for research purposes only — not for publication FOR ... research purposes only — not for...

for r e s e a r c h p u r p o s e s o n l y — not for p u b l i c a t i o n

f i n a l r e p o r t o n p i l o t s t u d y o n r i g h t w i n g c h u r c h g r o u p s

F O R D E P A R T M E N T OF R E L I G I O U S S I U D 1 E S ,• U N I V E R S I T Y OF C A P E T O W N

C o m p i l e d by :

Harald E. W i n k l e r

U n i v e r s i t y of C a p e Tovin

J a n u a r y 19BB

[OUTLINE

w’INTR O D U C T I O N

PjJr' ’j^Part Is R I G H T - W I N G S T U D I E S E L S E W H E R E

jj';tS, Part II: W H O A R E T H E S E G R O U P S ?

y j V. J f p a r t Ills A N A L Y S I S O F T H E P R I M A R Y M A T E R I A L

i 'fe- Part IV: A C O N C E P T U A L A P P R O A C H TO R I G H T - W I N G R E L I G I O NW».tL -a ® *Si) Part Vs P R O P O S A L S F O R T H E P R O J E C Tf j p

P a r t VI: L I S T S O F R E S O U R C E S A V A I L A B L E

ABBREVIATIONS*

A n g l i c a n s C o n c e r n e d for T r u t h a n d S p i r i t u a l i t y A f r i k a a n s e P r o t e a t a n t s e K e r k A i d a P a r k e r N e w s l e t t e r A f r i c a n S t u d i e s L i b r a r y (UCT)C h r i s t for All N a t i o n sC a m p u s C r u s a d e I n t e r n a t i o n a l <aka: L i f e Min i s t r yC a t h o l i c D e f e n c e L e a g u eC h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a lG o s p e l D e f e n c e L e a g u eJ i m m y S w a g g a r t M i n i s t r i e sN o r t h A m e r i c a n C o n g r e s s on L a t i n A m e r i c aN e d e r d u i t s e G e r e f o r m e e r d e BondR e f o r m e d Indep e n d e n t C h u r c h e s A s s o c i a t i o n

R i g h t W i n g C h u r c h G r o u p sT r a d i t i o n , F a m i l y and P r o p e r t y vU n i t e d C h r i s t i a n ActionU n i t e d C h r i s t i a n C o n c i l i a t i o n P a r t yU n d e r g r o u n d E v a n g e l i s mV e t e r a n s for V i c t o r yW e s t e r n Ca p e Council of C h u r c h e aW o m e n for S o u t h Af r i c a

INTRODUCTION

In hay 19B7, F r a n k C h i k a n a of t h e I n s t i t u t e for Contextual T h e o l o g y p r o p o s e d t h a t the g r o w t h of c o n s e r v a t i v e church g r o u p s in S o u t h A f r i c a r e q u i r e d d e t a i l e d s t u d y Cl]. Among o t h e r groups, t h e D e p a r t m e n t of R e l i g i o u s S t u d i e s at U C T r e c o g n i z e s this to b e an a r e a r e q u i r i n g r e s e a r c h . T h e f o l l o w i n g report is the r e s u l t of a p r e l i m i n a r y i n v e s t i g a t i o n i n t o right w i n g ch u r c h g r o u p s (RWCGs) , as a b a s i s for p o s s i b l e f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h

projects.

The p h e n o m e n o n of r i ght wing c h u r c h g r o u p s is a complex one. Some g r o u p s h a v e e x i s t e d for a long time, o t h e r s ha v e r e c e n t l y e m e rged in r e s p o n s e to the i n c r e a s e d p o l a r i z a t i o n of S o u t h A f r i c a n s o c i e t y g e n e r a l l y , and the c h u r c h in p a r t i c u l a r . S o m e h a v e be e n m i l i t a n t l y c o n s e r v a t i v e and h a v e a c t i v e l y engaged in p o l i t i c s , o t h e r s c l a i m political n e u t r a l i t y and show their c o n s e r v a t i s m c h i e f l y t h r o u g h their t h e o l o g y (The rel a t i o n of t h e o l o g i c a l c o n s e r v a t i s m to right wi n g p o l i t i c s is one of the central t h e o r e t i c a l q u e s t i o n s w h i c h a r i s e s in t h i s study.). M a n y of t h e g r o u p s would d e s c r i b e t h e m s e l v e s as B i b l e - b e l i e v i n g , f u n d a m e n t a l i s t , e v a n g e l i c a l C h r i s t i a n s , yet t h e r e are e v a n g e l i c a l C h r i s t i a n s w h o are far f r o m right wing. T h e r e are g r o u p s w h i c h ha v e open l i nks w i t h t h e government; most, h o w e v e r , c l a i m to be i n d e p e n d e n t l y f i n a n c e d . There are r i g h t w i n g c h u r c h g r o u p s w h i c h l i mit t h e m s e l v e s to o n e d e n o m i n a t i o n (e.g. C a t h o l i c D e f e n c e L e a g u e , AC T S ) , and m a n y that are intei— d e n o m i n a t i o n a l . H o w e v e r , m a n y of t h e P r o t e s t a n t ’i n t e r — d e n o m i n a t i o n a l g r o u p s h a v e a s t r o n g a n t i - C a t h o l i c bi a3. S o m e R W C G s a r e i n d i g e n o u s to S o u t h A f r i c a , ot h e r s a r e i m p a r t s f r o m t h e USA. Given th i s c o m p l e x i t y , the task of d e s c r i b i n g t h e s e g r o u p s n e e d s to go h a n d in hand with the d e v e l o p m e n t of c o n c e p t u a l c a t e g o r i e s w h i c h c a n be used to

u n d e r s t a n d t h e g r o u p s .

T h i s r e p o r t i s d i v i d e d into six p a r t s . Firstly, t h e e x t e n s i v e w o r k w h i c h h a s been d o n e in o t h e r c o u n t r i e s (notably t h e USA) on R W C G s is described. The a i m of t h i s section is to set so m e g o a l s w h i c h a study p r o j e c t w o u l d w o r k towards, as well as l e a r n i n g f r o m the m e t h o d s of r e s e a r c h e m p l o y e d in o t h e r c o u n t r i e s . T h e s e c t i o n b r i e f l y e x a m i n e s w h a t r e s e a r c h has be e n

p u b l i s h e d in SA.

Part II e x a m i n e s w h o the R W CGs in S o u t h A f r i c a are. The list d o e s not c l a i m to b e exhaustive. It p r o v i d e s n a m e s , a d d r e s s e s and a b r i e f p r o f i l e of the o r g a n i z a t i o n . T h i r d l y , some of the

1. For a c o p y of t h e proposal, see a c o l l e c t i o n of p r i m a r y m a t e r i a l in t h e A f r i c a n S t u d i e s L i b r a r y ( A S L ) , UCT.

primary m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e s e g r o u p s (i.e. their newsletter, p a m p h l e t s ) is a n a l y s e d t o d i s c e r n some co m m o n features and t h e m e s . F o u r t h l y , an a t t e m p t is m a d e to b e g i n the process of c o n c e p t u a l i z i n g t h e p h e n o m e n o n of r i g h t wing c h u r c h groups. T h i s is p r o b a b l y the m o s t i n c o m p l e t e s e c t i o n of the

r e p o r t .

In Part V, a r e a s o c i n v e s t i g a t i o n are s u g g e s t e d , each of which c o u l d f o r m a s u b - s e c t i o n of the l a r g e r r e s e a r c h project. The final s e c t i o n l i s t s r e s o u r c e s (books, a r t i c l e s , libraries, n ewspapers, key f i g u r e s ) w h i c h m i g h t be h e l p f u l in s t u d y i n g right wi n g r e l i g i o n in S o u t h Africa.

P a r t Is R I G H T - W I N G S T U D I E S E L S E W H E R E

In b e g i n n i n g t h e s t u d y of R W C G s in S o u t h A f r i c a , o n e can learn much f r o m s i m i l a r s t u d i e s d o n e in t h e U S A and in Third World c o u n t r i e s . S u c h w o r k p r o v i d e s o n e w i t h an e x a m p l e of what one m i g h t b e w o r k i n g towards, and a l s o an idea of the

m e t h o d s used.

Ihird W o rld

The most u s e f u l m a t e r i a l on R W C G s in t h e T h i r d W orld w h i c h I found w a s the N A C L A R e p o r t s (North A m e r i c a n C o n g r e s s on Latin America). V o l u m e XVIII w a s e n t i r e l y d e v o t e d t o c o n s e r v a t i v e e v a n g e l i c a l s , and o t h e r is s u e s i n c l u d e a r t i c l e s every now and then. N A C L A d r e w m u c h on the i n v e s t i g a t i v e j o u r n a l i s m which had been d o n e by A m e r i c a n p a p e r s ( i n c l u d i n g t h e Wall Street J o u r n a l ) » t h e a u t h o r s had a go o d k n o w l e d g e of the h i s t o r y of P r o t e s t a n t s and E v a n g e l i c a l s in t h e r e g i o n , th e y d r e w on Miss i o n H a n d b o o k s for c o n t a c t s , and f i n a l l y a f i e l d — worker

spent 8 m o n t h s in t h e region.

Apart f r o m L a t i n A m e r i c a , I h a v e h e a r d t h a t the l i b e r a t i o n mov e m e n t in t h e P h i l i p p i n e s h a s g o o d i n f o r m a t i o n about R W C G s in their c o u n t r i e s . H o w e v e r , I h a v e .not f o u n d any w r i t t e n

materi a l .

The U n i t e d S t a t e s

Vast a m o u n t s of l i t e r a t u r e h a v e been p r o d u c e d on the H e w Relig i o u s R i g h t in t h e USA. One of the m o s t i m p o r t a n t st a r t i n g p o i n t s for t h i s s e e m s to h a v e b e e n i n v e s t i g a t i v e n e w s p a p e r reports, r a n g i n g f r o m t h e Wal.1^ S t r e e t Journal, t o C h r i s t i a n i t y T o d a y to T i m e a r t i c l e s to P e n t h o u s e i n t e r v i e w s . On the b a s i s of the r a w m a t e r i a l p r o d u c e d in such a r t i c l e s , s e r i o u s a c a d e m i c p a p e r s h a v e a l s o b e e n w r i t t e n (e.g. M a r t i n M a r t y ) , and several r e s e a r c h i n s t i t u t e s and g r o u p s h a v e b e c o m e i n v o l v e d in th i s area. W h o l e b i b l i o g r a p h i e s are a v a i l a b l e on t h e New C h r i s t i a n

Right (see P a r t VI). G e o r g e M. M a r s d e n ' s a r t i c l e (ref. Part VI) provides an i n v a l u a b l e s u m m a r y of the h i s t o r y of the R e l i g i o u s

Right in Am e r i c a .

Through t h i s a c c u m u l a t i o n of m a t e r i a l , s u b s t a n t i a l 'hard' i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t the s t r u c t u r e s , f i n a n c e s and polit i c a l a f f i l i a t i o n s of d i f f e r e n t g r o u p s has e m e r g e d . F u r t h e r m o r e , a d e t a i l e d t h e o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s and r e s p o n s e h a s begun t o emerge. As r e s e a r c h r e v e a l s what t h e b a s i s of the appeal of the R W C G s is, t h e c o u n t e r - s t r a t e g i e s a l s o b e c a m e clearer.

South Afri.ca

R e s e a r c h on S o u t h A f r i c a n R W C G s is a l m o s t n o n - e x i s t e n t . N e w s p a p e r a r t i c l e s a r e few and far b e t w e e n , a n d th e y s e l d o m p r o b e b e n e a t h t h e s u r f a c e ; they tend t o m e r e l y r e p o r t what t h e gr o u p s said p u b l i c l y . T h e on l y s e r i o u s s t u d y — t o my k n o w l e d g e- is that by M o r r a n and S c h l e m m e r , c o m m i s s i o n e d by Diakonia. It i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e 'new c h u r c h e s ' (Rhema and C h r i s t i a n centres) in the D u r b a n area, and a n a l y s e d them s o c i o l o g i c a l l y in s o m e detail. T h i s s t u d y c o u l d c e r t a i n l y s e r v e as a s t a r t i n g p o i n t for our p roject. Us e f u l a r t i c l e s which h a v e a p p e a r e d are t h o s e by Mary de H a a s (on mi 1 1 e n a r i a n i s m in the w h i t e community) and Paul G i f f o r d (on C h r i s t for All N a t i o n s in Z i m b a b w e ) . G i f f o r d ' s a r t i c l e is i m p r e s s i v e in its c o m b i n a t i o n of a d e t a i l e d t h e o l o g i c a l c r i t i q u e w i t h a n o n - t h e o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s .

Apart f r o m t h e s e f e w s t a r t i n g paints, h o w e v e r , t h e area s e e m s to be v i r t u a l l y u n r e s e a r c h e d . Much m o r e s i m p l y d e s c r i p t i v e w o r k is r e q u i r e d , and e s p e c i a l l y i n v e s t i g a t i v e work. How t h i s s i t u a t i o n m i g h t b e a d d r e s s e d will b e c o m e c l e a r in the P r o p o s a l s

(Part V ) .

P A R T II: W H O A R E T H E S E G R O U P S ?

T h i s list m a k e s n o p r e t e n s e at b e i n g B d h a u B t i v s . It w o u l d n s sd to be u p - d a t e d c o n t i n u a l l y as the p r o j e c t proceeds. A useful s t a r t i n g p o i n t for f i n d i n g f u r t h e r g r o u p s is M. F r o i s e ' s S o u t h A f r i c a n C h r i s t i a n H a n d b o o k j. i 9 8 6 / 8 7 » p u b l i s h e d by W o r l d

V i s i o n in 19B6.

