Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement

FitnessProfessionals’GuidetoMusculoskeletalAnatomyandHumanMovement

LawrenceA.Golding,Ph.D.,FACSMUniversityofNevada,LasVegas

ScottM.Golding,M.S.CEOE2SystemsInc.

FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT

HealthyLearning

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DEDICATION

I would like to dedicate this book to my wife Carmen,whohashad to livewith thecompetitionofmy job,myprofession,andtheAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicine.Without her support through the many years of myprofessional life, Icouldnothaveaccomplishedmanyofthe things I’veundertaken anddone. Iwould like to takethisopportunitytogivehermyheartfeltthanks.

—LawrenceA.Golding

FOREWARD

Knowledge of anatomy and humanmovement is amustfor anyone wishing to be a fitness professional. Whatcould be better than to have a unique text onmusculoskeletal anatomy and human movement writtenby one of the best teachers of fitness professionals? Dr.Lawrence Golding has taught human anatomy for morethan40yearsatmajoruniversities,andhasbeendirectlyinvolved in the certification of fitness professionalsthroughtheYoungMen’sChristianAssociation(YMCA)and theAmerican College of SportsMedicine (ACSM).Heknows,fromexperience,whatmustbeknownandthedepth to which it must be known in order for fitnessprofessionalstofunctionatahighlevelinthedeliveryoffitness programs.When this knowledge is coupled withhis extensive teaching experience, a unique textbookresults.

The text is loadedwith“blankdrawings”onwhichtopracticewhatyouthinkyouhavelearnedabout the origin and insertion of muscles. Inaddition, a series of multiple choice quizzes thatwill test your knowledge of every aspect ofanatomy and human movement presented in thetext is provided. Finally, a CD-ROM containingspecial video sequences of movements andexercises,aswellasmostoftheinformationinthetext, isalsoincluded.Clearly, thiscombinationoftextbook and CD-ROM will make the path to

knowledge easier for those learning the materialfor the first time, or for those needing a review.Teacherswillalsoappreciatebeingabletoprojectonto a screen the various elements in the text tohelpmoveaclassalong.

Dr. Golding is the author of numerouspublications, including the classicYMCAFitnessandAssessmentManual.Heisalso theEditor-in-ChiefofACSM’sHealth&FitnessJournal.Hehasbeen recognized by his peers in the AmericanCollege of Sports Medicine with thatorganization’s prestigious Citation Award. Thiscurrent text, representing a unique collaborationbetween father and son, is a “must have” in anyfitnessprofessional’slibrary.

—EdwardT.Howley,Ph.D.,FACSMProfessorandChair,DepartmentofExerciseScienceUniversityofTennessee,Knoxville

PREFACE

T his book is written primarily for anyonewho is learning anatomy for thefollowingreasons:

•Toanalyzemovements,activitiesandexercises.•Tounderstandthemusclesthatareinvolvedinathleticinjuries.•Toprescribeexercisesforparticularmusclegroups.• To develop an exercise program designed to develop and strength theskeletalmuscles.

•Todetermine themuscles that are involved inpathological conditionsororthopedicproblems.

Most of the individuals who have the above reasons for learningmusculoskeletal anatomy are likely to be in the fields of exercise physiology,personal training, athletic training, physical education, physical therapy,coaching, or nursing. Students in these disciplines, during their academiccurricula, takeanatomyandphysiology frombiologydepartmentswhousuallyservicethesefields.Thetypicalanatomyclassatmostuniversitiesincludestheanatomyofallofthebody’ssystems:theskeletalsystem(osteology);thesystemof joints and articulations (arthrology); the muscular system (myology); thevascular system (angiology), which includes the circulatory system and thelymphatic system; the nervous system (neurology),which includes the centralnervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS); theintegumentarysystem;thealimentarysystem(oftencalledthedigestivesystem);the urogenital system; and the endocrine system. In exercise studies, thecardiorespiratorysystemisoftenreferredtoasindicatingthetwosystemsmost

involvedinaerobicexercise:theangiologyandrespiratorysystems.Becausethetypicalanatomyclassonlylastsfor12-14weeks,lessthanoneweekisnormallyspentoneachsystem.Evenatwo-semesterclasswouldonlydoublethisamountoftime.Asaresult, individualsinthesefieldswhoareinterestedinbonesandthemuscles that attach to themhave limited timespenton themost importantsystemforthem:namelythemusculoskeletalsystems.

