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Philippe J. BLANC
Laboratoire Ingénierie des Systèmes Microbiens et des Procédés
INSTITUT NATIONAL DES SCIENCES APPLIQUEES135 Avenue de Rangueil
31077 TOULOUSE Cédex 04
FRANCE
Primary identification of food (tomato = red; lemon = yellow; carrot = orange)
Protection against consumption of spoiled food
Experience, tradition, education, environment
Negative assessment of synthetic food dyes
Strong interest in natural colouring alternatives
An example of traditional food colorant
Cochineal carmine (red)
CH3O
O
OH
COOH
OH
OH
OH
O5H12C6
Others traditional food colorant
Red from paprika, beetroots, berries or tomatoes
Yellow from saffron or marigold
Orange from annatto
Green from leafy vegetables
Acceptability on the market
Regulatory approval
Capital investment size
Monascus pigments: an old story in Asia but still forbidden in Europe and
the USA
The fungus Monascus
Ang-Kak = Red Rice
Origin = China, Indonesia, Korea, Japan
Discovered in France by Philippe van Tieghem in 1884
Lack of toxicity studies
LD50(oral) = 33.3 g/kg (mice)
Not approved in Europe and USA
The chemical structure of the pigments
O
O
O
O
O
C5H11
CH3
CH3
Rubropunctatine M = 354
O
O
O
O
O
C7H15
CH3
CH3
Monascorubrine M = 382
O
O
O
O
C5H11
CH3
NH
CH3
Rubropunctamine M = 353O
O
O
O
C7H15
CH3
NH
CH3
Monascorubramine M = 381
Structure of the free pigments of Monascus
O
O
O
O
O
C7H15
CH3
CH3
Ankaflavine M = 386Monascine M = 358
O
O
O
O
O
C5H11
CH3
CH3
O
O
O
O
C5H11
CH3
N
CH3COOH
COOH
Glutamylrubropunctatine M = 483
O
O
O
O
C7H15
CH3
N
CH3COOH
COOH
Glutamylmonascorubrine M = 511
Structure of the complexed pigments of Monascus
The production in various modes of culture
Liquid cultureRed Rice (solid culture)
The applications
Some advertisements in China (Ningxia R.D. Natural pigment)
Patents in Japan
- Cosmetic containing pigment derived from Monascus (Kanebo Lt)
- Monascus culture extract for skin cleansing and protect effect (Pentel KK)
- Monascus pigment for inhibiting melanin formation (Hokuto Kasei KK, Ichimaru Pharmacos Inc.)
Coloration of textiles as silk, wool, linen (Kasetsart University,
Bangkok)
Coloration of biodegradable materials (ATO/DLO
Netherlands)
Others pigments from fungi
Arpink RedTM
an anthraquinonyl derivative from Penicillium
oxalicum
Ascolor Biotech s.r.o. produced it in
Czech Republic
Fermentation performances : 2 g/L
Riboflavin from Ashbya gossypii
the vitamin B2 but also a yellow food colorant
Riboflavin
Ashbya gossypii was originally isolated from cotton as a pathogen !
It produces more than 2 g/L riboflavin.
-carotene from various fungi
-carotene from Blakeslea trispora
DSM was the 1st company to produce -carotene , today 2 others productions in Russia and Spain.
Others fungi produce -carotene
Mucor circinelloides
Phycomyces blakesleeanus
Fusarium sporotrichiodes
Astaxanthin from Xanthophyllomyces
dendrorhous
Astaxanthin
Contributes as a flesh pigmenter to the orange-red coloration of crustaceans and
salmonids
Salmon and trout business is now a huge business
Fed batch production: 17 g/L biomass
Coloration of crustaceans
Feed non supplemented with any pigment
Feed supplemented with astaxanthin
Melanin from Saccharomyces neoformans var. nigricans
Resarch project presently
Partial conclusion:
Some fermentative food grade pigments are on the market, many are at the development
stage or research project
Microbial production of pigments (Industrial production)
Molecule Colour Microorganism Status
Ankaflavin Yellow Monascus IP
Anthraquinone Red Penicillium oxalicum
IP
Monascorubramin
Red Monascus IP
Rubropunctatin Purple Monascus IP
-carotene Yellow-orange Blakeslea trispora IP
Riboflavin Yellow Ashbya gossypii IP
Microbial production of pigments (Development stage)
Molecule Colour Microorganism Status
Astaxanthin Pink-red Xanthophyllomyces dendrohous
DS
Lycopene Red Blakeslea trispora DS
Rubrolone Red Streptomyces echinoruber
DS
Torularhodin Orange-red Rhodotorula sp. DS
Zeaxanthin Yellow Flavobacterium sp. DS
-carotene Yellow-orange
Mucor circinelloides DS
Microbial production of pigments (Research project)
Molecule Colour Microorganism Status
Astaxanthin Pink-red Agrobacterium aurantiacumParacoccus
carotinifaciens
RP
Canthaxanthin Dark red Bradyrhizobium sp. RP
Lycopene Red Fusarium sporotrichoides RP
Melanin Black Saccharomyces neoformans var.
nigricans
RP
Naphtoquinone Deep blood-red
Cordyceps unilateralis RP
Zeaxanthin Yellow Paracoccus zeaxanthinifaciens
RP
-carotene Yellow-orange Fusarium sporotrichiodesNeurospora crassa
Phycomyces blakesleeanus
RP
Carotenoids from microalgae: a well
established business
Chlorophyceae (green colour)
Rhodophyceae (red colour)
Cyanophyceae (blue green)
Pheophyceae (brown colour)
Dunaliella species for carotenoids
Production: 400 mg -carotene /m2 of cultivation areaGRAS status
Main companies for carotenoids
Parry’s Agro Ltd (India)ABC Biotech Ltd. (India)Betatene Ltd. (Australia)Western Biotechnology Ltd. (Australia)
Cyanotech Corp., Hawaii (USA)Inner Mongolia Biological Eng. Co. (China)Tianjin Lantai Biotechnology (China)Nature beta Technologies (Israel)
Haematococcus for astaxanthin
Approved by USFDA
Main companies for astaxanthin
Parry’s Pharmaceuticals (India)
Mera Pharmaceuticals, Hawaii (USA)Cyanotech Co., Hawaii (USA)BioReal Inc., Hawaii (USA)
Phycoerythrin (fluorescent pink) from Porphyridium
Production: 200 mg /L of cultureNot yet approved
Phycocyanin (marine blue) from Spirulina or
Porphyridium
Production: 100 mg/L of cultureNot yet approved
Important aspects before selling a new food colorant
Presentation of the microorganism (natural, not GMO)
Lobbying by other colorants producers (nature-identical)
Safety of the fermentation process (HPLC, genotoxicity)
Guidelines for labelling
Conclusions
- Traditional Monascus pigment in Asia
- Success of -carotene produced by Dunaliella salina
- Success of -carotene produced by Blakeslea trispora
- Success of Arpink red produced by Penicillium oxalicum
- Exploration of biodiversity to get water-soluble pigments
- Biosynthesis of « niche » pigments not found in plants
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