Q u o t e s f r o m t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s are t a k e n from t h e i r n e w s l e t t e r s and l e t t e r s . As far as p o s s i b l e , I have t r i e d to r e f e r e n c e t h e s e q u o t e s p r o p erly; h o w e v e r , mu c h of the m aterial is in p a m p h l e t form. A c o l l e c t i o n of the p r i m a r y material fr o m w h i c h t h e s e q u o t e s are t a ken is b e ing set up in t h e - A f r i c a n

S t u d i e s L i b r a r y (ASL) at U C T .

A f r i k a a n s a P r o t e s t a n t s e K e r k (APK)

Ds. W i l l i e L u b b e

The APK is a b r e a k - a w a y f r o m the NG Kerk, r e f l e c t i n g the p o l i t i c a l s p l i t b e t w e e n the Nat i o n a l P a r t y and f o r m e r s u p p o r t e r s w h o n o w find t h e u l t r a - r i g h t wing mo r e a t t r a c t i v e . A c c o r d i n g to B u s i D i i s 4 / 9 / 8 7 , it had taken over 72 c o n g r e g a t i o n s and20 d o m i n e e s f r o m t h e N G K , m a i n l y in the T r a n s v a a l . See also a r e p o r t in t h e W e e k i y fjaii 26 / 6 — 2/7/87. A l s o look through Die A f r i k a n e r , D i e S t e m van die V o i k and D i e K s r k b o d e in the A f r i c a n S t u d i e s Library.

A i d a P a r k e r N e w s l e t t e r

P.O. Box 91059, A u c k l a n d Park 2 0 0 6 17 W a r g r a v e A v e . , A u c k l a n d Park, J H BTel.: (Oil) 7 2 6 - 6 B 5 6 (•

The APN is o n e of t h e better— r e s e a r c h e d r i g h t - w i n g newsletters; it is a l s o o n e of t h e mo s t e x p e n s i v e (annual s u b s c r i p t i o n

' R B 9 - 0 0 ) . A i d a P a r k e r u s e d to be a j o u r n a l i s t w o r k i n g for P e r s k o r . AP N is g e n e r a l l y a p o l i t i c a l n e w s l e t t e r , b u t f a i r l y r e g u l a r l y c a r r i e s a r t i c l e s a t t a c k i n g l i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g y and theologians,

A P N in its ourr No r d s i "A P N ' s e d i t o r i a l p h i l o s o p h y is simple:'We h a v e a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to our s u b s c r i b e r s . W e h a v e a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y t o S o u t h Africa. And we h a v e a r e s p o n s i b i l i t y to the W e s t ’" ( F r o m an APN a d v e r t i s i n g letter; see A S L c o l l e c t i o n of p r i m a r y m a t e r i a l . >.

leaders A l a s t a i r M c A u l e y

P.O. Box 23205, I n n e 3 d a l e 0031

ACTS is a r i g h t - w i n g g r o u p formed in the A n g l i c a n church in r e s p o n s e to t h e c l e a r e r p o l i tical p o s i t i o n t a k e n by the CPSA. It was formed in J u l y 1985. The r e a c t i o n of c o n s e r v a t i v e A n g l i c a n s is also e v i d e n t in t h e s h i f t fr o m the C P S A to t h e m o r e c o n s e r v a t i v e C h u r c h of England. For r e f e r e n c e t o ACTS, sear B u s i n e s s Day of 2 6 / 6 / 8 7 .

B e t — el G r o u p of M i n i s t r i e s

R o b b i e E n g e l b r e c h t ( E v a n g e l i s t and founder)D. O ' K e l l e y (leader)

P.O. Box 2 3 2 2 7 , I n n e s d a l e 0031385 V o o r t r e k k e r R d ., C a p i t a l Park PTATel.; (012) 3 2 3 - 2 3 1 3 or 2 1 - 5 6 5 5

The Bet-El G r o u p of M i n i s t r i e s is an e v a n g e l i s t i c o r g a n i z a t i o n . , s p e c i a l i z i n g in t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n of m e d i a ( tracts, Bibles, c a s s e t t e s , f i l m s , v i d e o s ) as far as p o s s i b l e . It p u b l i s h e s P®Qdul.um, w h i c h c o n t a i n s fairly d i r e c t l y p o l i t i c a l content.V o l u m e 1 is d e v o t e d a l m o s t e n t i r e l y to t h e v i l i f i c a t i o n of A r c h b i s h o p T u t u , a n d i n c l u d e s a c o l u m n by D o r o t h e a S c a r b o r o u g h , of the Gospel D e f e n c e League.

In its own w o r d s , " B e t - E l E v a n g e l i s t i c A c t i o n is an e v a n g e l i s t i c i n t e r — c h u r c h , and non d e n o m i n a t i o n a l o r g a n i s a t i o n .It has an e l e c t e d B o a r d of D i r e c t o r s c o n s i s t i n g of Born A gain C h r i s t i a n s , l a y m e n a n d B u s i n e s s m e n who s h a r e and are c o m m i t t e d t o its v i s ion" C23.

C a m p u 3 C r u s a d e I n t e r n a t i o n a l

P.O. Bo>« 91 0 1 5 , A u c k l a n d Park 20 0 6 ^

Also known as L i f e M i n i s t r y S outh Africa, C a m p u s C r u s a d e Intern a t i o n a l (CCI) h a s h i s t o r i c a l l i n k s w i t h t h e USA. F o u n d e d in 1951 by Bill B r i g h t at UCLA, it c a m e to S A in 1972. CCI t a k e s a typical ' a p o l i t i c a l * p o s t u r e . They c l a i m "a m i n i s t r y which is n o n - p o l i t i c a l in n a t u r e . (The f o l l o w i n g a m p l i f i e s the p o s i t i o n of the A f r i c a A r e a of A f f a i r s : This do e s not p e r c l u d e individual staff t a k i n g a s t a n d on i s s u e s of j u s t i c e and r i g h t e o u s n e s s wi t h i n a s o c i e t y . H o w e v e r , staff may not w r i t e or say anything d e r o g a t o r y or w h i c h c o u l d b e c o n s t r u e d as d e r o g a t o r y , about the c o u n t r y in w h i c h t h e y m i n i s t e r . Staff, w h i l e e n c o u r a g e d to vo t e as good c i t i z e n s , a r e n o t to be i n v o l v e d in a n y p a r t i s a n

2. F r o m a p a m p h l e t , ' T his is the Bet-El G r o u p of M i n i s t r i e s ' , see A S L c o l l e c t i o n .

political a c t i v i t y . ) F u r t h e r a m p l i f i c a t i o n For the South A F r i c a n areai L i f e M i n i s t r y S A c o n d e m n s i n j u s t i c e , e x p l o i t a t i o n , d i s c r i m i n a t i o n or a n y ki n d of o p p r e s s i o n e i t h e r by the S t a t e or subject and s t a n d s f o r justice, r i g h t e o u s n e s s a n d p e a c e for all r e g a r d l e s s of r a c e , c o l o u r or c r e e d " C31. T h e t h r u s t of C C I ' s act i v i t i e s is e v a n g e l i s t i c .

C e r c o a (Centra f o r R t f o r m e d and C o n t e m p o r a r y Studies)

Directori C h r i s L. J o r d a a n

P.O. Box 433, P r e t o r i a , 0001Tel.: (012) 3 2 3 - 0 0 7 5 , „ ... , ( . ,

Cercos w a s f o u n d e d by m e m b e r s of the t h r e e A f r i k a a n s c h u r c h e s . It aims, in its own w o r d s , "to s tudy and r e s i s t the i n f i l t r a t i o n of i d e o l o g i e s i n t o t h e c h u r c h and t h e t h e o l o g y of the R e f o r m e d P r o t e s t a n t C h u r c h e s in S o u t h e r n A f r i c a " C4H. It p u b l i s h e s a q u a r t e r l y n e w s l e t t e r Q k t o b e r 146. It has a " c l o s e w o r k i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p with UCA" - U n i t e d C h r i s t i a n A c t i o n (see b e l o w ) .

C h r i s t far All N a t i o n s (CfAN)

Pastor R e i n h a r d B o n n k e

P r i v a t e Bag, W i t f i e l d 1467 M i r a n d a Str., W i t f i e l d (011) 0 2 6 - 6 2 4 6

I . • » ■

CfA N is a c r u s a d e led by R e i n h a r d B o n n k e , a G e r m a n e v a n g e l i s t .The aim of t h e c r u s a d e in to C h r i s t i a n i z e A f r i c a ; "Afr i c a shall be saved" is t h e i r s l o gan. A £ l e a r a n a l y s i s of t h e t h e o l o g y of CfAN, ad its n o n - t h e o l o g i c a l d i m e n s i o n s , h a s b e e n made by Paul

G i f ford (see b e l o w ) .

C h r i s t i a n L e a g u e of S o u t h A f r i c a

Rev. Fred S h a w

The C h r i s t i a n L e a g u e w a s o n e of t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n s d i s c r e d i t e d in the I n f o r m a t i o n S c a n d a l . It is u n c e r t a i n h o w a c t i v e it is at present} p o s s i b l y s o m e of its m e m b e r s h a v e j o i n e d other RWCGs.

C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l (CMI)

R i c h a r d W u r m b r a n d (founder); P.D. H e n e g a n ( e x e c u t i v e d i r e c t o r )

P.O. Box 7157, P r i m r o s e Hill 1417 T e l . 5 (011) 8 2 5 - 0 3 7 6

3. Li f e M i n i s t r y SA, 'Doctrinal S t a t e m e n t of F a i t h ' , n o date, no p l a c e of p u b l i c a t i o n .

4. L e t t e r by C. L. J o r d a a n , 2 6 / 1 0 / 0 7 , s e e file.

CMI was f o u n d e d in 1967 by R i c h a r d W u r m b r a n d . It sees as its three* “unique f e a t u r e s ' its a i m of " e x p o s i n g the lib e r a l , leftist, ecumenical m o v e m e n t " , d o i n g social and r e l i e f w ork, and o r g a n i z i n g a " v a s t l i t e r a t u r e o u t r e a c h " . T h e t o n e of its O'-,n e w s l e t t e r V o i c e o f t h e M a r t y r s is l a r g e l y a n t i - C o m m u n i » t and c o n c e r n e d w i t h e v a n g e l i s m in c o m m u n i s t c o u n t r i e s . CMI also p u b l i s h e s o c c a s i o n a l p a m p h l e t s , su c h as a r e s p o n s e to the K a i r o s d o c u m e n t .

In its (jnn w o r d s , C M I is a "Faith, C o n s e r v a t i v e , C h r i s t i a n , V A n t i — C a m m u n i s m , N a n - P o l i t i c a l M i s s i o n a r y O r g a n i z a t i o n "C 5 1.

Chri s t o s e n t r o

P.O. Box 48020, R o o s e v e l t Park 2 1 2 9 Tel.: (Oil) 7 8 2 - 4 9 7 5 <cf. W o m e n for SA)

F r o n t l i n e F e l l o w s h i p

Leader: Peter H a m m o n dt

P.O. Box 74, New), a n d s 7 7 2 5 'Tel.j (021) 4 5 - 2 0 8 3 or 6 1 - 2 5 7 3

( !»" •F r o n t l i n e F e l l o w s h i p w a s p r e v i o u s l y the M o t o r b i k e Mission. F r o n t l i n e F e l l o w s h i p p u b l i s h e s a r e g u a l a r n e w s l e t t e r . In its own words, aims at "... a s s i s t i n g p e r s e c u t e d c h u r c h e s in M o z a m b i q u e , A n g o l a and the C a p e V e r d e Islands; b i b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n in c o m m u n i s t lands; c h a l l e n g i n g S o u t h A f r i c a n C h r i s t i a n s to p r a y for revival* and missi o n s ; d e f e n d i n g the ch u r c h a g a i n s t t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n of u n B i b l i c a l h e r e sies; e v a n g e l i s m in war z o n e s . " V e t e r a n s for V i c t o r y , ano r g a n i z a t i o n d e d i c a t e d to the e l i m i n a t i o n of t h e End C o n s c r i p t i o n C a m p aign, say of F r o n t l i n e F e l l o w s h i p : " T h i s is a C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n group, b u t d o n ' t be f o o l e d by the n ame, C h r i s t i a n or Mission. T h e s e f e l l o w s go into A n g o l a and M o z a m b i q u e doing r e s e a r c h and e x p o s i n g c o m m u n i s t m u r d e r and s l a u g h t e r of innocents. ... T h e y c a n s u p p l y i n f o r m a t i o n and p h o t o s of S W A P O and o ther t e r r o r g r o u p s " C6J.

Gospel D e f e n c e L e a g u e

D o r o t h e a S c a r b o r o u g h

P.O. Box 17007, R e g e n t R d , 8061 C a p e Town Tel.: (021) 4 9 - 3 2 0 7

5. P r i n t e d on t h e f r o n t of each of its n e w s l e t t e r s , Voi.ce of. the Martyrs.

V e t e r a n s for V i c t o r y , u n d a t e d n e w s l e t t e r , p r o b a b l y e a r l y 1987} see c o l l e c t i o n in ASL.

Tha GDL p u b l i s h e s a r e g u l a r n e w s l e t t e r , s i g n e d by its f o u n d e r Dorothea S c a r b o r o u g h . S c a r b o r o u g h is t h e w i f e of a d i s s i d e n t C o n g r e g a t i o n a l m i n i s t e r and e x - m i s s i o n a r y . H e r n e w s l e t t e r is a l s o d i s t r i b u t e d in W. G e r m a n y , and she o c c a s i o n a l l y p u b l i s h e s material by G e r m a n r i g h t - w i n g e r s . In p a r t i c u l a r , she has r e c e n t l y worked t o g e t h e r m u c h w i t h Peter B e y e r h a u s , in p u b l i s h i n g a lengthy d e n u n c i a t i o n of the K a i r o s d o c u m e n t . T h e G D L n e w s l e t t e r M p. attacks t h e e c u m e n i c a l m o v e m e n t and r a d i c a l S o u t h African c h u r c h p e o p l e , a n d u s u a l l y ends wi t h a c o n s e r v a t i v e theol o g i c a l r e f l e c t i o n . T h e G D L a l s o h o l d s o c c a s i o n a l p u b l i c meetings.

