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FRAGMENTS FRAGMENTS AND RUN-AND RUN-ONSONS
Identifying and Correcting Sentence Errors
Chapter 8, pg 142Chapter 8, pg 142
Correcting Fragments and Run-ons
(pg 142) This presentation explains the following
grammatical concepts: Clauses (dependent and independent) Sentences Fragments Run-Ons Semicolons and conjunctive adverbs
Clauses A clause is a group of words with a
subject and a verbSubject Verb
You stink.
Sally is talking.
Subject
Verb
I love grammar
Sally is talking loudly
Most clauses have further information after the verb
Two Types of Clauses (review Chpt 7) Independent clause (Main clause)
Can stand alone as a sentence Can be joined to another clause Fred filled a cardboard tube with
gunpowder. Dependent clause (Subordinate clause)
Cannot stand alone as a sentence Must be joined to an independent clause Because he wanted to make his own
firecrackers.
A word that joins clauses is a conjunction
Joining Clauses A dependent clause can be joined to
an independent clause to make a sentence Fred filled a cardboard tube with
gunpowder because he wanted to make his own firecrackers.
Or Because he wanted to make his own
firecrackers, Fred filled a cardboard tube with gunpowder.
When the sentence starts with the dependent clause, it must have a comma before the independent clause
Fragments (pg 142)
A fragment is a piece of a sentence. We learned last time that a fragment can
be missing a verb, missing a subject, or just not expressing a complete thought. Could be a phrase
I sat down. In the school bus. Howard, the school bully, came and sat down beside me.
Could be a dependent clauseAs I sat down. Howard, the school bully, came and sat beside me.
Could be a combination of phrases and clausesOne Friday afternoon, as I sat in the school bus that was filled with screaming kids.
Fragments Fragments look like sentences but are
missing a subject or a verb, or they are put together incorrectly.
Fragment Error
Told everyone to get out of the way.
No subject
Disposable lighter in his hand.
No verb
Before he lit the fuse. A dependent clause by itself
Correcting Fragments
Subjects or verbs can be addedHoward Crane the shortest kid in my entire seventh grade. Howard Crane was the shortest kid in my entire seventh grade.
Fragments can be joined togetherAt the bus stop. While I was not looking. Someone took my bookbag.At the bus stop, while I was not looking, someone took my bookbag.
Run-ons (Pg 146)
Run-ons are independent clauses that have been combined incorrectly.
There are several types: The AND run-on The Fused run-on The comma splice
We will be going into detail on each one
The and run on
The AND run-on: two or more relatively long independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction without any punctuation.
I met Charlyce in a yoga class a the YWCA
and we liked each other immediately and we soon became friends and we often hang out at each other’s houses.
The Fused run on (pg 138)
The Fused run-on : two or more independent clauses run together without any punctuation.
I met Charlyce in a yoga class at the YWCA we soon became friends.
The comma splice run-on
The comma splice : two or more independent clauses run together with only a comma.
I met Charlyce in a yoga class at the YWCA, we soon became friends.
Sounds right? It is actually two separate independent ideas/clauses. We COULD add a ; (semicolon) to make it correct, or we could separate into two sentences.
Run-ons Run-ons (fused sentences) occur
when clauses are joined incorrectly. Identify what kind of run-on these
are!He didn’t throw the firecracker, he placed it between his legs, he wanted to put the lighter away first.
Comma
splice
Fused
The fuse burned too quickly before he could throw it the explosive blew up between his legs.
Four Ways to Correct Run-ons (pg. 146)
1. Join the clauses with a comma and a coordinating conjunction
And, or, but, so, yet He wanted to put the lighter
away first, so Fred placed the firecracker between his legs, and he didn’t throw it.
Four Ways to Correct Run-ons
2. Join the clauses with a subordinating conjunction
Because, although, if, when, since, after
Because the fuse burned too quickly before he could throw it, the explosive blew up between his legs.
Four Ways to Correct Run-ons
3. Make the clauses into separate sentences
X Fred fell down screaming when the smoke cleared we all expected to see a bloody mess.
Fred fell down screaming. The smoke cleared. We all expected to see a bloody mess.
Fred fell down screaming. When the smoke cleared, we all expected to see a bloody mess.
Four Ways to Correct Run-ons4. Join two independent clauses
with a semicolon (;)if they are closely related.
You may include a conjunctive adverb along with the semicolon:
however, for example, therefore, moreover, indeed, consequently
X Fred hadn’t taped the tube properly and most of the force was released out the ends of the tube the explosion did direct some pressure against his groin.
Fred hadn’t taped the tube well and most of the force was released out the ends of the tube; however, the explosion did direct some pressure against his groin.
Notice how the sentence is punctuated
Practice – Mastery Test 1, pg 149
Grab yourself a partner Identify each sentence in the paragraph
as Sentence (S), Fragment (F), or Run-on (R).
Re-write the paragraph, correcting the incorrect sentences (pg 150).
Correct the following
1. Fred managed to make it home and change his clothes, and he told his parents he fell off his bicycle, he avoided punishment for playing with explosives.
Fred managed to make it home and change his clothes. He told his parents he fell off his bicycle, thus avoiding punishment for playing with explosives.
Fred managed to make it home. He changed his clothes and told his parents that he fell off his bicycle. He avoided punishment for playing with explosives.
2. I left town shortly after. Didn’t see him again for five years.
I left town shortly after and didn’t see him again for five years.
Correct the following
3. Took a trip home last summer. I ran into Fred after my long absence he is unable to have children. Didn’t ask if he still plays with firecrackers. During a trip home last summer, I ran into
Fred after a long absence. He is unable to have children. I didn’t ask if he still plays with firecrackers.
After a long absence, I took a trip home last summer. I ran into Fred, who is unable to have children. I didn’t ask if he still plays with firecrackers.
Interactive Exercise
You can get further practice by clicking the button below or by following the link to the interactive exercise
http://xnet.rrc.mb.ca/leshanson/Hot_Potato/Sentence_Structure_6.htm
Description - Chapter 20 (pg 356) Uses sensory images to create a picture with
words. Activity: on a separate paper, describe what you
See Hear Touch Smell Taste When was another time you had this?
What was it like? How does this time compare? Where were you? How old were you?
Words to avoid: good, bad, nice, fine, okay, normal, typical, interesting, beautiful
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