As a consequence, most disciplines usually teach an additionalmusculoskeletalanatomycoursefortheirstudents,whichteachesstudentsaboutmuscles,howmusclescreatemovement,howtheyareusedinmovement,howthey are developed, and how they are rehabilitated after injury. It is forindividualsinterestedinthistypeofinformationthatthisbookiswritten.

Relatively few textbooks are devoted exclusively to musculoskeletalanatomy. Students and instructors alike buy attractive muscle charts, whichdisplayallthesurfacemuscles,andwhichareusuallylabeled,butarelimitedinscope. For example, if you are interested in muscle anatomy for theaforementioned practical reasons, then you must know where the musclesoriginateandwheretheyinsertsothattheiractioncanbedetermined.Examinethe muscle charts so often purchased by those who want to know where themuscles are and what they look like. These charts do not show the muscle’soriginsorinsertionsbecausetheycannotbeseenordetermined;onlythebellyofthemuscleisshown.

This point can be illustrated by a simple example, looking at a commonsuperficialmusclelikethebiceps.Mostmusclechartsclearlyshowthebiceps–it’s an upper, anterior, superficial armmuscle.Nowask yourself the question:where is its origin? The origin is on two places on the scapula (the coracoidprocessandthesupraglenoidtubercleoftheglenoidfossa).Thesecan’tbeseenbecausethebicepsisfoldedunderthedeltoidandthepectoralismajor.Whereisits insertion? The insertion is the radial tuberosity. That too cannot be seenbecause it is under the muscles and tendons of the forearm. In reality, theanatomy chart only shows that the bicep is an anterior, superficial, upper armmuscle,butitdoesnotshowwherethemusclecomesfrom,orwhereitgoes.

One of the primary purposes of this book is to address that issue bypresentingdrawingsofall the skeletal, locomotormuscles, so thatataglance,

youwill be able to clearly see the origin of themuscle,where it inserts, andhencebeabletodetermineitsaction.Iftheoriginandtheinsertionofamuscleareknown,noneedexiststolearnitsactionbecauseitsactioncanbedeterminedbyknowingwhereitattaches,andwhathappenswhenitshortens.

Theotherphenomenon is thatpractitionerswhousemusclenames in theirjob enjoy impressing clients with their knowledge of the technical names ofmuscles. The human body has 680 muscles, and that’s a lot of names tomemorize. If you know the name of jointmovements (which can typically belearnedinabout20minutes),theninlessthanahalf-hour,youwillalsohaveareasonable opportunity to learn the names of all the muscles, and in a moremeaningfulmanner.Again,anillustrationcanhelpclarifythispoint.

Ayoungexercise leaderata localhealth facilitywasexplaining tome thearmcurlontheNautilusmachine.Hesaidthatthiswasanexcellentexerciseforthebiceps.Soitis!But,hiscommentwasalsoverydiscriminatory.Whataboutthebrachialis,thepronatorteres,thesupinator,thebrachioradialis,andtheflexordigitorumsublimus?Thesemusclesarealsousedinthebicepscurl.Whynamethebiceps?Anumberofpossiblereasonsexist.First,heprobablydidn’tknowthose other muscle’s names, so he was showing off his limited knowledge.Second,whocares?Third,hewantedtosoundeducated.

Interestingly,thebrachialis,whichliesunderthebicepsandcan’tbeseenonamusclechart,isatruerflexoroftheelbowthanthebiceps,sincethebicepshastwootheractionsinvolvingtheshoulderandradial-ulnajoint,andthebrachialisonly has one action – elbow flexion. If this young man knew the jointmovements,thennamingallthemusclesinvolvedinthecurlissimple.Bendingthe elbow involves a joint action called elbow flexion.Accordingly,when theyoungmanwas explaining themuscles involved in the curl, he simply couldhavesaidthatperformingthecurlexercisestheelbowflexors(ofwhichtherearesixmuscles).Thiswayhewouldhavementionedall themuscles involvedanddidn’thavetoworryaboutrememberingallthemuscle’snames.

Likewise,whenexplainingthemusclesinvolvedinthelegpress(ofwhich,therearemanymore than thearmcurl) it couldbeexplained that themusclesused are the knee extensors and the hip extensors. This book is designed toteach, illustrate, and explain all of the body’s joint movements. Master these

movements,andyou’vemasteredalltheskeletalmuscleactionsinthebody.Inaddition, the muscles in each of the major groups of the body will beindividuallyillustratedandshown.