J i mmy S w a g g a r t M i s s i o n s

Mr. K. Lo c k

P.O. Box 10230, J o h a n n e s b u r g 2000Tel.: (011) 3 3 7 - 6 7 2 0 i ,v^

'' ,*y- • \ ,A<P u b l i s h e s T h e Evangel_i_st, a m a g a z i n e in w h i c h b a s i c e v a n g e l i c a l t h e o l o g y is m i ned with a t t a c k s on o t h e r t heologies.For e x a m p l e , 'n e w a g e theology' is a t t a c k e d for f a l l i n g in li n e with s a t a n i c p l a n s : " S a t a n ' s three - f o l d , h u m a n i s t i c plan for t aking o v e r t h e w o r l d is b a s i c a l l y simple, a n s y o u might be s u r p r i s e d at h o w we l l it c o r r e l a t e s w i t h t h i s n e w theology. * D a r w i n i s m (Darwin) — the c o n cept of e v o l u t i o n as it a f f e c t s the social man. * M a r x i s m (communism) - S a t a n ' s e c o n o m i c f o u n d a t i o n .* F r e u d i a n i s m ( p s y c h o l o g y ) - a p r o f o u n d i n f l u e n c e on the m o r a l s of man. A n d t h e r e y o u h a v e it: S a t a n ' s t h r e e - p r o n g e d a s s a u l t - social, e c o n o m i c a n d m o r a l " C71.

J i mmy S w a g g a r t is i n v o l v e d in w o r l d - w i d e c r u s a d e s , and c l a i m s l i t e r a l l y m i l l i o n s of con v e r s i o n s . He is a l s o n o t shy in a s k i n g for f i n a n c i a l h e l p for h i s efforts. In a ‘p e r s o n a l ' letter a c c o m p a n y i n g o n e of h i s p u b l i c a t i o n s , S w a g g a r t wrote: "I m u s t ha v e the p r a y e r of t h e b o d y of Christ, and I m u s t h a v e your f inancial s u p p o r t . S o I'm asking y o u to p r a y f o r t h i s M i n i s t r y c onsta n t l y . I i m p l o r e you to pray for us. I p l e a d y o u to p r a y for us. And t h e n I n e e d y o u r financial s u p p o r t as well. Pl e a s e rem e m b e r this. A s y o u seek the face of God and H e deals w i t h your heart, y o u m a y b e led to sit down and w r i t e o u t a c h e q u e for R20. A l t h o u g h t h a t m a y not seem like mu c h t o m a n y people, if i t ' s all that y o u c a n do, it will b p r e c i o u s in t h e s i g h t of God and will reap e t e r n a l r e s u l t s . However, if y o u se n t R 2 0 when, y o u could e a s i l y h a v e s e n t R 5 0 , or R100, or e v e n R 1 0 0 0 , well, then, the work of God w i l l s u f f e r " [S3.

S w a g g a r t h a s b e e n p a r t i c u l a r l y s u c c e s s f u l in g a i n i n g c o v e r a g e from S A B C TV, as w e l l as Bop TV, N a m i b i a n and M o z a m b i c a n

7. The Eyangel_i_st, v . 8, n. 6, Oct/Nov. 1707, p . 5.

9. J i mmy S w a g g a r t , ‘F o r e i g n C r u s a d e s A p p e a l ' , c i r c u l a r letter, □ct/Nov 17B7

channels. In SA, h e can be seen b e t w e e n 7 : 0 0 and 8 > 0 0 p.m. on channels 2 and 3 C91.

M i s sion to t h e C a m n u n i s t s

Ds- P.W. de Wet

P0 B o m 433, P r e t o r i a 0001 Tel.: (012) 2 6 - 7 0 1 3

N e d e r d u i t s e G e r e f a r m e e r d o Ba n d

Prof. Carel B o s h o f f

In d i s t i n c t i o n t o t h e APK, t h i s m o v e m e n t a t t e m p t e d to 'reform' the NG Kerk f r o m w i t h i n , i.e. th e y a t t e m p t e d to s t o p the l i b e r a l i z a t i o n w h i c h t h e y saw p a r t i c u l a r l y in t h e d o c u m e n t 'Kerk en S a m e l e w i n g ’. Se e r e p o r t in B u s i n e s s Day, 4/9/07.

O p e r a t i o n E s t h e r

P.O. B o m 66 4 1 7 , B r o a d w a y , J o h a n n e s b u r g 2 0 2 0 v

or JP.O. B o m 2013, P o r t A l f r e d 6 1 7 0

Q p e r a t i o n E s t h e r is a p r a y e r f e l l o w s h i p . T h o u g h c l a i m i n g that they "are not in a n y w a y a c t i n g p o l i t i c a l l y as w e b e l i e v e t h a t C h r i s t i a n s are i n s t r u c t e d in the Word of G o d to p r a y for t h o s e in autho r i t y and l e a d e r s h i p”, the n e w s l e t t e r g o e s on to say th a t 11 there is no d o u b t t h a t S o u t h A f r i c a is ex per i e n c i n g a total o n s laught" C103. O p e r a t i o n E s t h e r s u g g e s t s d e t a i l e d pr a y e r l i s t s f o r the state p r e s i d e n t , the d e f e n c e force, C h r i s t i a n c o f f e e bars, pro t e c t i o n of our b o r d e r s and c o a s t l i n e , p r o t e c t i o n of s t r a t e g i c and public f a c i l i t i e s , c o n f u s i o n a m o n g s t t h e e n e m i e s in their m otive of a t t a c k a g a i n s t our land and for t h e s a l v a t i o n of our enemies... and m a n y m o r e Cl III.

T h e P r o t e s t a n t A s s o c i a t i o n of S o u t h A f r i c a

Rev. A H J e f f r e e J a m e s

P0 B o m 2976, 8 0 0 0 C a p e To w n

The R e v e r e n d r e s p o n d e d to t h e K a i r o s D o c u m e n t , a n d even m o r e v e h e m e n t l y to t h e E v a n g e l i c a l W i t n e s s D o c u m e n t . A l t h o u g h he is

9. Bee t h e b a c k p a g e of T ^ e E v a n g e l i s t , v. B . n . 6 . , O c t / N o v

10. C i r c u l a r l e t t e r , Nov/t)»cs 1907, » « • OQL Ce l 1 we fe i e n .

11. O p e r a t i o n E s t h e r , 'Prayer and I n t e r c e s s i o n G u i d e l i n e * , undated, see A S L C o l l e c t i o n .

more t e m p e r a t e t h a n o t h e r s in h i s language, and ia at p a ins to appear r e a s o n a b l e , t h e b a s i c t e n o r is c o n s e r v a t i v e . A good example of a C h r i s t i a n c o n s e r v a t i v e p o s t u r i n g as neutral.

proTEST In fo r p t a t io n s d ie n s t

P astor P. G. K a u f f e n s t e i n

P.O. B o m 3254, K e n m a r e 1745 Tel.: (Oil) 6 6 7 - 5 2 0 0

P r o test is a p u b l i c a t i o n by P a s t o r P. G. K a u f f e n s t e i n and his wife, aimed at L u t h e r a n s . It s e e k s to e x p o s e t h e ecumenical m o v e m e n t and t h e ' t e r r o r i s m ' of t h e l i b e r a t i o n m o v e m e n t s . It is al s o o p p o s e d to l i b e r a l t e n d e n c i e s in the E K D , t h e Lut h e r a n c hurch in G e r m a n y . It is s p e c i f i c a l l y o p p o s e d to the i n f i l t r a t i o n of Marx i s t i d e o l o g y i n t o t h e c h u r c h in the f o r m of L i b e r a t i o n Theology. It c l a i m s to b e u n a f f i l i a t e d to any p o l i t i c a l party or c h u r c h .

R e f o r m e d I n d e p e n d e n t C h u r c h e s A s s o c i a t i o n (RICA)i r

B ishop Isaac M o k o e n a f o r m e d t h i s c o n s e r v a t i v e a l l i a n c e of i n d e p e n d e n t c h u r c h e s . R I C A h a s lent its s u p p o r t t o the United C h r i s t i a n C o n c i l i a t i o n P a r t y , and t o the t h e W e s t e r n Ca p e Council of C h u r c h e s (see b e l o w ) .

R h e m a B i b l e C h u r c h

Rev. Ray M c A u l e y

R h e m a M i n i s t r i e s S A ‘P.O. Box 574, R a n d b u r g , J O H A N N E S B U R G R a b i e Str., R a n d p a r k r i f Tel.: (Oil) 7 7 3 - 3 5 0 4

V o o r t r e k k e r w e g 76 5 , W o n d e r b o o m , P R E T O R I A Tel.: (012) 7 6 - 1 2 4 1

K e n s i n g t o n D r i v e , D U R B A N N o r t h Tel.: (031) 8 4 — 1 3 3 3

35 B e a c o n h u r s t D r i v e , B e a c o n Bay, E A S T L O N D O N Tel.: (0431) 4 7 - 2 B 4 8

S c a l a Bldg., N o r f o l k S tr., O b s e r v a t o r y C A P E T O W N 7725 tel. 4 1 7 - 2 6 5 2

R h e m a B i b l e C h u r c h w a s s t a r t e d in S o u t h A f r i c a by Pa s t o r Ray McAuley. M c A u l e y s t u d i e d in A m e r i c a u n der K e n n e t h H a g i n (?) of t h e A m e r i c a n R h e m a C h u r c h . R h e m a is p a r t i c u l a r l y known for (p r e a c h i n g a g o s p e l of p r o s p e r i t y to the w h i t e m i d d l e class. A l t h o u g h c l a i m i n g t o b e n o n - p o l i t i c a l , t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e impact of R h e m a ' s t h e o l o g y is c l e a r . M c A u l e y h a s h e l d p r i v a t e prayer m e e t i n g s w i t h G a t s h a B u t h e l e z i , h a s good c o n t a c t in the A m e r i c a n S o u t h and w o r k s t o g e t h e r w i t h R e i n h a r d B o n n k e ' s C h r i s t for All

Nations.

Paul G i f f o r d of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Z i m b a b w e is p a r t i c u l a r l y interested in t h e R h e m a churches. It w o u l d be u s e f u l to l i a i s e with him in any s t u d y of th i s group.

R h o d e s i a C h r i s t i a n G r o u p

P.O. B o m 430, C h i n g f o r d , L o n d o n E4 9SQ, E n g l a n d

S A C a t h o l i c D e f e n c e L e a g u e

P.O. B o m 226, S i l v e r t o n 0 2 1 7 P r e t o r i a Tel.: (012) 0 3 - 1 5 5 3

A ri.ght-wing o r g a n i z a t i o n a m o n g s t C a t h o l i c s , a f f i l i a t e d t o UCA.

S I G N P O S T P u b l i c a t i o n s and R e s e a r c h C e n t r e

Dr. Edward C a i n

P.O. Box 26 1 4 0 , A r c a d i a 0007 Tel.: (012) 9 0 - 2 6 0 0

In its own w o r d s , S i g n p o s t s (the magaz i n e ) "is a p e r i o d i c a l to in f o r m C h r i s t i a n s of all d e n o m i n a t i o n s of t h e t h r e a t p o s e d to t heir f a i t h by t h e i n f i l t r a t i o n of Marx i s t — b a s e d i d e a s u n d e r t h e tC ' g u i s e of n e w i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s of the G o s pel. S i g n p o s t s a d h e r e s to t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e B i b l i c a l u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the f a i t h as ,t r a d i t i o n a l l y h e l d b y C h r i s t i a n s 1’ C123. T h e e d i t o r of the m a g a z i n e , Dr. Cain, is a l s o t h e d i r e c t o r of UCA. V e t e r a n s f o r V i c t o r y say of h i m t h a t h e h a s "spent m a n y y e a r s in M o z a m b i q u e . He h a s f i r s t - h a n d k n o w l e d g e on t h e s u b v e r s i o n of t h e c h u r c h in S o u t h A f r i c a and c o m m u n i s t - b a c k e d m o v e m e n t s in t h e R e p u b l i c . CHisJ ,N e w s l e t t e r is a m u s t for a n y o n e w h o has e v e r asked: 'What is t h e Ch u r c h d o i n g — in p a r t i c u l a r why do the W C C and its many a f f i l i a t e s s u p o r t S W A P 0 and the A N C ? '" C a i n b e l i e v e s that t h e \W e s t is not d o i n g e n o u g h to stop M a r x i s m , and t h e r e f o r e s e e k s t o , ex p o s e u n d e r c o v e r M a r x i s t s , e s p e c i a l l y in t h e c h u rch. He is v e h e m e n t l y o p p o s e d t o L i b e r a t i o n T h e o l o g y (which he is c l e a r l y w e l l - r e a d in), a n d i t s p e r c e i v e d s o u r c e in S o u t h Africa, t h e I n s t i t u t e for C o n t e x t u a l Theology.

T r a d i t i o n , F a * i l y a n d P r o p e r t y (TFP)

J o h a n n e s b u r g c o n t a c t : A.M. Beccar

B u r e a u for S o u t h e r n A f r i c a ,P.O. Box 10906, J o h a n n e s b u r g , 2 0 0 0 Tel.: (011) 6 4 0 - 6 0 7 1

12. N o t e at t h e e n d of most n e w s l e t t e r s , e.g. v. 6, n. 19B7.

P.O. Box 5576, C a p e Town, 8000 Tel.: (021) 6 B 3 - 2 9 B ?

