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From Aquino to Aquino. Transitional Challenges and Presidential Leadership in Democratizing Philippines. Dr. Julio C. Teehankee De La Salle University Manila, Philippines. The Puzzle?. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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From Aquino to AquinoTransitional Challenges and Presidential Leadership in Democratizing Philippines
Dr. Julio C. TeehankeeDe La Salle University
Manila, Philippines
The Puzzle?• In a developing democracy like the Philippines,
identifying the ineffectiveness of our presidents has become an obsession.
• “Pundits are quick to point out what is wrong, but short on explaining what is wrought.”►What can Philippine presidents actually do during
their term?►What factors prevents or enables them to provide
presidential leadership?►What is the impact of the presidential transition on
the rest of their term?
The Philippine Presidency• the most durable in the
Asian region• one of three
presidential systems in East Asia (South Korea & Indonesia)
• fifteen presidents since the first Philippine Republic was inaugurated in 1899
The Philippine Presidency: American Template
Personal ModelRichard Neustadt• presidents must
persuade• reputation,
prestige, perception, & judgement
• personal style
Regime ModelStephen Skowronek• presidents come to
power within regimes (institutional arrangement)
• structural pattern of regime change
• cycle of presidents within regimes
Structured Choice ModelRobert Lieberman• opportunities for
strategic presidential action within structurally defined & delimited situation
• structure & agency, regimes & choice
While the Philippine presidency is patterned
after the American template, it is rooted in
Latin American practices.
The Philippine Presidency: Latin American Parallelisms
The Philippine Presidency: Pangulo Regime
“Pangulo Regime”► supremacy of the
executive and puts premium on the value of pagdamay
►metaphor for the body politic
►Aguinaldo, Quezon, Laurel, Marcos
► legitimation for authoritarianism; partyless democracy
The Philippine Presidency: Democratization
1. transitional – teleological process towards democratic consolidation
2. changeless – no real process or progress, same-same
3. cyclical - regime establishment, development, challenge, decay, and new regime
Arguments
• Presidential Regimes and Presidential Time
• Campaign Narratives and Presidential Narratives
• Narrative Cycles in the Post Marcos Philippine Presidency
• Making Narratives Stick: The Role of Strategic Players and Coalition-building
Presidential Regimes• a president ascends to power within a particular set
of institutions or “regime” that largely shapes the presidential style of leadership.
• Regime – “commitments of ideology and interest embodied in pre-existing institutional arrangements.”
• Presidents find themselves facing different obstacles to leadership based on their relation to existing “regimes”
• Presidents are either builders, consolidators, articulators, or repudiators
Presidential Time
• The recurrence of regime orientations creates a structured context for presidential leadership within a pattern of “political time.”
• Political Time – “medium through which presidents received commitments of ideology and interest and claim authority to intervene in their development.”
• Successive presidents can face dramatically distinct political and institutional challenges.
• Presidential actions are determined by historically-articulated institutional configurations.
• But these configurations determine context, they do not determine action
• Presidents face strategic choices – choices given by institutionally configured situations
Presidential Leadership: Configuration & Choice
Narratives
Narratives - stories or discourses with a clear sequential order that connect events in a meaningful way. (Hinchman & Hinchman 1997)Political Narratives – narratives (i.e. "populist", "rich-versus-poor" and "reformist", "good governance“) used by politicians in the context of electoral democracy in the Philippines (Thompson 2010)Two Types: Campaign and Presidential NarrativesCycle of Narratives: reformist, developmentalist, and populist
The Philippine Presidency: Within the Prism of Political Time
Foundational Regimes1st Republic (1899-1901)American Colonial (1898-1943, 1945-46)2nd Republic (1943-45)
Definitive Regimes
3rd Republic (1946-1972)4th Republic (1972-1986)
Prevailing Regime5th Republic (1986-present)
Transitional Challenges Under the Post-Marcos Presidency
The Great Repudiator - founder of EDSA regime
Orthodox Innovator - competent ally
Populist Challenger - Marcos revivalist
Apostate – born from EDSA, mutated into Marcos
The Loyal Son – heir to the EDSA legacy
Role of Strategic Groups
1. Business – protectionist vs. global2. Church – conservative vs. progressive3. Civil Society – radical vs. moderate4. Military – professional vs. adventurists5. Politicians – traditional vs. issue-oriented
Making Narratives StickStrong Narrative, Stable Coalition
Strong Narrative, from Weak to Strong Coalition
Strong Narrative - from Strong to Weak Coalition
From Strong to Weak Narrative, Stable Coalition
Strong Narrative, Weakening Coalition?
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