Anotherdesirablefeatureofthisbookisthatitcouldbeusedasacoloringbook of skeletal muscles. One of the best ways of learning the origin andinsertionofmusclesistodrawthemontheskeletonontheindividualbones.Forthisreason,thebookincludesseveralblankdrawingssothateachmusclecanbedrawnandcanbeseeninitsentirety,notconfusedwithoroverlappingwithanyothermuscles.Color-coding theorigin and insertion further helps the learningprocess.

Understanding the joints actions also facilitates the learning of themuscleactions. In order for a muscle to work a joint, it must cross the joint. Thequestioncanbeaskedifthebrachialiscrossestheelbowjoint,whatisitsactionon the elbow joint? The elbow joint has only two actions: it either flexes orextends. Since it crosses the anterior of the joint, it can only flex the elbow.Sincetherearenootheractions,therecanbenootheractiontoconsider(unlessitcrossesanotherjoint).

Anotherexamplewillhelpclarifythisfactor.(Keepinmindthatatthisstageinthebook,don’tconcernyourselfwithrememberingtheseexamples–theywillbedealtwith indetail as thebookprogresses.Right now, they areonlybeingusedtoillustrateaparticularpoint.)Takethemiddledeltoid,forexample,whichcrosses the shoulder joint.The shoulder jointhas sixpossible actions: flexion,extension, abduction, adduction, inward rotation, and outward rotation.Therefore, themiddle deltoidmust have one or some of these actions, but noothers.Sincethemiddledeltoidcomesrightoverthetopoftheshoulder(fromthe acromion process of the scapula to the lateralmiddle humerus), it has noangle on the arm, therefore cannot flex or extend the arm.To flex the arm, itwouldhavetobeinfrontofthearminordertopullitupintoflexion.Toextendthearm,itwouldhavetobebehindthearm,soitcouldpullthearmbackintoextension. By the same reasoning, with no angle on the humerus, it neitherinternally nor externally rotates the arm. Therefore, the middle deltoid onlyabductsthearm(comesoverthetopoftheshoulderandpullsthelateralsurfaceof thehumerus intoabduction).Thisapproachoffersaveryeasyway to learnmuscleactions.

Bones have bonymarkings, which are named and illustrated. These bonymarkingsaretheoriginsandinsertionslocationsofmuscles.Asaresult,byfirstlearning all the bony markings, the body’s muscle origins and insertions arelearnedbeforethestudyofmusclesisevenstarted.

UsingtheCompanionCD

The compact disc that is included with this book contains most of the sameinformation in the book. I t is designed for use on almost any Windowscomputer.InstallationinstructionsfortheCDcanbefoundinAppendixB.TheCDwillinstallaprogramonyourcomputerthatwillallowyoutoviewallofthemuscles shown in this text, and review the relationships between exercises,muscles, and activities. Over 300 exercises and 100 activities have beenanalyzedandarepresentedinthisCD.TheCDalsoincludesvideofootageofallthe exercises and body actions.Muscle drawings and blank skeletal drawingscanbeprintedonanyprinterattachedtothecomputer.Samplequizzescanalsobe printed alongwith other aids to help you learn themusculoskeletal systemfaster and better. Used together, the book and CD offer an exceptionalinstructional tool for learning and fully understanding the musculoskeletalsystemof thebody. If theyhelpyou in this regard, then the time, energy, andresourcesrequiredtowritethistextandtodevelopthecompanionCDwillhavebeenwellworththeeffort.

—L.G.,S.G.

FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–TERMINOLOGY

CHAPTER1•TERMINOLOGY

Most anatomy books have an extensive glossary of terms covering all thesystemsofthebody.Sincethisbookisprimarilydirectedtothemusculoskeletalsystem, this terminology section deals only with terms related to bones andmuscles.

AnatomicalPosition

Thisisthestartingpositionforallmuscleactions.RefertoFigure1-1.Thebodyisstandinguprightwiththearmsat thesidesandthepalmsof thehandfacingforward (supinated). All muscle actions are given from this position, andalthoughmuscleactionscanbedonefromotherpositions,thetextbookactionisfromthestartingposition.Forexample:standingintheanatomicalposition,flexthe elbows.The forearmcomes forward in the sagittal plane.However, if youstand in the normal standing position with your arms by your side and yourpalms facingyour thigh, andyou flex your elbow, your forearmmoves in thefrontalplane,andyouarestandingwitharms“akimbo”.Likewise,ifyouabductyourwholearmsothatitisparalleltothefloorandflexyourelbow,againthemovement is in the frontal plane. These three examples all involve elbowflexion, but the resultant action is very different. The true action of elbowflexion,aswithalmostallactions,isfromtheanatomicalposition.