TFP exists in f i f t e e n c o u n t r i e s , and w a s o r g i n a l l y founded by Plinio C o r r e a d e O l i v i e r a of Brazil. In its own words, itsT V'-*V"main goal is t h e d e f e n c e of the t h r e e b a s i c v a l u e s of C h r i s t i a n C i v i l i z a t i o n , ie: t r a d i t i o n , f a m i l y and p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y , a g a i n s t the S o c i a l i s t a n d C o m m u n i s t p e n e t r a t i o n of c o n t e m p o r a r y s o c i e t y .The TFPs a r e e s p e c i a l l y i n v o l v e d in the d e n u n c i a t i o n and c o m b a tof m a r xist t h i n k i n g in r e l i g i o u s c ircles, e s p e c i a l l y thes o - c a l l e d L i b e r a t i o n T h e o l o g y. The i d e o l o g c a l f i g h t of theTFP t a k e s i n t o s p e c i a l c o n s i d e r a t i o n the m a n e u v e r s ofR e v o l u t i o n a r y P s y c h o l o g i c a l Warfare, c o m m u n i s m ' s m o s t e f f e c t i v et q d I for t h e c o n q u e s t of the West" C133. T h e TFP n e w s l e t t e r c o n t a i n smuch c o n s e r v a t i v e c o m m e n t on e v e n t s in the C a t h o l i c church.Recently, T F P c a m p a i g n e d a g a i n s t the New Nati.gn. T h e South A f r ican b i s h o p s a r e s e v e r e l y a t t a c k e d for t h e i r c o n c e s s i o n s to lib e r a t i o n t h e o l o g y and t h e i r f a i l u r e to t a k e s e r i o u s l y t h e c o m m u n i s t t h r e a t .

U n d e r g r o u n d E v a n g e l i s m

P. S c h r i m p t o n

P0 Box 17881, 2 0 3 8 Hi 11 b r o w Tel.: (011) 6 4 0 - 7 5 3 4

A m a g a z i n e a b o u t r u n n i n g B i b l e s across t h e Iron C urtain, and h i g h l i g h t i n g t h e p l i g h t of p e r s e c u t e d C h r i s t i a n s in c o m m u n i s t lands. T h e c o n c e r n s are s i m i l a r to C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l .

U n i t e d C h r i s t i a n A c t i o n (UCA)

Dr. Edward Ca i n

P.O. Box 35737, M e n l o P a r k 0 1 0 2 Tel . : (012) 9 8 - 1 4 7 1

U C A is t h e u m b r e l l a o r g a n i z a t i o n of 14 r i g h t - w i n g groups. It c l a i m s as m e m b e r s : Be t - E l (Group of M i n i s t r i e s ) , C h r i s t i a n s for P a r t n e r s h i p A s s o c i a t i o n , F o e r d e r g e s e l 1 s c h a f t A f r i c a , F r o n t l i n e F e l l o w s h i p , G e r m a n S o u t h A f r i c a n F r i e n d s h i p A s s o c i a t i o n , Gospel D e f e n c e L e a g u e , R e f o r m e d I n d e p e n d e n t C h u r c h e s A s s o c i a t i o n ,R h o d e s i a C h r i s t i a n G r o u p , SA C a t h o l i c D e f e n c e L e a g u e , S I G N P O S T P u b l i c a t i o n s , T h e A i d a P a r k e r N e w s l e t t e r , V i c t i m s A g a inst T e r r o r i s m , Vox A f r i c a n a . It is not c l ear h o w m u c h i m p o r t a n c e is a tt a c h e d by e a c h of t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s to t h e i r a f f i l i a t i o n t o UCA. C e n tral f e a t u r e s of all t h ese g r o u p s a r e s i m i l a r — t h e y are m o s t l y n o n - d e n o m i n a t i o n a l , they are o p p o s e d t o t h e ecumenical m o v e m e n t (WCC, S A C C , SACBC, Tutu, Boesak, B e y e r s N a u d e ) , and t h e ‘radical g r o u p s ' (ANC, U D F , C0SATU, E C O . It v e r y d e f i n i t e l y

13. L e t t e r by A. M. B e c c a r , 30/12/87j see file.

Co' ■

engages in t h e r e a l m of politics? for e x a m p l e it r e c e n t l y d e v o t e d three of its n e w s l e t t e r s to p r o t e s t a g a i n s t t h e r e l e a s e of Govan tfbeki. In a l e t t e r t o P r e s i d e n t R e a g a n c o n g r a t u l a t i n g h i m on vetoing a s a n c t i o n s bill, U C A c l i m e d a c o m b i n e d m e m b e r s h i p of 4 million. T h e d i r e c t o r of U C A is Ed Cain, e d i t o r of Signposts.UCA s e e m s t o b e an i m p o r t a n t o r g a n i z a t i o n t o i n v e s t i g a t e mo r e closely. In its own words, s u p p o r t for U C A m e a n s " l i b e r a t i o n / from a f r a u d u l e n t g o s p e l w h i c h is p o i s o n i n g S o u t h African m a i n l i n e c h u r c h e s ... l i b e r a t i o n f r o m o n e - s i d e d r e p o r t s by the j p o l i t i c i z e d c l e r g y a b o u t the s i t u a t i o n in o u r c o u n t r y ... g e n e r a t i n g the n e c e s s a r y C h r i s t i a n a c t i o n t o p r e v e n t a M a r x i s t t a k e - o v e r of S o u t h A f r i c a " C143.

U n i t e d C h r i s t i a n C o n c i l i a t i o n P a r t y (UCCP)

Bishop Isaac M o k o e n a , Mr .7 L i nda

The U C C P (a.k.a. t h e Rhinos) is h e a d e d b y B i s h o p Isaac M o k o e n a of RICA, and Mr. T h a m a s a n q a Linda. A n o t h e r w e l l - k n o w n black r i g h t —w i n g e r in U C C P is former S o w e t o m a y o r Mr. E d w a r d Kunene. U C C P w a s l a u n c h e d on the 6th O c t o b e r 1986. Its p l a t f o r m i n c l u d e s su p p o r t for f r e e e n t e r p r i s e , m u l t i - p a r t y s t a t e , and C h r i s t i a n values. At t h e l a u n c h , no b o n e s w e r e m a d e a b o u t t h e U C C P 's h o s t i l i t y t o w a r d s t h e UDF. The U C C P d e n i e s a n y g o v e r n m e n t f u nding. T h e WM p u b l i s h e d an a r t i c l e a b o u t t h e launch, da t e e a r l y O c t o b e r 86. S e e a l s o t h e A r g u s and B u r g e r of 7 /10/86.

V e r e n i g i n g B y b e l e n V o l k

T h i s s e e m s t o be a r e c e n t g r oup f o r m e d in t h e D o p p e r( G e r e f o r m e e r d e ) C h u r c h (October 1985). Its m e m b e r s include CarelBos h o f f , h e a d of A f r i k a n e r Vol[;swag.

V e t e r a n s f o r V i c t o r y

P.O. Box 8 7 7 5 2 , H o u g h t o n 2041 P.O. Box 2 5 89, W i n d h o e k 9 0 0 0

The m a i n r e a s o n f o r t h e e x i s t e n c e of V e t s s e e m s t o be its o p p o s i t i o n to t h e ECC.

V i c t i e s a g a i n s t T e r r o r i s e

P.O. Box 8 9 1 8 0 , L y n d h u r s t 2106

W e s t e r n C a p e C o u n c i l of C h u r c h e s

T h e f o l l o w i n g i n f o r m a t i o n is b a s e d on an i n t e r v i e w with a

14. UCA, p a m p h l e t 'Join t h e W i n n i n g Sides L i b e r a t e South A f r i c a f r o m t h e p o l i t i c i z e d cl e r g y ' , see A S L C o l l e c t i o n .

re porter of Di.e V a d e r l a n d , 11/1/8B.

The WC C C w a s l a u n c h e d , a c c o r d i n g to its m e m b e r s , to mai n t a i n p e a c e and to s e c u r e e d u c a t i o n for the c h i l d r e n . It cl a i m s m e m b e r s h i p f r o m t h e I n d e p e n d e n t c h u r c h e s , M e t h o d i s t s ,P r e s b y t e r i a n s , L u t h e r a n s and the NG S e n d i n g s k e r k , but m e m b e r s are so far d r a w n e x c l u s i v e l y from the I n d e p e n d e n t c h u r c h e s . G e o g r a p h i c a l l y , it d r a w s its s u p p o r t m a i n l y f r o m Old C r o s s r o a d s (and to a l e s s e r e x t e n t K h a y e l i t s h a B i t e C ) , and e n j o y s the full s u p port of N g x o b o n g w a n a . It is d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e divisions: The yo uth s e c t i o n a i m s t o t e a c h the y o u t h o b e d i e n c e and r e s p e c t for t h eir f a t h e r s , t h e w o m e n ' s section s i m i l a r l y a i m s to bring the t r o u b l e s o m e w o m e n b a c k u n d e r control. "We all k n o w that w omen are v e r y p r o b l e m a t i c , and g e t stuck in p e t t y d i f f e r e n c e s . We know that t h e y c a n n o t f u n c t i o n without men an t o p of t h e m . " The women are to s t a r t s e l f - h e l p groups, and are to b e e n c o u r a g e d to d i s c i p l i n e t h e i r c h i l d r e n . The W e l f a r e S e c t i o n a i m s to p r o v i d e help for t h e a g e d and h a n d i c a p p e d , and b u i l d m e d i c a l clinics. Fu n d i n g for all t h e s e e f f o r t s has be e n p r o m i s e d by the Urban F o u n d a t i o n , m e m b e r s h i p f e e s and the g o v e r n m e n t . T h e W C C C also h o p e s to a p p r o a c h t h e m a i n l i n e c h u r c h e s f o r fu n d s . The r e l a t i o n s h i p to C o m m u n i t y C o u n c i l s is, by t h e W C C C 's own a s s e r t i o n , v e r y c l o s e . T h o u g h at p r e s e n t all m e m b e r s are m i n i s t e r s , t h e C o u n c i l is very open to c o m m u n i t y c o u n c i l l o r s s e r v i n g on it. T h e W C C C is o b v i o u s l y set u p in o p p o s i t i o n to the

Th e C o u n c i l s e e m s t o be o n e of t h e c l e a r e s t c a s e s of a g o v e r n m e n t — i n i t i a t e d and s u p p o r t e d r e l i g i o u s str u c t u r e . W h i l e th e s t a t e k e e p s i t s r o l e co v e r t and o p e r a t e s t h r o u g h p r o x i e s like N g x o b o n g w a n a , i t s f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e and t h e c l o s e n e s s to the C o m m u n i t y C o u n c i l s (and p r o b a b l y t o J M C s a s well) as e v i d e n c e of the links. A f r o n t p a g e p i c t u r e of the l a u n c h of the Council sh o w e d c h u r c h p e o p l e n e x t to c o m m u n i t y c o u n c i l l o r s next to g o v e r n m e n t o f f i c i a l s (CT - July 87?). It a l s o s e e m e d that the Council m e m b e r s h a d b e e n briefed wi t h pat a n s w e r s for c e r tain q u e s t i o n s , and h a d n o c l e a r a n a l y s i s of t h e i r s i t u a t i o n t h e m s e l v e s . (They do, h o wever, h a v e s t r o n g f e e l i n g s a g a inst the ‘chi l d r e n ' , i.e. t h e comrades.) It w o u l d b e w o r t h f i n ding out w h e t h e r s i m i l a r s t r u c t u r e s have been set u p e l s e w h e r e in SA or in Namibia.

Ap art f r o m t h e a b o v e i n f o r m a t i o n , t h e o n l y s o u r c e on the WC C C so far is an a r t i c l e in South, which f o l l o w e d up o n e me m b e r at the launch, L u t h e r a n p a s t o r Erlo Stegen. S t e g e n r u n s a n . e v a n g e l i c a l m i s s i o n c a l l e d Kwa Si z a B a n t u in Na t a l .

W o m e n f o r S o u t h A f r i c a

G a b r i e l l e M a l a n

P.G. Box 1 7 7 6 R u s t e n b u r g 0300 o r :

WPCC, w i t h w h o m it h a s not taken up c o n t a c t .

P . O . B o x 4 8 0 2 0 , R o o s e v e l t Park 212? Tel.: (011) 7 8 2 - 4 7 7 5

G a b r i e l l e M a l a n w r i t e s most of the p a m p h l e t s far this o r g a n i z a t i o n . It a p p e a l s to m o t h e r s to p r o t e c t t heir c h i l d r e n form the d a n g e r s of c o m m u n i s m , the E C C etc.

Young S o u t h A f r i c a n s for a C h r i s t i a n C i v i l i z a t i o n

A w h i t e r i g h t - w i n g C a t h o l i c y o u t h group, w h i c h is c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to T r a d i t i o n , F a m i l y and Property.

P a r t Ills A N A L Y S I S OF T H E P R I M A R Y M A T E R I A L

An i m p o r t a n t p a r t of t h i s p i lot s t u d y c o n s i s t e d of w r i t i n g le t ters to m a n y of the o r g a n i z a t i o n s l i s t e d above, and r e q u e s t i n g t h e i r n e w s l e t t e r . Many r e s p o n d e d q u i t e promptly.The p r i m a r y m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d in t h i s w a y h a s be e n c o l l e c t e d in a file, and is to be ho u s e d in the A f r i c a n S t u d i e s Library.The A S L is c o n s u l t i n g wi t h us about the b e s t w a y s to c a t e g o r i z e and file t h e m a t e r i a l .

This p r i m a r y m a t e r i a l is o b v i o u s l y an i m p o r t a n t base for any i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e groups. The m a t e r i a l can b e subjected to v a r i o u s f o r m s of a n a l y s i s — c o n t e n t a n a l y s i s , theological c r i t i q u e etc. W h a t I h a v e a t t e m p t e d to d o h e r e is simply to d r a w out s o m e of t h e c o m m o n t h e m e s and f e a t u r e s — theological and n o n — theol g i cal — w h i c h link the p u b l i c a t i o n s of the v a r i o u s 'fgTM t~5> o r g a n i z a t i o n s .

