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8/16/2019 Framing the Energy Question
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The Energy Conundrum:Availability, Access & Equity
Sujeet MishraAdvisor(rojects!Ministry o" E#ternal A$airs
Chair %', ndia Smart rid )orum (a initiative o" Ministry o" o*er!+ice Chair, Comutational ntelligence Society, EEE - Chater.i"e Member C/, Senior Member EEE, Member : C0E, ETMember SE1, EC on .+2C
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Mandate
• denti"ying current system conditions
• Common vision o" action
• intend to oint the saliency o" our challenge
• also see3 to submit that it is not a case o"availability, or access in many cases4it has to do
*ith governance and economic lin3ages
• )or ndia4ending energy overty should beent*ined *ith equitable economic oortunities
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Energy: The Civilisational2imension
Connecting the dots: Are the crises ne*5
l i i i
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6uman evolution is coterminous*ith•
The e$ort to harness energy systemsand• The quest to harness ever more concentratedenergy
"orms continue unabated
• Ever since Sumerians 7rst used animals to lough
• To the energy dilomacy & energy *ars
• /y 89;
• energy requirement u #8
•
Electricity requirement u
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Earlier Energy Crises
• Agriculture is being racticed
• Animals have been domesticated
•
6umanity is burning o$ the "orests as agriculturesuorts larger oulation, metal roduction ic3su:
•
one ton o" 7re*ood roduces >9 ounds o" Cu and89 ounds o" )e
• Single iron smelter needed 199 sq miles o" "orest"or year round roduction
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• /y ? century *ood shortages *ere so stee that the English *ereshutting do*n metal "orges and "orbidding cutting do*n o" the Cro*n
"orests
• t *as the lague in ?+ century *hich *ied a third o" euroeanoulation that gave resite to the "orests
• Then aeared coal4*hich *as not amenable to the energy
in"rastructure designed around *ood
• 6i Sulhur and other imurities caused no#ious "umes
• Couldn@t be used in smelting
• Couldn@t be used by ba3ers
• /ut gave ; times more energy than *ood
• )ound that deeer seams had cleaner burning coal
• /ut ooding became the great engineering challenge o" the >'th
BEarlier Energy Crises
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Chemical Energy gets 6arnessed• Thomas e*comen in >8 designed a steam o*ered um to
drain the mines
• 2esite oerating at >= eDciency
• 0elaces ;9 horses
•
Cutting oerating costs by ';=
• lays major role in increasing coal outut in /ritain "rom mn tonsin >8 to nearly double by >
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er o e n ng0elationshis• Energy-Food
• )rom hunting4gathering nomadic li"e to agriculture centredsecialised societies
• Energy-Iron
• ermitted mechanisation and harnessing o" steam asenergy carrier
• Transortation, machine tools
• Energy-Electricity
• The *orld *e are in
• )reedom "rom deendence on arimary source o" energy
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nherent Challenges
in Conventional Model o" Electricity
t t t
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ectr c ty: ature nergy-sage• This *as logical culmination o" *or3 o" Edison,
Tesla, %estinghouse and Samuel nsul largelyset by >89s
• The o*er sector o" today is mature "orm o"*hat *e achieved in >F9s
• .arge centralised generation
• 6igh +oltage rid
• Standard stability and load o* modelsconstructed
•
Even today@s te#t boo3s dra* heavily on *or3 o">F9s
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Energy -sage: Electricity• MineCoal
• TransportCoal
• /urn Coal4can@t cature more than 30-35%o" heat
• Transportelectricity
• Transform electricity
• DistributeElectricity
•
ConsumeElectricity
• An incandescent lamp had efficiency of 3%G
• .ots o" it goes unmetered
• Inherent challenges in linking remote pockets
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Electricity• Came in a )oreign A$airs magaHine
• ot by an electrical engineer
• So*ed questions on viability o" the e#isting order
• Sets stage "or antithesis o" o*er sector as *e had created and stilloerate
• Amory .ovin@s ideas
• Need of meeting the local loads locally
• Challenge o" mating micro *ith macro grids
• 6o* *e regulate and standardise inter"ace bet*een the t*o5
• 2oes the rid end at the *all soc3et or goes in to the lugged in device
• That@s *here the action ta3e lace
• %e are loo3ing at smart meter in"rastructure to integrate customers
•
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Energy overty
Key poser:
s it issue o"access
oravailability
oraffordability
5
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)raming the Iuestion•
s it availability5
• Average lant use "or ovember@>; droed toF9J=, comared *ith F;J
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0E in ndiaRural
Electrification
%
# of
States &
UTs
Remarks
100 16
+ 99 5 Karnataka (99.9%), Uttara Khand (99.5%), Himachal Pradesh
(99.8%), Madhya Pradesh (99.2%), West Bengal (99.97%)
+95 6 Bihar (97.0%), Rajasthan (98.9%), Chhattisgarh (94.6%),
Jammu & Kashmir (98.3%), Tripura (97.0%), Uttar Pradesh
(98.6%)
+90 4 JharKhand (91.5%), Odisha (92.8%), Nagaland (94.1%),
Mizoram (90.3%)+80 4 Assam (88.7%), Meghalaya (85.9%), Manipur (89.4%),
Andaman & Nicobar (86.1%)
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/ut then *here is theroblem5
s it just bad in"ra or bad statistics5
Consumtion o" energy is comonent o" living
e#erience
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ndia@s rimary Energy Consumtion(89>8! (-S: EA!
