices must be increased from time to time for the followi
• to compensate for the gradual "relative adjustment" to oftenational inflation levels and/or as a direct result of local curr
• to effect "structural price increases", e.g., in the new EU applica higher price level is targeted for the long term.
In developing countries, however, such price rises are frequentunprofessional manner. After months or years of official passivitprice hikes that should have been instituted in the past are sudd
and demanded of an unprepared population all at once.Numerous past examples document how such irresponsible begovernments can lead to riots and bloody conflicts – up to and ment's own overthrow.
I h i Indonesia d Zimbabwe i 1998
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Press report on fuel-price riots in Yeme
Dozens die in price-rise protests
Some 34 people were killed and 102 injured in violence followingthe price of fuel and food, the official news agency SABA reported
Yemeni opposition sources claimed that up to 100 people had die
the country since 19 June when the government announced the p At least 13 soldiers were reported to have been killed in fightintroops tried to open the Sanaa-Marib road, which had been blockedbased Hunt Oil, which operates in the area, said on 29 June its oil to the Red Sea coast had been punctured by bullets causing two still operational. "Company officials noted the pipeline punctures areagainst IMF and World Bank reforms ending subsidies on fuel pricit said. An oil ministry official says exports are proceeding normaport city of Al-Mukalla, thousands of Yemenis were reported to hav
ceful demonstration on 30 June, urging President Ali Abdullah Salereforms.
Prime Minister Abdulkarim al-Iryani told parliament that the governits decision to raise fuel, flour and basic food prices by up to 40 peincrease fuel prices again until 2003. (Middle East Economic Diges
It is of particular interest to note that such revolts in opposition always triggered by the relative increase (often 30 % or more), w
crease (frequently only a few cents being added to "dirt cheapractically no role at all.
This applies especially to Nigeria where fuel-price increases hrioting, even though fuel had already become – viewed objecdrinking water.
When Ghana discarded its traditional cheap-fuel policy in the nearly tripled within a relatively short time, the country got into way to remedy the situation was for the government to tem
country's supply of fuel. Immediately, black-market traders from began selling fuel at four times the previous price level. After agovernment resumed its official imports, thus forcing the blacby about one-half. This found the approval of the public at largof the politically risky maneuver was that fuel cost twice as mu
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Fuel Prices and Purchasing Power
Undoubtedly, in the macroeconomic sense, such imported gooand fuels, even the streets and roads in some countries) due tcurrency share of the overall cost) should be calculated on a foUS $, basis because that is how the importer or the government h
For the country's political leaders, however, it is important to knowthe world over do not care about the world market; what theown purchasing power on the home market.
Thus, governments should not only be aware of price levels itries, they should also heed the arguments of a protesting poppopular "purchasing power argumentation". As such, in a chNigeria, public debate according to the motto "once again, ourCoca Cola, which is little more than water" can be regarded as
Purchasing-power indices are always relative by nature, andcarefully prepared for any increase in fuel prices, particularly in price changes in the aforementioned subsidizing countries.
General purchasing-power statistics like those published by thof little help because they are not readily adaptable, and their impossible to investigate.
For the purposes of this publication, then, a universally obtainlocally produced and sold commodity was chosen as the benchm
egg (large, grade A).
Subjective assessment of fuel prices
(according to purchasing power or "egg inde
The "egg index" for calculating the purchasing-power designed especially for application in developing and em where people do not tend to think in terms of world-marketa country's own domestic currency may not serve reliably a
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[
Price of
eggs
[US cents/egg]
20
20
20
20
15
8
12
13
10
7
13
(4 -) 1212
14
6
13
Price of
gasoline
[US cents/liter]
78
96
119
111
63
51
47
74
73
36
32
2832
9
16
16
Price of
diesel
[US cents/liter]
61
69
93
111
57
45
33
51
41
25
30
2527
5
7
10
Country
Luxembourg
Germany
Italy
England
Tanzania
Malawi
Madagascar
Macao
North Korea
Ethiopia
Ghana
China1
USA 2
Turkmenistan
Indonesia 3
Saudi Arabia
Category
4
European Union
high
taxation of fuel
3
medium
taxation of fuel
2
low fuel
taxation
1
subsidizing and
oil-producing
countries
1 Free price formation, with eggs costing more in supermarkets.2 Note: 1 US gallon = 3.785 liters
3 Eggs of average size
The results of purchasing-power comparison can therefore be sum
• In Europe, diesel fuel costs via purchasing-power compchicken eggs per liter (average: 4 eggs); and gasoline costssuper (average 5 eggs). That price is generally regarded as
and just.