A n t i - C o m m u n i s m\

P e r h a p s t h e m o s t p e r v a s i v e f e a t u r e of R W C G s is t h e i r o p p o s i t i o n to c o m m u n i s m . Thi3 t a k e s d i f f e r e n t forms, and what the g r o u p s m e a n b y c o m m u n i s m is not a l w a y s t h e same, but e v e r y g r o u p w o u l d e q u a t e c o m m u n i s m wi t h evil, and v e h e m e n t l y o p p o s e it. — --------

C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l , for e x a m p l e , is inspired by o p p o s i t i o n to S o v i e t and East E u r o p e a n c o m m u n i s m . It i n v o l v e s *->itself in m i n i s t r y to C h r i s t i a n s b e h i n d the Iron C u rtain, ...>■<• s m u g g l e s B i b l e s a c r o s s borders, and p u b l i c i z e s the fate of p e r s e c u t e d C h r i s t i a n s in t h o s e c o u n t r i e s . CMI says that " c o m m u n i s m is t h e m o s t a g g r e s s i v e e n e m y of t h e c h u rch" C151. A similar p o s i t i o n m i g h t be a d o p t e d by T r a d i t i o n , Family and P r o p e r t y (TFP), w h o s e p r i n c i p l e of d e f e n d i n g p r i v a t e p r o p e r t y f ' o b v i o u s l y p u t s t h e m in o p p o s i t i o n to any f o r m of s o c i a l i s m or c o m m unism. T F P f e l t th a t it w o uld be i n a p p r o p r i a t e for the P o p e even to v i s i t R u s sia.

A m a g a z i n e l i k e S i g n p o s t s , by c o n t r a s t , w o u l d f o c u s much m o r e on the local m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of c o m m u n i s m , in S o u t h e r n Africa.T h i s latter f o r m of a n t i - c o m m u n i s m is m o r e p r e v a l e n t . It w ould a l s o o p p o s e l i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g y in p a r t i c u l a r , w h i c h would be seen as c o m m u n i s m in t h e church, d i s g u i s e d in C h r i s t i a n form.T h u s A r c h b i s h o p T u t u is r e g u l a r l y p o r t r a y e d as a communist.W o m e n for S o u t h A f r i c a p u b l i s h e d a p a m p h l e t e n titled 'The M a r x i s t V e r s i o n of t h e T r u t h’, in w h i c h it is e x p l a i n e d h o w c o m m u n i s t s w o r k t h r o u g h rent b o y c o t t c o m m i t t e e s , p e o p l e’»

15. Voi.ce of t h e M a r t y r s , no. 8 for 1987, p.l.

courts, and c r i s i s c e n t r e s . T h e E C C is, of cour s e , merely a front for c o m m u n i s t s , as are the U D F , N E C C , C O S A T U and even the SACC and SACBC. T h e W C C is r e g u l a r l y c e n s u r e d for its support for t h e A N C a n d o t h e r ' t e r r o r i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n s ' (see A n t i - E c u m e n i s m b e l o w ) . T h e G o s p e l D e f e n c e L e a gue, too, is p a r t i c u l a r l y c o n c e r n e d w i t h c o m m u n i s m in t h e c h u r c h e s .

W h i l e the a n t i - c o m m u n i s m of m a n y of t h e s e g r o u p s is virulent, ^it is o f t e n n o t w e l l - i n f o r m e d . C o m m u n i s m is s i m p l y equa t e d wi t h evil, and t h u s a n y n e e d for a n a l y s i s of i t s theory or v yp r a c t i c e b e c o m e s u n n e c e s s a r y . C l a i m s t o h a v e u n c o v e r e d the („ . v secret w o r k i n g s of comr.iunists C163 are s e n s a tionalist.A n t i - c o m m u n i s m p l a y s m u c h on the fear of t h e u n k n o w n , as well as a p p e a l i n g to t h e m a t e r i a l i n t e r e s t s of w h i t e m i d d l e - c l a s s

ch u r c h goers.

Aegli.ti.cal. P a s t u r e

Th i s t r e n d w o u l d s e e m at first g l a n c e t o b e in c o n t r a d i c t i o n wi t h the a n t i - c o m m u n i s m d e s c r i b e d above. T h i s is, however, not r ̂t h e case, as R W C G s see o p p o s i t i o n to c o m m u n i s m a s o p p o s i t i o n to .‘ i£>Cevil. The f i g h t a g a i n s t c o m m u n i s m is d e s c r i b e d in terms of M - f ' ’-. spiritual w a r f a r e , and is m a n d a t o r y for e v e r y C h r istian. This Cxct'.~ 9

p r o p a g a n d i s t i c t r i c k a l l o w s t h e m to' a c c u s e radicalo r g a n i z a t i o n s of ' m e d d l i n g in p o l i t i c s ' (i.e. a s p h e r e which is not l e g i t i m a t e g r o u n d for C h r i s t i a n i n v o l v e m e n t ) , w h i l e p o r t r a y i n g t h e i r o w n p o l i t i c s as s p i r i t u a l a c t i v i t y . O p e r a t i o n Est h e r g i v e s a g o o d e x a m p l e of t h i s s c h i z o p h r e n i c attitude.

Pr a y a g a i n s t t h e s a t a n i c forces, i n f i l t r a t i n g from n e i g h b o u r i n g c o u n t r i e s , s e e k i n g to d e m o r a l i z e and d e s t r o y our C o u n t r y Creacd: c o m m u n i s t s , ANC], 'For we w r e s t l e n o t a g a i n s t f l e s h and b l o o d , b u t against p r i n c i p a l i t i e s , a g a i n s t p o w e r s , a g a i n s t t h e r u l e r s of d a r k n e s s of t h i s w o r l d , a g a i n s t s p i r i t u a l w i c k e d n e s s

in h i g h p l a c e s ' C173.

CMI, as n o t e d ab o v e , d e s c r i b e s i t s e l f as a "faith,c o n s e r v a t i v e , C h r i s t i a n , . ___anti— C o m m u n i s m , n o n - P o l i t i c a lM i s s i o n a r y O r g a n i sati on(‘. Non - p o l i t i c a l " ) and a n t i - c o m m u n i s t are

t h u s q u i t e r e c o n c i l a b l e . ^ -----

P r o T e s t c l a i m s n o t to b e b o u n d to any p o l i t i c a l p a r t y or o r g a n i z a t i o n . T h i s is an a l m o s t u n i v e r s a l c l a i m of RWCGs. By d e n y i n g th a t t h e y a r e l i n k e d to a p a r t i c u l a r party, t h e s e g r o u p s feel t h a t t h e y q u a l i f y for 'neutral' s t a t u s . That they g o on to m a k e v e r y d i r e c t i d e o l o g i c a l and political i n t e r v e n t i o n s , a n d t h a t t h e y s u p p o r t c e r t a i n i n d i v i d u a l s and

16. e.g. S i g n p o s t s , v.6, n.3, 19B7. pp. 2 - 3 - R e v o l u t i o n a r y

P s y c h o l o g i c a l W a r f a r e

17. O p e r a t i o n E s t h e r ,'P r a y e r and I n t e r c e s s i o n G u i d e l i n e ,

und a t e d j see A S L C o l l e c t i o n .

g r o u p3 over a g a i n s t o t h e r s , is d o w n p l a y e d . T h e c o n t r a d i c t i o n s . inherent in t h i s p o s i t i o n could e a s i l y be e x p o s e d ._

e n t i - E c u m e n i s m

T h i3 t a k e s t h e -form of v i l i f y i n g t h e W C C , the SACC, the S A C B C , and s o m e t i m e s e v e n the 'liberal' m a i n l i n e churches. S i g n e o s t s v.6, n . 6 , a l s o i d e n t i f i e d ICT as a chief e o u r c e of l i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g y in SA. I n d i v i d u a l s i n v o l v e d with t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s a r e a l s o s i n gled out, a b o v e all A r c h b i s h o p D e s m o n d T u t u (who h a d e n t i r e e d i t i o n s of P e n d u l u m and t h e Aida

N§wsletter d e v o t e d to him), Dr. B e y e r s N a u d e and Allan Boesak. The K a i r o s D o c u m e n t is a f r e q u e n t o b j e c t of r i g h t wing analysis. T h r e e s u c h a t t a c k s w e r e P e t e r B e y e r h a u s ' s ’Critical A s s e s s m e n t ' p u b l i s h e d b y the G D L , J e f f r e e J a m e s s That K a i r o s D o c u m e n t ' , and C M I ' s 'When God is R e p l a c e d " .

The c h a r g e s a g a i n s t t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s and i n d i v i d u a l s are t h e s t a n d a r d i T h e y a r e a c c used of l e n d i n g f i n a n c i a l and moral s u p p o r t to t h e A N C and o ther ' t e r r o r i s t o r g a n i z a t i o n s ' . S e c o n d l y , th e y b r i n g a 'foreign g o s p e l ' , n a m e l y l i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g y into t h e churches. This t h e o l o g y is seen ast h i n 1y — v e i 1ed M a r n i s t ideology, w h i c h b y s u b t l e m e a n s is d e s i g n e d to s u b v e r t t h e f a i t h Qf B i b l e — b e l i e v i n g Chris t i a n s .

W h i l e a t t a c k i n g the e c u m e n i c a l m o v e m e n t , R W C G s o f ten st r e s s that th e y are i n t e r — d e n o m i n a t i o n a l . T h e y t h u s do not attack t h e e c u m e n i c a l m o v e m e n t for b e i n g e c u m e n i c a l , but for mi x i n g C h r i s t i a n i t y w i t h p o l i t i c s (the w r o n g kind). R W C G s p r o c e e d to mix C h r i s t i a n i t y w i t h t h e i r kind of p o l i t i c s , which is of

c o u r s e the r i g h t kind.

lPersonal. Sal.vati.gn

R W C G s s h a r e t h e e v a n g e l i c a l e m p h a s i s o n - p e r s o n a l salvation. T h e p r o p er t a s k of t h e c h u r c h is to save s o u l s , not to l i b e r a t e ( “people, as t h e c o m m u n i s t l i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g i a n s teach. D o r o t h e a S c a r b o r o u g h , for exa m p l e , l i k e s e n d i n g her Gospel D e f e n c e L e a g u e n e w s l e t t e r with a p a r a g r a p h w h i c h r e p e a t s b asic e v a n g e l i c a l t r u t h s . T h i s is o n e of t h e m e a n s by which their o p p o s i t i o n to l e f t - w i n g p o l i t i c s is c o u c h e d in a p o litical

terms.

\JLL i n k e d to t h i s f o c u s is a s t r e s s t h a t d i v i n e rat h e r than -lr̂

h u m a n a c t i o n is t h e s o l u t i o n to S o u t h A f r i c a ’s problems.. Sa y s S c a r b o r o u g h : "We d o not need a u t o p i a n v i s i o n b a sed on a yh u m a n i s t i c s o c i a l i s t i d e o l o g y " C183. R a t h e r , we need to r e t u r n to "His a b s o l u t e , u n m e r i t e d G r a c e that is s t r o n g en o u g h and

d e s i r o u s e n o u g h t o s a v e the w h o l e worl d " . In theory, then,R W C G s w o u l d e n c o u r a g e C h r i s t i a n s to be p o l i t i c a l l y passive. In p r a c t i c e h o w e v e r , t h e s e g r o u p s see t h e m s e l v e s as stung into a c t i o n by t h e t h r e a t of a c o m m u n i s t t a k e - o v e r of c o u n t r y and

10. G D L N e w s l e t t e r , N o v e m b e r 1987

c h u r c h .

Bi.bl.ical. F u n d a m e n t a l i s m

This is a n o t h e r t r a i t w h i c h R W C G s h a v e i n h e r i t e d from t h e i r evang e l i c a l r o o t s . T h e B i b l e Is the Wo r d of God, which is taken to me a n t h a t e v e r y s i n g l e w o r d is v e r b a l l y inspired. T h e u s e of S c r i p t u r e a m o n g s t R W C G s is c o r r e s p o n d i n g l y uncrit i c a l .Critical b i b l i c a l s c h o l a r s h i p is seen t o be part of t h e l i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g y / s o c i a l i s t / d e m o n i c o n s l a u g h t on t r u e Chris t i a n ® . L i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g i a n s are a c c u s e d of r e a d i n g f a l s e i d e o l o g i e s i n t o t h e Bible, w h i c h is t a ken t o b e v a l u e - f r e e .

- K ffBiblical f u n d a m e n t a l i s m o f t e n leads R W C G s t o b e l i e v e t h a t . f,.-

what they are p r e a c h i n g h a s d i r e c t d i v i n e a u t h o r i t y . T h i s e x p l a i n s t h e d o g m a t i s m w i t h w h i c h th e y a d h e r e to t h eir bel i e f s , and the c o n f i d e n c e in t h e i r own p o s i tion. T h i s d o g m a t i s m is also o f t e n a c c o m p a n i e d by an a u t h o r i t a r i a n i n t e r n a l s t r u c t u r e of the o r g a n i z a t i o n - t h o s e most d i r e c t l y in t o u c h with God are to obe y e d u n q u e s t i o n i n g l y .

P a r t IV: A C O N C E P T U A L A P P R O A C H TO R I G H T - W I N G R E L I G I O N

In o rder to u n d e r s t a n d r i g h t w i n g C h r i s t i a n i t y , it is not e n o u g h to d e s c r i b e t h e g r o u p s ‘wh i c h e x ist and t o no t e s o m e c o m m o n f e a t u r e s and themes. The t a s k of d e v e l o p i n g at h e o r e t i c a l a p p r o a c h t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e s e g r o u p s , sho u l d be t a c k l e d at t h e s a m e t i m e as m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e m is compiled. T h e a i m of t h i s part of the p i l o t s t u d y is m e r e l y to r a i s e the i m p o r t a n t t h e o r e t i c a l i s s u e s w h i c h will need to b e

a d d r e s s e d .

