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fructose
MonosaccharidesSingle (simple) sugars; quick energyContain C, H, and O in 1:2:1 ratio
Examples:Glucose C6H12O6
Fructose C6H12O6
Galactose C6H12O6
CarbohydratesProduced by plants during photosynthesis; contains C, H, O
http://stemsystems.com/slides/common_sense/images/spaghetti.gif
glucose
GlucoseGlucose
Maltose
H H
Disaccharides•Double sugars•Good source of energy•Break down into simple sugars
Maltose (glucose + glucose)Sucrose (glucose + fructose)Lactose (glucose + galactose)
Examples:Starch- (plants) found in leaves, tubers…Glycogen- (animals) found in the liver and musclesCellulose- (plants) make up cell walls
Polysaccharides3 or more sugars linked togetherStorage energyComplex sugars
Starch
Cellulose•Major building component of plant cell walls•Long chain of glucose molecules; should be great source of energy, but…•Humans cannot digest
Missing the necessary enzymeEndosymbiotic protist in cow guts DOES have the enzyme
Proteins•Made up of Amino Acids•Important structural component of cells
Examples:Enzymes, Hormones, Hemoglobin
1. Amine Group
2. Hydrogen
4. “R” Group
3. Carboxyl Acid Group
Amino Acids
There are only _______ amino acids for all proteins20
http://homepages.ius.edu/GKIRCHNE/peptide.jpg
•Two amino acids bond in a dehydration synthesis reaction to form a peptide bond•Several amino acids makes a polypeptide•A protein contains hundreds (or more) of amino acids
Examples:Phospholipids, steroids, carotenoids (pigments)
Lipids•Fats and oils•Contain H, C, and fewer O than carbs•Twice the E per gram than carbs•Long-term storage energy in animals
http://www.rch.org.au/emplibrary/diabetesmanual/6_fatsOils.gif
Fatty Acids:Long carbon chains (12-38C) with a carboxyl group (-COOH)
•Carboxyl end (polar) is hydrophilic•Hydrocarbon chains (non-polar) are hydrophobic
Triglycerides•Three molecules of fatty acids attached to one molecule of glycerol (see handout)
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fatty%20acid.jpg
Saturated Fatty Acids•No double bonds between carbons•Unhealthy•Usually solids; animal fats
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/NCI_butter.jpg/250px-NCI_butter.jpg
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/graphics/bio104/fatty%20acid.jpg
Unsaturated Fatty Acids•Have at least one double bond•Healthier, except trans fats (worst of all)•Liquids- plant fats
Substituting unsaturated for saturated reduces cholesterol levels
http://cretashop.gr/br/imagesbr/pezaoil/popoil.jpg
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