Thetrueactionofelbowflexion,aswithalmostallactions,isfromtheanatomicalposition.

Allmovementsoccurinaplaneandaroundanaxis.

PlanesandAxes

Allmovementstakeplaceparalleltoaplane.Forexample,elbowflexion,spineflexion,kneeflexion,andhipflexionareall in thesagittalplane.Armand legabductionareinthefrontalplane,whilerotationsoccurinthehorizontalplane.Allmovementsalsotakeplacearoundanaxis(apointofrotation—likeanaxleofawheel),whichisatrightanglestotheplane.Forexample,allmovementsin

thesagittalplaneoccuraroundthefrontalaxis(refertoFigure1-1).

The aforementioned point can be illustrated by standing and flexing andextending thearmlikeapendulum. Ifyouusedapencil to indicate the“axle”aroundwhich thismovement occurs, the pencilwould be coming in from thesideintothemiddleoftheshoulder(perpendiculartothesagittalplane),whichwouldbethefrontalaxis.Now,standandabductandadducttheleg.Thepencil“axle”wouldcomeinfromthefronttothetopoftheleg(perpendiculartothefrontalplane),whichwouldbe thesagittalaxis.Finally, rotateyourhead fromrighttoleft.Wherewouldthepencilgotorepresentthe“axle”aroundwhichthismovementisoccurring?Thepencilwouldbecomingfromaboveintothemiddleofthetopofthehead,whichwouldbetheverticalaxis.

Thus, allmovements occur in a plane and around an axis. To summarize,movements in thesagittalplaneoccurarounda frontalaxis,movements in thefrontalplanearearoundasagittalaxis,andmovements in thehorizontalplaneoccuraroundaverticalaxis.

Figure1-1.Thebodyplanes

AnatomicalDirection

Thefollowingcommonlyusedanatomytermsrefertodirection.RefertoFigure1-1.

•Medianplane(ormid-sagittalplane)–asagittalplanepassingthroughthebodyfromanterior toposterior,dividing thebodyinto twoequalhalves.TheMedianplaneisshowninthesagittalplanedrawingabove.

•Sagittalplane–anyplaneparalleltothemedianplane.• Frontal plane – a plane passing through the body from side to side,dividingthebodyintoananteriorandposteriorpart.

• Transverse plane (or horizontal plane) – any plane passing horizontallythroughthebody.

•Anterior(orventral)–towardthefrontofthebody.•Posterior(ordorsal)–towardthebackofthebody.•Medial–closertothemedianplanethansomeotherpoint.•Lateral–awayfromthemedianplanethansomeotherpoint.•Superior (or cranial) – toward thehead, or closer to thehead than someotherpoint.

• Inferior (orcaudal)– toward the tail,or farther fromthehead thansomeotherpoint.

•Central–Inthecenterofthebody.•Peripheral–towardthesurfaceofthebody.•Distal–distantfromapointofreference.•Proximal–neartoapointofreference.

Movementsinthesagittalplaneoccuraroundafrontalaxis.

AnatomicalDescriptiveTerms

Thefollowingdescriptivetermsareprimarilyprefixesthatgobeforeotherroots.By knowing these terms, the meanings of words can be determined. Forexample, “cardio” refers to the heart; therefore a cardiologist is a physicianspecializing in the heart. Cardiovascular refers to the heart and circulation.Myocardiumreferstothemuscleoftheheart.Epicardiumistheinnermostlayerofthecoveringoftheheart.Epicardialfatisthefataroundtheheart,andsoon.Thisdeductivereasoningcanbeappliedwitheachoftheseterms.

• Cardio...........................................refers to the heart • Cephalo.......................................refers to the head •Chondro........................................refers to cartilage •Encephalon..................................refers to the brain • Gastro.....................................refers to the stomach •Hepato............................................refers to the liver •

Myo...................................................refers to muscle •Neuro.................................................refers to nerves •Osseo...................................................refers to bone •Pneumo.........................................refers to the lungs • Reno..........................................refers to the kidneys •Uro..................................refers to the urinary system •Vaso...................................................referstovessels

Termsrelatingtodifferentregionsofthebodyareoftenusedindifferentcontexts.