Cri.si_s and t h e N e e d for F i r m V a l u e s

The work of M o r r a n and S c h l e m m e r p r o v i d e s a use f u l o v e r v i e w of t h e o r e t i c a l a p p r o a c h e s — (ch*_ 5) . The a u t h o r s t h e m s e l v e s s e e m to find S o c i a l D i s o r gan i z a t i o n Thtforiws m o s t helpful b a s i c a l l y t h e " D u r k h e i m i a n n o t i o n that in t i m e s of . social d i s o r d e r , a s i t u a t i o n of a n o m i e or n o r m l e s s n e s s arises. R e l i g i o u s g r o u p s a r e a b l e to f u l fill the r e s u l t i n g need for c 1 e ar v alues. In t h e ca s e of RW C G s , t h e i r d o g m a t i c ,a u t h o r i t a r i a n f o r m u l a t i o n s p r o v i d e a ' f i r m__ anchor', in t h e ,

t r o u b l e d sea of S o u t h A f r i c a n s ociety. ^ ' J

M o r r a n and S c h l e m m e r a l s o n o t e o t h e r p o s s i b l e explan a t i o n s . E c o n o a ic D e p r i y a t i o n T h e o r i e s ho l d th a t t h o s e who are m a t e r i a l l y d e p r i v e d f i n d c o m p e n s a t i o n in r e l i g i o u s privilege. H o w e v e r , in S o u t h A f r i c a , th i s w o u l d not a c c o u n t for the g r o w t h of R W C G s a m o n g s t t h e w h i t e m i d d l e class, u n l e s s the t h e o r y is r e p h r a s e d in t e r m s of r e l a t i v e d e p r i v a t i o n . H m m n i n g a n d

B e l o n g i n g Thttor ies p o s i t t h a t t h e n e e d -for m e a ning and be l o n g i n g e x i s t s at all t i m e s and that r e l i g i o n f u l f i l l s t h e s e needs. T h i s t h e o r y m a y b e seen as c o m p l e m e n t a r y to the p r e v i o u s two, as s u c h n e e d s w o u l d b e e n h a n c e d in t i m e s of cri si s.

A p s y c h pJLoqical ap p r o a c h to R W C G s s u g g e s t s that c e r t a i n p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s are m o r e l i k e l y to b e a t t r a c t e d - g u i lty, artxfous^ d e p r e s s e d , f e a r f u l , i n s e c u r e p e o p l e . Again, t h i s kind of e x p l a n a t i o n d o e s n o t c o n t r a d i c t t h e b r o a d e r soci o l o g i c a l e x p l a n a t i o n , but m a y well e x p l a i n it in m o r e detail at the pe r s o n a l 1e v e l .

All t h e a b o v e e x p l a n a t i o n s s e e m t o h a v e a b a s i c p a t t e r n in common. P e o p l e a r e se e n to h a v e a b a s i c n e e d for clear normj* and V a l u e s , and t h i s n e e d is f u l f i l l e d by r e l i g i o u s groups. In t i m e s of social c r i s i s / e c o n o m i c d e p r i v a t i o n / p e r s o n a l anxiety, t h e s e n e e d s b e c o m e g r eater. T h o s e g r o u p s o f f e r i n g a m o r e a u t h o r i t a r i a n and d o g m a t i c t e a c h i n g b e c o m e m o r e attrac t i v e , w h i c h e x p l a i n s t h e g r o w t h of R W C G s in S o u t h Africa. T h e i r f u n d a m e n t a l i s t a p p r o a c h c l a i m s d i r e c t a u t h o r i t y fr o m God, and t h e fact t h a t t h e y f o c u s away f r o m t h e p r o b l e m s of t h i s w o r l d is a t t r a c t i v e .

The Q u e s t i o n of O p i u m

The t h e o r i e s o f f e r e d by M o r r a n and S c h l e m m e r all f o l l o w - m o r e or le s s — t h e D u r k h e i m i a n p a t t e r n . The o b v i o u s a l t e r n a t i v e is to ask to wh a t e x t e n t r i g h t w i n g C h r i s t i a n i t y is an 'opium for the p e o p l e ' . R a t h e r than a r i s i n g fr o m the n e e d s c r e a t e d by a so c i a l c r i s i s , € the s u g g e s t i o n w o u l d be that r e l i g i o n is b e i n g a c t i v e l y us e d b y the r u l i n g c l a s s e s as a mechani sm of c o n t r o l . T h e p r o b l e m w i t h s u c h an e>: pi anati on is t h a t the 1 in k s b e t w e e n the r u l i n g c l a s s e s and the r e l i g i o u s g r o u p s n e e d to b e c a r e f u l l y d e m o n s t r a t e d . T h u s the task of s h o w i n g h o w t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n g o v e r n m e n t d i r e c t l y u s e s C h r i s t i a n i t y , and t o w h a t e x t e n t it s u p p o r t s RWCGs, is a c r u c i a l one. T h e t w o f o r m s of e x p l a n a t i o n are n o t m u t u a lly e x c l u s i v e , s i n c e t h e c r i s i s is t h e c r e a t i o n of the r u l i n g cla s s e s . T h e theoretical"' q u e s t i o n w h i c h n e e d s to be a n s w e r e d is h o w m u c h o n e a s c r i b e s t h e r i s e of R W C G s to a c t i v e c o n s p i r a c y , and h o w m u c h to m o r e i n d i r e c t social processes.

The q u e s t i o n of c o n s p i r a c y t h e o r y a l s o a r i s e s at the i n t e r n a t i o n a l level. T h e r e are c e r t a i n l y c l e a r links b e t w e e n S o u t h A f r i c a n R W C G s and t h e N e w R e l i g i o u s R i g h t in America. H o w e v e r , are t h e s e l i n k s " f o r g e d of i d e o l o g y , hist o r y and w o r l d - v i e w , Hand] not of c o n s p i r a c y " (NACLA, 1904:24). C e r t a i n l y , t h e r e a r e i d e o l o g i c a l links, but w h a t r o o m is t h e r e for c o n s p i r a c y t h e o r y ? Again, the p roof of the p u d d i n g w o u l d be t o --- * •

d e m o n s t r a t e a c t i v e e n g a g e m e n t by U S r i g h t w i n g e r s in sup p o r t i n g South A f r i c a n R W C G s f i n a n c i a l l y , o r g a n i z a t i o n a l l y , by personnel etc. Cl?].

8 q §1y s 1§ in t e r m s of R a c e and Cl.as3

An i m p o r t a n t q u e s t i o n is w h e t h e r R W C G s h a v e a c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i a b l e c l a s s base. T h i s is p a r t i c u l a r l y p e r t i n e n t to ‘pr o s p e r i t y c u l t s ' s u c h as Rhema. A f i r s t i m p r e s s i o n s eems to i n d i c a t e t h a t R W C G 3 of v a r y i n g d e s c r i p t i o n s a r e found amongst all c l asses. S i m i l a r l y , one c o u l d a l s o e x a m i n e the racial c o m p o s i t i o n of R W C G s . M o r e b r o a d l y , o n e c a n ask whether the R W C G s are c l e a r l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h o n e social g r o u p i n g in SA, or w h e t h e r t h e y c u t a c r o s s t h e s o c i o l o g i c a l d i v i d e s of our soci e t y .

A Ihgol.ggi_cal. Q u e s t i o n

The a p p r o a c h t h a t is taken on t h e q u e s t i o n of c o n s p i r a c y may h a v e much to do with, the t h e o l o g i c a l p o s i t i o n . Are t h ese g r o u p s to b e s e e n as C h r i s t i a n , a r e i n d i v i d u a l m e m b e r s C h r i s t i a n s ? F r a n k C h i k a n e in h i s initial p r o p o s a l s u g g e s t e d otherwises ~ ~ v

^ ' .. ----------------

A l t h o u g h t h e y try to r e p r e s e n t t h e m s e l v e s as d i s c i p l e s of C h r i s t in d e f e n c e of t h e C h r i s t i a n faith a g a i n s t a t h e i s t c o m m u n i s m ... a c l o s e r l o o k at them s h o w s t h a t t h e y are just p a r t and parcel of c o n s e r v a t i v e f a r c e s in S o u t h A f r i c a and i n t e r n a t i o n a l l y w h i c h are c o m m i t t e d to m a i n t a i n the s t a t u s q u o ( o p p r e s s i v e an/d f a s c i s t r e g i m e s ) and have d e c l a r e d w a r a g a i n s t any f o r m of c h a n g e t o e s t a b l i s h a m o r e just w o r l d than we h a v e today. In fact our t h e s i s h e r e is t h a t they a r e in a r m s a g a i n s t the

i ̂ e m i n e n t K i n g d o m of God [ C h i k a n e , ‘P r o p o s a l ' ] . —

An a l t e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h w o uld be to g r a n t t h e s e groups that t h eir c l a i m t o b e C h r i s t i a n is s i n c e r e , and t o se e k to show h o w t h e y h a v e g o n e b e y o n d the l i m i t s of w h a t is t r u l y Christian.

W h i l e t h i s q u e s t i o n may not be t h e m o s t p r e s s i n g one at the b e g i n n i n g , w h e n t h e t a sks are m a i n l y d e s c r i p t i v e or s o c i o l o g i c a l l y a n a l y t i c a l , it will b e c o m e i m p o r t a n t when a t h e o l o g i c a l c r i t i q u e and r e s p o n s e to t h e s e groups is f o r m u l a t e d .

C a t e g o r i z a t i o n

Kro n e of t h e m o s t d i f f i c u l t t a s k s will b e t o d e v e l o p a useful v

t y p o l o g y of R W C G s . T h e y m i g h t b e s p l i t up a m o n g s t a nu m b e r of linesi d e n o m i n a t i o n a l l y b a s e d / i n t e r - d e n o m i n a t i o n a l )

1?. See Paul G i f f o r d ' s article, pp. 7 8 / ? and 8 B / ? for such e v i d e n c e in t h e c a s e of CfAN.

a political, p o l i t i c a l l y p a s s i v e / m i l i t a n t l y conservative; t h o s e r o o t e d in t h e e v a n g e l i c a l t r a d i t i o n / o t h ers; g o v e r n m e n t funded or s u p p o r t e d / i n d e p endent; i n d i g e n o u s groups / US imports. T o c r e a t e c a t e g o r i e s for all p o s s i b l e c o m b i n a t i o n s would be c o n f u s i n g ; the q u e s t i o n is w h i c h of t h e s e d i v i s i o n s are t h e o r e t i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t . I t r ied to d e v e l o p a typology in the c o u r s e of t h i s study, and c a m e up w i t h t h e follo w i n g one. It will no d o u b t n e e d t o be m o d i f i e d as m o r e r e s e a r c h is done.

1. E v a n g e l i s t i c G r o u p s :

T h e o l o g i c a l l y c o n s e r v a t i v e , a d o p t i n g an a p o l i t i c a l posture, u s u a l l y intei d e n o m i n a t i o n a l , f o c u s i n g m a i n l y on evangelism; e.g. C h r i s t for All Nat i o n s , Bet-El G r o u p of M i n i s t r i e s .

2. G r o u p s in S p e c i f i c D e n o m i n a t i o n s : (-(..<!«..<-f?<' '

A r i s i n g in r e s p o n s e to the p o l i t i c i z a t i o n of their churches, fa i r l y c l e a r l y i n d i g e n o u s , m o s t l y c l a i m t o b e apoli t i c a l ; e.g. A n g l i c a n s C o n c e r n e d for T r uth and S p i r i t u a l i t y , N G Bond, C e r c o s ( A f r i k a a n s c h u r c h e s ) , p r o T e s t (Lutheran) , C a t h o l i c D e f e n c e League, T r a d i t i o n F a m i l y and P r o p e r t y ( C a t h o l i c ) , V e r e n i g i n g Bybel en V o l k ( D o p p e r s ) . v

3. R i ght H i n g C h u r c h e s

G r o u p s w h i c h h a v e set t h e m s e l v e s up as a l t e r n a t i v e churches, e.g. A f r i k a a n s e P r o t e s t a n t s e Kerk, R h e m a , v a r i o u s C h r i s t i a n Centres.

4. Act iv ist G r o u p s

P o l i t i c a l l y m i l i t a n t , g e n e r a l l y i n t e r d e n o m i n a t i o n a l , d i v i d e in S o uth A f r i c a n and c l e a r l y i m p a r t e d ; S A — F r o n t l i n e F e l l o w s h i p , G o s p e l D e f e n c e League, O p e r a t i o n E s t h e r , Signposts, T r a d i t i o n F a m i l y a n d P r o p e r t y , C a t h o l i c D e f e n c e League, United C h r i s t i a n A c t i o n , W o m e n for South A f r i c a , o t h e r — C h r i s t i a n M i s s i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l , R h o d e s i a C h r i s t i a n G r o u p , J i m m y S w aggart Mi ssi ons.

