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FLEAS AND LICE AFFECTING
LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY
FLEAS
Characters Male Female
Size Smaller Larger than male
Antenna Well developed, adhesive disc
for attachment with female
during copulation
No disc
Abdomen Dorsal surface more or less flat,
ventral surface greatly curved
Dorsal and ventral
surface convex
9th segment has a pair of
claspers (L shaped) and a penis
or aedeagus (screw like)
Seventh segment has
spermatheca (‘S’
shaped)
Differences between male and female flea
C. canis
C. felis
C.felisLong and slender headFrons elongateAnterior most genal spine is as long as the 2nd
C.canisShort and round headFrons slopeAnterior most genal spine is shorter than the 2nd
L/c: 4-5 wks; total life span: one year
Effect on host
• Flea bite dermatitis
• Body condition
• Blood loss
• Disease transmission
Treatment and control
A spot-on
Use of flea collars should be avoided in certain breeds of dogs
ECHIDNOPHAGA GALLINACEA
Frons angulateThorax (fore-shortened segments)
• Ceratophyllus gallinae common flea of chicken pronotal ctenidium more than 24
• Pulex irritans human, pigs and badges; ctenidia absent, smoothly rounded frons
• Tunga penetrans- chiggar/ jigger/ chigoe flea; Host: man,pig,dog & other mammals, Distribution: America, Africa & West Indies
• Other sp.Xenopsylla cheopis – rats, absence of ctenidia, mesopleuralrod present.Ceratophyllus fasciatus - rodentsC. columbae – domestic pigeonsC. garei – ducks & moorhen
LICEHighly host specific and region specific
• Eggs - NITS; operculated, without stalk, cemented to hairs or feathers
• Incomplete metamorphosis • Egg → Nymph → Adult • Young ones are called ‘nymphs’ , 3
nymphal stages• Whole lifecycle is passed on the host• Infection is by contact (through infected
birds, farm equipment & personnel)• Paratergal plates: Abdominal segments
bear at their sides a dark brown or black areas of thickened chitin
Order: LICE
Mallophaga - biting lice
Amblycera Ischnocera
Siphunculata
(Anoplura) sucking lice
SO:
Order : Mallophaga• Biting/ chewing lice
• Wingless, dorsoventrally flattened bodies
• Antenna short 3-5 segment
• Segmentation of thorax is indistinct, six pairs of abdominal spiracles
• Tarsi 2 segment bears 1/2 claws
• It feeds on fragment of feathers, hair and epidermal products
• Amblyceran–Birds• Menopon• Menacanthus• Trinoton
–Mammals• Heterodoxus
• Ischnocera–Birds• Lipeurus• Goniodes• Goniocotes• Columbicola
–Mammals •Damalinia• Trichodectes• Felicola
Suborder: Amblycera (blunt,horn)
• Antennae (4-5 seg) lie in grooves – not readily seen
• Max. palp visible
• Mandibles bite horizontally
• Head broad and rounded anteriorly
• Tarsi – 2 claws in species affecting birds and 1 claw in mammal lice (except Heterodoxusspiniger)
Menopon gallinae
• Shaft louse of poultry
– Pale yellow in colour
– Head: rounded forehead & rounded temples but broad posteriorly
– Each abdominal segment has single row of bristles
– Eggs are laid in clusters on feathers
– It moves about rapidly
Menopon Menacanthus
Menacanthus stramineus
• Body louse of poultry/ yellow body louse of poultry
– Occur on the skin (breast, thighs & anus)
– Extremely harmful to young chicks
– Abdomen longer than broad
– Each abdominal segment has 2 rows of bristles
Eggs:Characteristic filaments on the anterior half of the shell and on the operculum and are laid in clusters on the feathers near the skin
Amblyceran lice affecting mammals
• Heterodoxus spiniger– Biting louse of dogs
• Antennae- 4 segmented
• No sexual dimorphism
• Head conical
• Single row of spine on abdominal segment
• Tarsi end in two claws
• Commonly occur in India
• It transmits Dipylidium caninum, Dipetalonemareconditum to dogs
Heterodoxus
Suborder: Ischnocera
• This lice affects birds and mammals
• Lethargic
• Mandibles bite vertically
• Antennae (3-5 seg) are long, filiform (filament like)
• Broad head, fused meso and meta thorax
• Abdominal segment 1+2, 9+10 fused, 11th
segment may not be visible
Lipeurus (Cuclotogaster)L. caponis
Wing louse
Sluggish species
Body slender and elongate
L. heterographusHead louse of fowl
Occurs on skin, feathers of head and neckHost: fowls, partridges and other birdsDark brown tergal plates present laterallyEggs laid singly on feathersResponsible for heavy mortality in chicks
( A ) Menopon gallinae ; ( B ) Menacanthus cornutus ; ( C ) Menacanthus stramineus ;( D ) Goniocotes gallinae ; ( E ) Lipeurus caponis ;( F ) Cuclotogaster heterographus .