• In subsidizing and oil-producing countries (e.g., Turkmand Saudi Arabia), diesel fuel in particular is likely to cost oeven one-eighth as much (read: 1 or even 1/2 chicken eglow fuel prices are rightfully unlikely to find much underst
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State Management of Fuel Taxation6
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General Taxation of Petroleum Prod
Importance of Fuel Taxation for Ove
Revenues
Potential State Revenues from Fuel
(in million US $)
• Motorization
• Mileage and consumption
• Estimates for fuel tax revenues
State Expenditures out of Fuel Taxes
Problems and Outlook
• Loss of revenue through fuel smuggling
• Outlook on fuel taxation and resource bases
State Management of Fuel Taxation6
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General Taxation of Petroleum Products
If the general economic policy is to avoid subsidization of fuelproducts as commercial goods, as outlined in chp. 5.1 - 5.3, threvenue and expenditures management by the state will require gation.
The taxation of petroleum products affects 3 major sectors:
• the transport sector (mainly road, rail and air transport),
• the energy sector (mainly electricity production) and
• the household sector (in developing countries mainly the coof meals with kerosene)
It is general practice to differentiate the tax percentages on petro
ding to their end uses, as exemplified for Kenya below:
Proportional share of taxation in retail prices of petroNairobi, Kenya:
Regular gasoline
Super gasoline
Automotive diesel
Fuel oil
Heavy diesel
Liquid petrol. gas
Kerosene
0 10 20 30 40
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Kerosene, which is used mainly by lower income groups, frequeboth for social reasons and to help prevent massive deforestati
The main statement of the above diagram is to delimit the rapetroleum products, i.e.:
• Of all fuels, transport fuels carry the highest taxation,• industrial fuels are taxed less,
• cooking energy may be tax-exempt or even subsidized.
There is, in fact, a general rule of thumb, according to which thefuels – like regular and super gasoline in the above Kenyan cathe way for taxation of fuels and energy in other sectors as we
The size of the fuel-consuming sectors and the structure of sumption may vary from country to country, but OLADE1 has caaverage shares for Latin America as a whole:
• 31.6 % for transportation
• 33.4 % for industry
• 35.0 % for residential and other purposes.
Importance of Fuel Taxation for Overall State Re
Within the highly sophisticated tax systems of industrialized couan increasingly important role.
In developing countries, collection of income taxes and sales taxe
of state revenue is quite difficult and much in arrears.Thus, in sub-Saharan Africa the fuel tax on petroleum products the government's total tax revenues for 1990.2
In some cases, the tax on fuel may even become the single mo
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In European countries, fuel taxes frequently constitute the thtax , as illustrated by the following German federal budget tabl
Thus, German taxes on fuel and vehicles in the year 1997 yield
(66 000 + 15 000) = 81 000 million DM or 48 800 million US $.
This enormous amount is the result of a systematic policy oover the past 40 years (1956 through 1996), as outlined in
33 2721
1
Corporate tax Solidarity tax
Toba
The most important tin Germany 1997 in
252Wage tax
243Sales tax
FUEL TAX
66
49Business tax
Note: The fuel tax also includ
Value a
tax V
(on to
pric
0 %
2 %
Pump price
of diesel
[DM/100 l]
50
52
Applied diesel
tax rate
[DM/100 l]
15
30
Pump price
of super
gasoline
[DM/100 l]
71
61
Applied
gasoline tax
rate
[DM/100 l]
31
32
German
fiscal year
1956
1966
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Potential State Revenues from Fuel Taxation (in
Estimates of potential state revenues from fuel taxation are methe finance ministry, but also for the ministry of transport/publiare practically indispensable for the sector approach generally tdonors and banks.
All such revenue estimates should be based on fuel consu
expressed in liters per year.
For cases in which statistical data on annual fuel consumptionliable or even nonexistent (holds true in many developing couinstead be based on the number of vehicles, mileage/distanceeach type of vehicle, and average fuel consumption (e.g., per
Motorization
Detailed motorization figures (vehicles per 1000 inhabitants) fo
are shown in the tables included in chp. 7, and present-populatito per-capital GNP have been annexed to the table in chp. 7.
Mileage and consumption
Average aggregate distance traveled per year (in kilometers; 1970category in
Recommended