CoalP 1;=
/iomass& %asteP 88=
etroleum & other liquidsP 88=atural asP 9J8(EA, 89>!
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ndian oulation
0
0.45
0.9
1.35
1.8
Population (Bn)
htt:KKs*arajyamagJcomKauthorK>
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0ural4-rban ro*th
0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0 China India
% Urban Population
htt:KKs*arajyamagJcomKauthorK>
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Smart +illage to Smart City to EconomicCircles• Qey has to be smart in"rastructure
• .o* energy services (Transortation, Communication,overnance, ersonal Com"ort, !
• ndia has run out o" traditional otions to suort additionaloulation in several cities
• Create ossibilities to reduce strain on e#isting urban saces,
• Ma3ing e#isting urban saces better to live in (com"ort togovernance!
• roviding a#es "or guiding migration o*s "rom rural to urbansaces
• Creating oulation tras bet*een rural and urban saces
• Arresting migrationJ
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-naddressed 2imension
• Much to do *ith:
• Transortation grids4lin3ed to *orld
• Communication grid4lin3ed to *orld
• Electricity4lin3ed to the *orld5
• Challenge o" urbanisation at its root haselectricityKenergy access in rural enclaves
• 2enial o" oortunity
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.i3e )amines
ts notthe absenceo" "ood *hich alwayscause them, but in
this case, it is not possibly the issue o" distribution as *ell
%h t M 3 th Ti F d t ll
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%hat Ma3es these Times Fundamentally 2i$erent
The Second Machine Age: %or3, rogress & roserity in a time o" /rilliant Technologies 4Eri3 /rynjol"sson,Andre* McA"ee
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The Qey 2eveloment
Trans"ormation to 2igital Economy:Energy needed to achieve same 2 less
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The Meta lan• .o*ering energy intensity
•
" governance systems
• /usiness transactions
• 0educing needs o" hysical commute
• Education, 6ealth Care, Mar3et
• Creation o" a#es o" rural4urban migration o*s
• n"rastructure in villages need strengthening,
• To ensure develoment, >1 comonents have been suggested "or smart villages
• These include s3ill develoment training, agro rocessingK agri servicesK storage,digital literacy, sanitation, ied *ater suly, solid and liquid *aste management,village streets and drains, street lights, mobile health unit, ugrading school, inter4village road connectivity, citiHen service centres "or electronic delivery o" citiHencentric servicesK e4gram connectivity, ublic transort and . gas connections (htt:KKindiane#ressJcomKarticleKindiaKindia4othersKrs4;9994crore4lan4govt4lans4994clusters4o"4smart4villagesK!
•
/ut at the same time, singlecity led model *ould ossibly not deliver4*e needEconomic circles
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0ural Energy System
• eed to add rural energy as dimensiono" smartrural living e#erience
•
Connection to main grid can’t be reliabledue tosituational challenges, even i" rest o" the roblemsta3en care o"
• Meshing: MiniKMicro, ano, ico rids
• Creating community -S using rene*ables andsmart grids
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0ural Energy System• Address need o" heat"or com"ort & coo3ing as di$erent
entities
• +illage level, self contained bio digesters"or community needso" heat, electricity, coo3ing "uel, manure
• Target increasing *or3ing hours in to night & roductivity incold days
• Case o" an artisan community near .uc3no*
•
oor but not destitute
• A coule o" hours o" discretionary light
• Electricity "or running internet alications
• -se o" eDcient non4olluting heating solutions
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Than3sG
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