Goniodes gigas
• Large body louse of chicken
– Body : grey to nearly black with triangular dark marks on sides
Other species:
G. dissimilis- fowl,partridges & pheasants (not in India)
G. meleagridis – large turkey louse
G. pavonis - peacock
Goniodes Goniocotes
• Goniocotes gallinae– Fluff louse of poultry
– Host: fowls, pheasants & pigeons
– Body: broad, head: short & wide
• Columbicola columbae Common louse of pigeons– Slender pigeon louse
– Cosmopolitant
– Elongate with bright reddish brown head
Columbicola columbae
Damalinia (Bovicola) ovis
• Little red louse of sheep/ biting louse of sheep
– Rounded head
– Antenna 3segments, single row of spines
– tarsi- single claw
– Reproduction: parthenogenesis
Bovicola
• D. bovis– Red louse of cattle
• Found on neck, shoulders & root of tail
D. caprae on goats and D. equi on horses & ponies
Trichodectes canis – common louse of dogsPuppies may suffer severelyIH for dog tapewormOccurs in India
Felicola subrostratus – common louse of domestic cat
Order: Siphunculata (Anoplura) Sucking lice
• MP: sucking tissue fluids and blood• Head pointed anteriorly• Antennae visible at sides, 5 segmented• Thorax small 3 segments, fused• Abdomen 7 segment, paratergal plates• Each tarsus has only one claw• First pair of leg small with weaker claws• Third pair of legs usually largest• Found in mammals, host specific
Family: Haematopinidae (short nosed)
• Eyes are absent
• Head: forward prolongations
• Thorax broad
• Legs and claw are of equal size and shape
• Well developed tibial pad – for holding on the hairs
• Abdomen has prominent paratergal plates
• One row of spines in each abdominal segment
• Abdominal spiracles fairly large
H. quadripertusus
Tail switch louse of cattle
Occurs in tail switch where nits are laidCommon in TN
H.suisPig louse, large louse of pigs
Largest livestock liceFound in neck ear and legs
Transmits swine fever virus
H. tuberculatus, H.asini, H.bufali, H.eurysternus
Family: Linognathidae (long nosed)
• Eyes are present
• Head more or less slender
• Paratergal plate: not prominent
• Abdomen membranous and narrow, 2/more rows of spines
• 1st pair of legs are smallest, 3rd pair is longest
• Tibial pad absent
• Abdominal spiracles are small
L. vituli
•Long nosed cattle louse/ blue louse of cattle•Antenna has 5 segments•Elongate head and body•Two / more rows of bristles on each segment•Paratergal plates absent
L. pedalisFoot louse of sheep, Occurs on legs and feet
PediculusPigmented eyes, PT plates present, All legs of same sizePediculus humanus humanus - body louse of manPediculus humanus capitis – head louse
Phthirus pubisHuman pubic louse / crab louse
Location: pubic hairs, occasionally eyebrows & axillae
Wide thorax and small abdomenFirst pair of legs slender with slender claw
Pathogenesis • Lousiness (Pediculosis)
– Severe infection of L. pedalis may cause lameness
Numerous in winter
Main effect: irritation, host become restless, do not feed/ sleep, injure themselves due to biting or scratching (wounds/bruises), damage of wool, hair or feathers
Excessive licking – ‘hair balls’ in stomach
Egg production in birds, milk production in cow, wool production in sheep
Treatment & control
• Spray
• Dips /baths
• Soaps and shampoo
• Ayurvedic products
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