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From the First to the Second Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution
Two Main Threads of Physics
• Macro: Motion, Time, and Space
• Micro: Constitution of Matter
Aristotelian Physics
• World was divided into two realms
• Heavenly and terrestrial bodies separated by the moon in a geocentric system
• Above the moon: Perfect circular motions
• Below the moon: Everything is made of four elements (fire, air, water, and earth) and most bodies fall to the center of earth; heavier bodies fall faster than lighter ones
Copernican Heliocentric Astronomy
Galileo’s New Physics
• Revolutionary combination of mathematics and experimentation
• Law of Inertia (circular)
• Copernican Astronomy with telescope
• Unified motions heavenly and on earth
Newton
• Three Laws of Motion
• Law of Gravitation
• Culmination of the Scientific Revolution
Physics by Late 19th Century
• Newtonian mechanics
• Faraday-Maxwell Theory of Electromagnetism and Light
• Atomic theory of matter
• Thermodynamics
Clouds on the Horizon
• Roentgens and X-ray, 1895• Becquerel and Radioactivity, 1896• Thomson and Electron, 1896• Marie and Pierre Curie and Radium, 1898• Rutherford and Transmutation• Max Planck and the Quantum Proposal,
1900
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