5. S t r u c t u r e s a n d F e d e r a t i o n s close to the S t a t e A

All t h r e e o p e r a t e m a i n l y a m o n g s t t h e A f r i c a n Independent churches. W e s t e r n C a p e Council of C h u r c h e s , U n i t e d C h r i s t i a n C o n c i l i a t i o n P a r t y , R e f o r m e d I n d e p e n d e n t C h u r c h e s A s s o c i a t i o n

C o n s e r v a t i v e T h e o l o g y and Right W i n g P o l i t i c s

The q u e s t i o n of h o w c o n s e r v a t i v e t h e o l o g y and p o l i t i c s r e l a t e to one a n o t h e r is c e n t r a l to this area of s t u d y . Ma n y of the g r o u p s s t u d i e d a r e b a s e d in the e v a n g e l i c a l t r a d i t i o n , and are still c l o s e l y r e l a t e d to e vangelical c h u r c h e s . T h e s e c h u r c h e s h a v e t r a d i t i o n a l l y b e e n t h e o l o g i c a l l y c o n s e r v a t i v e , and most of t h e m h a v e a l s o b e e n p o l i t i c a l l y c o n s e r v a t i v e . However, a s i g n i f i c a n t p a r t of e v a n g e l i c a l i s m h a s s h i f t e d s o m e w h a t closer t o the p o l i t i c a l c e n t r e , for example, t h e B a p t i s t Union of SA

h a s d i s c u s s e d t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n c r i s i s q u i t e openly. Theol o g i c a l c o n s e r v a t i sm does not n e c e s s a r i l y en t a i l r i g h t w i n g poritiTcsT- b u t ' X h e r e d o e s exist a s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n . Nor, co n v e r s e l y j d o e s a liberal t h e o l o g i c a l p o s i t i o n g u a r a n t e e radical p o l i t i c s . T h e r e are m a n y liberal t h e o l o g i a n s w h o are c o n s e r v a t i v e .

An i n t e r e s t i n g o b s e r v a t i o n in t h i s r e g a r d is t h a t e v a n g e l i c a l s a r e g e n e r a l l y a passivt*' c o n s e r v a t i v e p o l i t i c a l f o r c e r a t h e r t h a n an a c t i v e one. In o t h e r w o r d s , th e y do n o t u s u a l l y e n g a g e in p o l i t i c s actively, but m o r e o f t e n e x e r t a c o n s e r v a t i v e i n f l u e n c e by e n c o u r a g i n g t h e i r m e m b e r s not to c h a l l e n g e t h e s t a t u s quo. If t h i s is a c c u r a t e , then t h e e v a n g e l i c a l R W C B s c a n b e c o n c e i v e d of as the a c t i v e , m i l i t a n t part of a m u c h l a r g e r , p a s s i v e whole, i.e. t h e y are t h o s e e v a n g e l i c a l s w h o h a v e b e e n stung into action.

The n e e d t o a d d r e s s t h i s p r o b l e m is t w o - f o l d i F i r s t l y , t h e causal c o n n e c t i o n (if any) should be c l a r i f i e d for t h e o r e t i c a l cl arity, and s e c o n d l y , the w i d e - s p r e a d i n f l u e n c e of the e v a n g e l i c a l t r a d i t i o n in SA m a k e s it i m p o r t a n t n o t to c o n f l a t ee v a n g e l i c a l i s m and r i g h t wing Chri sti ani tyT~~ -----

\A d i f f e r e n t w a y of p h r a s i n g t h i 3 q u e s t i o n is by

c o n c e p t u a l i z i n g R W C G s in the c o n t e x t of t h e c h u r c h as a s i t e of s truggle. If R W C G s are seen as the a c t i v e part of the r e a c t i o n a r y f o r c e s in t h e church, the q u e s t i o n is h o w t h e y r e l a t e to c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r c e s o u t s i d e of t h e c h u rch. How d o e s t he s t r u g g l e in t h e c h u r c h r e l a t e to t h e b r o a d e r p o l i t i c a l s t r u g g l e ? And w h a t are the r e s p e c t i v e r o l e s of t h e o l o g y and p o l i t i c s in t h i s ?

W h i l e t h i s i s s u e is a th o r n y one, and p e r h a p s one th a t is i n c a p a b l e of r e s o l u t i o n at a theoretical level, it is a useful i s sue to a d d r e s s b e c a u s e it l i nks t h e s t u d y of R W C G s i n t o a w i d e r set of q u e s t i o n s and a b r o a d e r analy s i s .

P a r t V* P R O P O S A L S F O R T H E P R O J E C T

A r e a s of S t u d y

G e n e r a l l y s p e a k i n g , t h e t a s k s of t h e p r o j e c t c o u l d be se e n as d e s c r i p t i v e an t h e o n e ha n d and a n a l y t i c a l on the oth e r .A n a l y s i s s h o u l d i n c l u d e both s o c i o l o g i c a l a n d t h e o l o g i c a l analysis. B o t h d e s c r i p t i o n and a n a l y s i s c o u l d b e p u b l i s h e d in b o o k s and j o u r n a l s .

Once s o m e m a t e r i a l is a v a i lable, t h e q u e s t i o n of p o p u l a r i z i n g i« fthe i n f o r m a t i o n w i l l b e c o m e important. T h e d e p a r t m e n t m i g h t x'^c o n s i d e r p r o d u c i n g p a m p h l e t s , or e n c o u r a g i n g o t h e r i n s t i t u t i o n s ( or o r g a n i z a t i o n s t o do so.

Ih§ Si°aicai and Bi_b 1 i.cal^ Cri.ti.gue

This c o m e s t o p of t h e list not b e c a u s e it s h o u l d be d o n efirst, but b e c a u s e it is p r o b a b l y the m o s t i m p o r t a n t c o u n t e r - s t r a t e g y . A c r i t i q u e of t h e R W C G s c o u l d b e g i n by Q-ta k i n g the p r i m a r y m a t e r i a l c o l l e c t e d , and s u b j e c t i n g it to a , irr i g o r o u s t h e o l o g i c a l a n a l y s i s . S i m i l a r l y , t h e u s e of the B i b l e I Jc c

by t hese g r o u p s c o u l d be analysed.

F ocus on K e y I n d i v i d u a l s

Some of t h e k e y i n d i v i d u a l s , w h o s e n a m e s k e e p co m i n g up in r i g h t w i n g p u b l i c a t i o n s , could b e i n t e r v i e w e d , and t h e i r b i o g r a p h i e s i n v e s t i g a t e d . Such p e o p l e i n c l u d e D o r o t h e a S c a r b o r o u g h <GDL, and w r i t e s for s e v e r a l o t h e r s ) , Dr. E d w a r d C a i r n (UCA and S i g n p o s t s ) , B i s h o p I s aac M o k o e n a (RICA and UCCP) , R a y M c A u l e y (Rheina) , K e n n e t h C o p e l a n d ( a s s o c i a t e d w i t h M c A u l e y and B o n n k e ) , and p o s s i b l y R e i n h a r d B o n n k e ( C f A N ) . O n e c o u l d a l s o c o m p a r e su c h i n d i v i d u a l s to a p r o m i n e n t liberal e v a n g e l i c a l , s u c h as Michael C a s s i d y ( A f r i c a E n t e r p r i s e and

NIR) .

Ca s e s t u d i e s . .. .. .. ...._

fan 5A f r uitful m e t h o d of r e s e a r c h w o u l d b e t h e d e t a i l e d s t u d y of ■ J

o n e r i g h t w i n g g r o u p . O n e c ould s e l e c t a f a i r l y l a r g e or .<■' i m p o r t a n t o r g a n i z a t i o n (e.g. Uni t e d C h r i s t i a n A c t i o n ) , and f i n d ( M out d e t a i l s of i t s s t r u c t u r e , f u n d i n g , t h e o l o g y , t r a i n i n g , political p o s i t i o n , etc. Th i s w o u l d be m o r e us e f u l i n i t i a l l y than the a t t e m p t t o s t u d y all g r o u p s at once.

Ibg S t a t e and R e l i g i o n

An i m p o r t a n t a r e a w h i c h has not be e n c o v e r e d at all in t h i s

pilot s tudy is t h e s t a t e ' s use of r e l i g i o n C203. The s t a t e p u b l i s h e s r e p o r t s o n . r e l i g i o n , c o n t r o l s r e l i g i o n in the s c h o o l s and in t h e m e d i a . S A B C p r o g r a m m e s on l i b e r a t i o n t h e o l o g y spring to mind. A n o t h e r large area w o u l d be t h e u s e of p r o x i e s by the state, a n d t h e e x t e n t to w h i c h it f u n d s s t r u c t u r e s such as the WCCC. A p a r t i c u l a r event w h i c h c o u l d be a n a l y s e d u n der this h e a d i n g is P.W. B o t h a ’s v i s i t to Zi o n C i t y M o r i a a few

y ears ago.

A r e l a t e d a r e a i s t h a t of e s t a b l i s h i n g c l e a r e v i d e n c e of links b e t w e e n v a r i o u s RWCGs, b e t w e e n R W C G s and SAn c o n s e r v a t i v e s , a n d b e t w e e n R W C G s and U S c o n s e r v a t i v e s . T h e latter in p a r t i c u l a r d e s e r v e s d e t a i l e d a t t e n t i o n . It m ight be useful t o c o n t a c t s o m e of the US i n s t i t u t e s and o r g a n i z a t i o n s w hich h a v e d o c u m e n t e d t h e New R e l i g i o u s R i g h t , and ask t h e m whether t h e y c o u l d e s t a b l i s h S o uth A f r i c a n c o n n e c t i o n s of any of t h ose g r o u p s f r o m t h e i r side. US r e s e a r c h g r o u p s might a l s o be able to tell u s h o w t h e y began their r e s e a r c h .

P a r t i c u l a r l y v i t a l is i n f o r m a t i o n r e g a r d i n g f i n a n c i a l links. L i n k s c o u l d a l s o t a k e t h e form of t r a i n i n g m i n i s t e r s , s e n d i n g l i terature, m a k i n g t e c h n i c a l k n o w - h o w a v a i l a b l e ...

T h e r e are l i t e r a l l y t h o u s a n d s of C h r i s t i a n b o o k s h o p s in S o u t h Africa, and m o s t of t h e m sell t h e o l o g i c a l l y c o n s e r v a t i v e material. S A n C h r i s t i a n P u b l i s h i n g h o u s e s s i m i l a r l yc o n c e n t r a t e on c o n s e r v a t i v e theology. M a n y R W C G s arei n c r e a s i n l g y a l s o u s i n g videos, and h a v e lo n g been s e l l i n g c a s s ettes. C o n s e r v a t i v e g r o u p s also u s e r a d i o s t a t i o n s , and it may not be lo n g b e f o r e t h e y gain a c c e s s to t h e tel e v i s i o n as well. J i m m y S w a g g a r t h a s m a n aged to g a i n r e g u l a r ac c e s s to SA B C TV time, as we l l as r e c e i v i n g c o v e r a g e b y Bop TV and o t h e r s (see a b o v e ) . T h i 3 is an ar e a in w h i c h t h e ideological i n f l u e n c e of U S e v a n g e l i c a l s is q u i t e t a n g i b l e . A s t a r t i n g p o int for an i n v e s t i g a t i o n of C h r i s t i a n m e d i a in S o u t h A f r i c a c o uld be t h e S o u t h A f r i c a n C h r i s t i a n H a n d b o o k .

Ih§ 2i29i£li I r a i n i n g C e n t r e s

There are m a n y c o n s e r v a t i v e b i b l e c o l l e g e s , s e m i n a r i e s and t h e o l o g i c a l t r a i n i n g c e n t r e s in SA (see the S o u t h A f r i c a n C h r i s t i a n H a n d b o o k ) . It w o u l d be w o r t h i n v e s t i g a t i n g which of t h ese c e n t r e s a r e f a v o u r e d by the m o r e e x t r e m e R W C G s . The i s sue of s e p a r a t i n g c o n s e r v a t i v e t h e o l o g y f r o m c o n s e r v a t i v e p o l i t i c s

b e c o m e s i m p o r t a n t h e r e .

20. See for e x a m p l e C. Vi 1 1 a - V i c e n c i o , ' T h e o l o g y in the S e r v i c e of the S t a t e ' , in R e s i s t a n c e an^ H g e e , e d . by C. Vi 1 l a - V i c e n c i o a n d J.W. d e Gruchy.

Ihegry

Th» w h o l e a r e a of d e v e l o p i n g a c o h e r e n t t h e o r y to e x p l a i n the history, g r o w t h a n d appeal of R W C G s (as o u t l i n e d in Par above) b e c o m e s a p r o j e c t of its own. T h i s i n c o r p o r a t e s a d e t a i l e d s o c i o l o g i c a l c r i t i q u e of RWCGs, a c c o r d i n g to r a c e and

c l a s s etc.

H i s t o r y

The h i s t o r y of R W C G s n e e d s to be u n d e r s t o o d - w h e r e they o r i g i n a l l y c a m e f r o m and w h a t i n f l u e n c e s s h a p e d t h e c o u r s e of their d e v e l o p m e n t . For m a n y of the g r o ups, t h i s w o uld entail st u d y i n g t h e h i s t o r y of e v a n g e l i c a l i s m in S o u t h Africa. It would p r o b a b l y b e w o r t h a s k i n g the R W C G s t h e m s e l v e s for an

a c c o u n t of t h e i r h i s t o r y .

M e t h o d s of C o n d u c t i n g t h e P r o j e c t

General

Ge n e r a l l y , m e t h o d s for g a t h e r i n g mo r e i n f o r m a t i o n i n c l u d e o b t a i n i n g m o r e p r i m a r y m a t e r i a l (will be d o n e by A S L ) , setting up a da t a b a s e a n d b i b l i o g r a p h y , and a c q u i r i n g i m p o r t a n t b o o k s on the s u b j e c t s f o r t h e library. F i e l d - w o r k , i.e. going out t h e r e and g e t t i n g n e w i n f o r m a t i o n , is i n d i s p e n s a b l e . Th i s c o u l d i n c l u d e i n t e r v i e w s w i t h pe o p l e i n v o l v e d , b o t h l e a dership and o r d i n a r y m e m b e r s ; and p a r t i c i p a n t o b e r s e r v a t i o n , i.e. a t t e n d i n g t h e m e e t i n g s of RWCGs. Finally, it will be vital for the p r o j e c t to i n i t i a t e and ma i n t a i n c o n t a c t w i t h o t h e r s who are a l r e a d y d o i n g r e s e a r c h in this area, or who might e

interested.

