Flatland: 2차원 세계의 물리학 - Universitas Sanata Dharma · 2017. 4. 12. · Edwin Abbott...

Flatland:Physics in 2-dimensional world

Hyeonsik Cheong

Department of Physics

Sogang University

Edwin Abbott Abbott

(1884)

22017-04-18 Sanata Dahrma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Flatland: THE FILM (2007)

Dimensionality

• Our world is 3 dimensional.

• Einstein says, “No! There are 4 dimensions!”

• Superstring Theory: No, the world is in 10-

dimensional space!

High-dimensional Physics?

Low Dimensional Physics

• Thin film, Quantum Well (2D)

2~10 nm

• Quantum Wire, Nanowire, Carbon

Nanotube (1D)

• Quantum Dot, Nanoparticle (0D)

Physics in ‘real’ 2 dimension?

Ultimate 2D material.

Graphene

2017-04-18 Sanata Dahrma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 9

graphene

Diamond Graphite

Graphene

Graphene – The Beginning

Nobel Prize in Physics - 2010

Andre K. Geim Konstantin S. Novoselov

“for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”

Nobel Prize in Physics - 2010

Scotch Tape!

Peculiar Band Structure

Dirac pointkx

E( ) FE vk k

2 22 21

pE mv k

m m ‘Nomal’ particles:

2 4 2 2 2 2 2 2E m c p c c m c k Relativistic particle:

“Massless Dirac Fermion”

Dirac Equation

Klein Tunneling

Zeitschrift fur Physik 53, 157 (1929)

Half-integer quantum Hall effect

2 21 1

4( ) , 0, 1, 2,2

e eR n n

K. S. Novoselov et al., Nature 438, 197 (2005)

Y. Zhang et al., Nature 438, 201 (2005)

B = 14 T, T = 4 K

Graphene’s Superlatives• Thinnest imaginable material

• Largest surface-to-weight ratio (~2700m2 per gram)

• Strongest material ‘ever measured’ (theoretical limit)

• Stiffest known material (stiffer than diamond)

• Most stretchable material (up to 20% elastically)

• Record thermal conductivity (outperforming diamond)

• Highest current density at room T (106 times of copper)

• Highest intrinsic mobility (100 more times than in Si)

• Conducts electricity in the limit of no electrons

• Lightest charge carriers (zero rest mass)

• Longest mean free path at room T (micron range)

• Completely impermeable (even He atoms cannot squeeze through)

(from Geim’s talk)

Such small pieces of graphene

Are not very useful!

Ni deposition heating carbon deposition cooling graphene formation

Removal of Ni Etching Floating Transfer

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)

Keun Soo Kim et al.

Nature 457, 706 (2009)

Large area graphene

Roll-to-Roll Process

Graphene on Cu foil

Polymer support

Cu etchant

Graphene on

polymer support

Target substrateGraphene on target

Released

polymer support

S. Bae et al. Nature Nanotech. 5, 574 (2010)

Large area graphene

Fig. 2

Before

heating

8 inch

Stencil mask

Screen

printer

Graphene touch screen

Applications of graphene

• Replacement for silicon: electronic

devices

• Transparent electrode: display, touch

screen

• Anode material for lithium ion batteries

• Replacement for copper wires

• …

Limitations of Si devices

• High-capacity, high-speed memories and

CPU’s more, smaller transitors

Heat problem

Typical Si MOSFET Cooling device for CPU

Graphene’s Superlatives• Thinnest imaginable material

• Largest surface-to-weight ratio (~2700m2 per gram)

• Strongest material ‘ever measured’ (theoretical limit)

• Stiffest known material (stiffer than diamond)

• Most stretchable material (up to 20% elastically)

• Record thermal conductivity (outperforming diamond)

• Highest current density at room T (106 times of copper)

• Highest intrinsic mobility (100 more times than in Si)

• Conducts electricity in the limit of no electrons

• Lightest charge carriers (zero rest mass)

• Longest mean free path at room T (micron range)

• Completely impermeable (even He atoms cannot squeeze through)

(from Geim’s talk)

Transparent electrodes• Current technology ITO (Indium Tin Oxide)

on glass

– Scarcity of In

– Durability of glass

– Inflexible

• Advantages of graphene

– Flexible (1-atom thick)

– Good conductivity

TV Commercial

2017-04-18 Sanata Dahrma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 29

Courtesy BH Hong

The Hype!