QozQCdinatign

It may b e c o m e n e c e s s a r y , if the p r o j e c t b e c o m e s large and i n v o l v e s d i f f e r e n t i n s t i t u t i o n s , to a p p o i n t s o m e o n e to

c o - o r d i n a t e r e s e a r c h .

E n c o u r a g i n g R e s e a r c h E l s e w h e r e

Ap art f r o m e n c o u r a g i n g i n v e s t i g a t i v e j o u r n a l i s m (see below), it would be g o o d f o r r e s e a r c h to be done in as m a n y p l a c e s as possible. T h i s w o u l d b o t h inc r e a s e the v o l u m e of material produced. It is s u g g e s t e d that the D e p a r t m e n t s e n d a s h o r t e n e d c o p y of t h i s r e p o r t to other i n t e r e s t e d i n d i v i d u a l s and

groups.

A c a d e m i g C g u r s e

□nee s o m e m a t e r i a l h a s be e n gen e r a t e d , a p o s t - g r a d u a t e c o u r s e on R i ght W i n g C h r i s t i a n i t y could be o f f e r e d by t h e D e p a r t m e n . If SAn m a t e r i a l i s t h i n , the c o u r s e c o uld b e g i n w i t h a study of material p r o d u c e d on t h e U S New R e l i g i o u s R i g h t , and s t u d i e s of R W C G s in t h e T h i r d W o r l d (esp. L a t i n A m e r i c a and the Phi 111 p i n e s ) . T h e s e c o n d half of the c o u r s e c o u l d i n v olve field

w o r k in w h i c h s t u d e n t s c h o s e one group or a r e a a n d i n v e s t i g a t e d it in some d e t a i l . P o s s i b l y , the f i n d i n g s of s u c h a c o u r s e c ould be p u b l i s h e d c o l l e c t i v e l y .

A s i m i l a r i d e a w o u l d be to e n c o u r a g e a M a s t e r s or P h D s t u d e n t to d e v o t e h i s / h e r t h e s i s to this area.

P r e s s

An i m p o r t a n t t a s k w o u l d be for s o m e o n e t o e n c o u r a g e J o u r n a l i s t s of t h e W e e k l y Mail, South, N e w N a t i o n , G r a s s r o o t s , Argus, C i t y P r e s s , t h e Star, C r i s i s N e w s and f r e e - l a n c e r s , to do some i n v e s t i g a t i v e j o u r n a l i s m in the area. It w o u l d be n e c e s s a r y t o p r o v i d e such j o u r n a l i s t s w i t h a b a s i c a d d r e s s list and p e r h a p s a s h o r t i n t r o d u c t i o n to RWCGs. T h e y c o u l d be a s ked to send c o p i e s of a n y a r t i c l e s they p u b l i s h t o t h e D e p a r t m e n t or to the A f r i c a n S t u d i e s Library.

C o n c e r n i n g n e w s p a p e r articles, it w o u l d b e e s s e n t i a l t o a t t e m p t to u n c o v e r as m a n y a r t i c l e s on R W C G s as p o s s i b l e . O n e way of d o i n g t h i s w o u l d b e to ask B a rry S t r e e k , S A P r e s s c l i p s ,36 W o o d s i d e R d ., C a p e Town, T e l . s 2 3 - 1 7 4 2 , t o do th i s for ei t h e r t h e D e p a r t m e n t or the Library. SA P r e s s c l i p s go back to 1778, c o v e r m o s t m a j o r SAn newspa p e r s , r e d u c d a r t i c l e s o n t o A4 sheets, and c h a r g e 25c for each such sheet.

D e n o m i n a t i o n s

A m e t h o d of d i s c o v e r i n g m o r e g r o u p s is to a p p r o a c h m e m b e r s of ea c h d e n o m i n a t i o n , and to ask t h e m a b o u t r i g h t w i n g e r s o p e r a t i n g in t h e i r c h u r c h e s .

(P e o p l e

It w o u l d b e w o r t h c o m p i l i n g a list of p e o p l e w h o do h a v e s o m e

i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t RWCGs.

P a r t Vis L I S T S O F R E S O U R C E S A V A I L A B L E

R E F E R E N C E W O R K S

These r e f e r e n c e b o o k s may be useful in l o c a t i n g f u r t h e r r i g h t - w i n g o r g a n ! r a t i o n s and finding the a d d r e s s e s of groups.

Froi £ e , M. ( e d .)1906 S o u t h A f r i c a n C h r i s t i a n H a n d b o o k 1 2 8 6 / 8 7 i

W o r l d V i s i o n , F l o r i d a (Tvl); U C T B A 2 7 6 . B 0 2 5 SOU

H u m a n A w a r e n e s s P r o g r a m m e1987 B r i d g e i?8Zl. an index of grganiz at i o n s at work in

S o y t h A f r i c a , HAP, Grant Park; U C T R 0 6 8 . 6 8 BRI

M e n e n d e z , A l b e r t J. (US B i b l i o g r a p h y )1985 B i b l i o g r a p h y on the New C h r i s t i a n R i g h t , in

B§iislsy§ C o n f l i c t in Amer.icat_ A B i b l i o g r a p h y , pp. 111-7, G r a n d P u b l i s h i n g Inc., N.Y. and L o n d o n

Pi e r a r d , R i c h a r d V. (US B i b liography)1981 ' B i b l i o g r a p h y on the New C h r i s t i a n R i g h t ' , in

I§E ik'li e t i n , v.5, n. 2, N p v / D e c 1981

So uth A f r i c a n I n s t i t u t e of Ra c e R e l a t i o n s1986 S u r v e y , P a r t I; see pp. 175-6 on U C C P , and index

U C T 3 2 3 . 1 6 8 0 5 (S/L)

B O O K S A N D A R T I C L E S

C e l i a W a l t e r of t h e U C T L i b r a r y is w o r k i n g on d e v e l o p i n g a c o m p r e h e n s i v e d a t a b a s e for both left and r i g h t - w i n g g r o u p i n g s , as well as a b i b l i o g r a p h y and a c o l l e c t i o n of p r i m a r y m a t e rial. T h e r e f e r e n c e s m a r k e d with a * a r e b y r i g h t — w i n g e r s t h e m s e l v e s , t h o s e m a r k e d + d o not r e l a t e d i r e c t l y t o S outh Africa.

Bond, J.

1974 ' P e n t e c o s t al i sin in the P e n t e c o s t a l C h u r c h e s ’ in J I S Q 7, pp. 1 0 - 2 2

C o l l i e r , E d w i n a1982 'Born a g a i n or f o o l e d again', R a n d D a i l y b i l l

2 5 / 1 1 / 8 2

Copeland, K e n n e t h *1974 T h e L a w s of P r o s p e r i t y , K e n n e t h C o p e l a n d

P u b l i c a t i o n s , Fo r t Worth

1979 Wel_cgmE> to t h e F a m i l y , K e n n e t h C o p e l a n d P u b l i c a t i o n s , F o r t Worth

E c u menical R e s e a r c h Un i t19B3 T h r o w y o u r s e l f downi. a c o n s i d e r a t i o n of the main

t e a c h i n g s of t h e prosperity, c u l t s , E R U , P r e t o r i a

Gifford, Paul1907 ' " A f r i c a shall be Saved": An a p p r a i s a l of R e i n h a r d

B o n n k e ' s pan A f r i c a n crusade', in J o u r n a l of R e l i g i o n in A f r ica, vol. XVII, 1, Feb. 1907

U C T 2 0 5

Hagin, K e n n e t h E. *1 9 0 0 a H o w t o w r i t e your own ticket w i t h God,

F a i t h L i b r a y P u b l i c a t i o n s , U S A

1900b Don_l£ b l a m e God, Faith L i b r a r y

1900c M i n i s t e r i n g to the oppressed, F a i t h L i b r a r y

1901 B e s e e m e d f r o m poverty.!, s i c k n e s s and d e a t h F a i t h L i b r a r y

Jackson, G o r d o n1970 'South A f r i c a ' s new E v a n g e l i c a l s : a n e w m o v e m e n t with

n e w a n s w e r s ' , To the,Point, J u n e 2,U C T BA 0 5 2 TOT; s. 79/594

M cAuley, R a y *1984 'In t h e I n t e r e s t s of Clarity' in N e w V i s i o n 9 (1),

pp. 1 4 - 1 5

Marsden, G e o r g e M. +1980 F u n d a m e n t a i i i m and American C u l t u r e ^ t h e S h a p i n g of

T w e n t i e t h C e n t u r y E v a n g e l i c a l i s m ^ 1 8 7 0 - 1 9 2 5 , Oxford U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , New York

1902 ' P r e a c h e r s of Paradox: the R e l i g i o u s N e w Right in H i s t o r i c a l P e r s p e c t i v e ' , in M. D o u g l a s and S. Ji p t o n (ed.s) , R e l i g i o n and A m e r i c a ! S p i r i t u a l Li f e in a S e c u l a r Age, B e a c o n Press, B o s t o n

Morran, E l d a S. a n d S c h l e m m e r , L a w r e n c e1984 F a i t h for t h e F e a r f u l 2 l An I n v e s t i g a t i o n into new

c h u r c h e s in t h e greater Durban a r ea, c o m m i s s i o n e d by D i a k o n i a , C e n t r e for A p p l i e d S o c i a l Sciences, U n i v e r s i t y of Natal, Durban; U C T 2 8 9 . 9 M 0 R R

Nipper, A r t h u r R.W. *1981 T h e k e y t o p r o s p e r i t y , Arthur N i p p e r , SA

N o r t h A m e r i c a n C o n g r e s s on Latin A m e r i c a +1984 N A C L A R e p o r t vol. XVIII, no. 1, 'The S a l v a t i o n Brokers:

C o n s e r v a t i v e E v a n g e l i c a l s in C e n t r a l America'

S t o l l , D avid +1982 F i s h e r s of N e n or F o u n d e r s of Empire?!, The W y c i i f f e

Bi_bl_e Transi.ators in Lat i_n A m e r i c a , Zed Press, Lon d o n

V e r ryn, Tr e v o r1983 Bi&tL gogr Christian:. an a g p r a i s a i of

R h e m a t e a c h i n g s , Ecumenical R e s e a r c h Unit, P r e t o r i a

J O U R N A L S , N E W S L E T T E R S , P A M P H L E T S

e a t i r C s m N e w s l e t t e r , U C T BA 2 6 1 . 0 5 ANT

C h r i s t i a n L i v i n g T o d a y

Q i a r i g n C a i i

Cc° ss-Times, P.O. Box 261, C l a r e m o n t 7 7 3 5

Qi§ 0£Eih§ Q^C> p a p e r of the C o n s e r v a t i v e P a r t y

B i e K e r k b o d e , U C T 2 8 5 . 7 1 0 5 KER

Eocus, U C T B U 2 4 8 . 4 0 5 F O C

'Gron d w e t ' , by t h e A W B , UCT BA 3 2 0 . 5 4 A F R I

SA V e r n u w i n g / S A R e n e w a l , P.O. Box 2504, P r e t o r i al

S w e e p s i a g ^ m o n d s t y k v a n die AWB, UCT BA 3 2 0 . 5 4 0 5 SWE

L I B R A R I E S

T h e f o l l o w i n g l i b r a r i e s nay ha v e u s e f u l i n f o r m a t i o n about s o m e of t h e s e g r o u p s .

A r g u s E d i t o r i a l L i b r a r y122 St. G e o r g e ' s Str., P.O. Box 58, C a p e T o w n B000

C a p e T i m e s E d i t o r i a l L i b r a r y Box 11, C a p e T o w n 8 0 0 0

C e n t r e for I n t e r g r o u p S t u d i e s U n i v e r s i t y A v e . , U C T

C P S A C a p e D i o c e s a n L i b r a r yC h u r c h H o u s e , Q u e e n V i c t o r i a Stre e t , C a p e T o w n

E c u m e n i c a l R e s e a r c h U n i tA d d r e s s u n k n o w n , h a s p u b l i s h e d us e f u l m a t e r i a l already, s e e m s v e r y m u c h w o r t h c o n t a c t i n g ( P r e t o r i a ) , p e r h a p s t h r o u g h U N I S A ?

N G K A r c h i v e and R e f e r e n c e L i b r a r y5th Flo o r , N G K S e n t r u m , G r e y ' s Pass, C a p e T o w n

P FP L i b r a r yG a r m o r H o u s e , P l e i n Str., C a p e Town

R o m a n C a t h o l i c A r c h d i o c e s a n L i b r a r yC a t h a d r a L P l a c e , 12 B o u q u e t S t r . , C a p e T o w n

S A L D R U L i b r a r y6th F l o o r , R o b e r t L e s l i e B l d g . , UCT f i l e s on ' C h u r c h and 5 t a t e‘, and *N G K e r k '

S o u t h A f r i c a n L i b r a r yQ u e e n V i c t o r i a S t r e e t , Ca p e Town) esp. a P a m p h l e t C o l l e c t i o n

S R C R e s o u r c e C e n t r e2nd F l o o r , S t u d e n t s ' Union, UCT, esp. a f i l e on N A C L A <North A m e r i c a n C o n g r e s s on Latin America) R e p o r t s , w h i c h g i v e s an a n a l y s i s of t h e k i n d s of g r o u p s we a r e i n t e r e s t e d in, o p e r a t i n g in C e n t r a l America;NACLA, 151 W e s t 19th Street, 9th f l o o r , N e w York, NY 10011

T h e o l o g y E x c h a n g e P r o g r a m m e (TEP) L i b r a r y6th F l o o r , L e d g e r House, A rden Rd., A t h l o n e Tel.: 6 3 3 - 4 1 0 5

Collection Number: AG1977

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