Future Devices

Other Applications

ACS Nano, 2011, 5, 1321.

Graphene Application Materials PDP LED Low

Resistivity Graphene Heat Sink

Alibaba.com

Importance in physics community

Beyond Graphene

• Limitations of Graphene

– No band gap (Low on/off)

– Made of single element (Carbon)

• New class of 2-dimensional materials

37Nature 499, 419 (2014).2017-04-18 Sanata Dahrma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Beyond Graphene

• Limitations of Graphene

– No band gap (Low on/off)

– Made of single element (Carbon)

• New class of 2-dimensional materials

– Transition metal chalcogenides: MoS2, WSe2, MoTe2, GaSe

– Black Phosphorus, Hexagonal Boron Nitride

– Semiconductor, Superconductor, Magnetic, etc.

– Can complement graphene in future electronics

Beyond Graphene

Nature Nanotechnology 6, 147 (2011).

On/off ratio > 108

Black phosphorus

Liu et al., ACS Nano 8(4), 4033 (2014)

Li et al., Nat. Nanotech. 9(5), 372 (2014)

• Least reactive allotrope of phosphorus

• High carrier mobility ~ 1,000 V∙cm2/s & on/off ratio ~105

promising candidate for FET devices

2D Heterostructures

Major Research Centers

Research Centers of 2D Materials

Harvard/Columbia(Philip Kim)

U. Manchester(Geim & Novoselov)

Singapore

Sanata Dahrma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 442017-04-18

EU Graphene Flagship

Sanata Dahrma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia 452017-04-18

€1 billion for 10 years

Manchester

Singapore

47NUS Centre for Advanced 2D Materials2017-04-18 Sanata Dahrma University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

세계 그래핀 연구의 주요 중심지

IF 9.611

EU-Korea Workshop

Summary

• Graphene and 2D materials show various

novel physical phenomena, many of

which are not understood yet.

• It is the task of the physicists to discover

useful properties among many 2D

materials.

• More research (and more people) is

needed…

Terima kasih!

Flatland: 2차원 세계의 물리학 - Universitas Sanata Dharma · 2017. 4. 12. · Edwin Abbott...

Documents

Sanata Clara Model T

Flatland (Illustrated Version) (1)

He says he’s just following instructions.slobodkin.net/other/Stanley_in_Flatland.pdf · 2007-04-13 · himself in was titled Flatland, written in the 1880s by Edwin A. Abbott. It

Flatland Review

Theory, Analysis and Applications of 2D Global …...literature can be found in a 1884 novella by Abbott, Flatland: A romance of many dimensions [Abbott 1884]. This text coined the

Edwin Abbott - Flatland - A Romance of Many Dimensions.pdf

Flatland, Abbott

ALL MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION BOOKS IN THE SPECIAL ......Abbott, Edwin Flatland: a romance of many dimensions 1884 SCM 13800 Agnesi, Maria Gaetana Traités élémentaires de calcul

Flatland, Print, type, layout

Flatland Edwin a Abbott

Flatland Abbot Abbot 0

Flatland Rpg

GE1338 Seeing is believing, or is it? · • Edwin Abbott, “Flatland: a romance of many dimensions” Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2006. • F. Cucker “Manifold

Flatland - e a Abbott

Edwin A. Abbott - Flatland -- A Romance of Many Dimensions

Flatland Edwin A. Abbott Malaspina Great Books. Dedication To The Inhabitants of SPACE IN GENERAL … To the Enlargement of THE IMAGINATION And the possible

Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensionsvaemendis.net/ubooquity/misc/kindletest/flatland.pdf · Flatland: A Romance of Many Dimensions Abbott, Edwin Abbott Published: 1884 ... world

ISTD: Flatland Brief

Abbot Flatland

Flatland (Dover 1992)