AnatomicalRegions

Thefollowingterminologyrelatingtotheregionsofthebodyisveryimportantandishelpfulwhenworkingwithmusculoskeletalsystems.Thesetermsrefertoa part of the body and are used in many different contexts. For example,antibrachial refers to the areaof the forearm (belowor in front of the elbow).When someone speaks about drawing blood from the antibrachial region, thestethoscope diaphragm is placed in the antibrachial space when taking bloodpressure.Brachialisobviouslyabovetheantibrachialregion(abovetheelbow).Inthatregard,thebodyhasbothabrachialarteryandabrachialpulsewave.

•Antibrachial.........................forearm•Axilla...............................armpit•Brachial....................shouldertoelbow•Calcaneal.............................heel•Carpal................................wrist•Cervical..............................neck•Cubital...............................elbow•Femoral................................thigh•Hallux..............................greattoe•Lumbar.....................smallof theback •Metacarpal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .hand •Metatarsal..............................foot•Nuchae.....................backoftheneck•Pectoral........................anteriorchest•Peroneal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .areaof thefibula•Plantar........................soleofthefoot•Pollex................................thumb•Popliteal....................backoftheknee•Tarsal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ankle•Thoracic...............................chest•Vaso.................................vessels•Volar.......................palmofthehand

BoneMarkings

As with the other terminology, bony markings are general terms referring tocharacteristicmarks on bones.When you learn the individual bones, the termusedisspecifictothatbone.Forexample,theenlargementontheproximalendof thehumerus is termeda tuberosity; theenlargementon theproximalendofthe femur is called a trochanter. This is the same description generally – anenlargementonabone,butdifferentspecifically,whenspeakingofaparticularbone.Thefollowingtermsareusedwhennamingbonymarkings:•Condyle.......asmooth,roundedprominencecoveredwitharticularcartilage•Crest................................aridge•Epicondyle..................aboveacondyle•Facet....asmall,smoothcartilagecoveredarea

•Foramen...............aholethroughabone•Fossa.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .adepressionorhollow•Head.. . . . . .asmooth,roundedendofabone

•Line......................alongnarrowridge•Neck..aconstriction

belowtheheadofabone•Sinus.........amucousmembranelinedcavityinabone,filledwithair•Spine......................asharpprojection•Stylus.................apencil-pointprojection•Tubercle,tuberosity,trochanter....aneminenceorenlargement

FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–BONES

CHAPTER2•BONES

This chapter discusses bones andbonymarkings.Byvirtueof their name, theskeletal muscles attach to the skeleton and operate on the bone to causemovement. The markings on the bones (the bony markings) are the specificlocations where muscles attach. Four different types of bones exist have adefinitefunctioninthebody.

TypesandFunctionsofBones

TypesofBones

The human skeleton has four types of bones. Each type is described by itsgeneralshape:long,short,flat,andirregular.Thesenamesareverydescriptiveofwhateachtypeofbonelookslike.

•Longbones.Longbonesarelongandarecharacterizedbythefacttheyarelongerthantheyarewide.Theygenerallyhavetubularshaftsandarticularsurfacesateachend.Thefunctionof longbones is locomotion.Musclesoperatingonlongbonesallowyoutowalk,run,crawl,climb,jump,kick,andhit.Themajorbonesofthearmsandlegsarelongbonesthatincludethefemur,tibia,fibula,humerus,radius,andulna.

• Short bones. Short bones are shorter than long bones and also havegenerally tubular shafts and articular surfaces at each end. Short bonesallowflexibility.Forexample, the reasonyoucanmakea fist is that theshortbonesofthefingercan“roll”upintoafist.Theshortbonesinclude

allthemetacarpals,metatarsals,andphalanges.• Flat bones. Flat bones are flat and relatively thin and have broad, flatsurfaces.Their function isprotection. If thevitalpartsof thebodywerenamed,theywouldbethebrain,theheartandlungs,andthereproductiveorgans. All these vital parts are protected by flat bones. The brain iscompletelyencasedbythecranium(sixflatbones);theheartandlungsareprotectedby theflatbonesof theribcageandsternum; thereproductiveorgansareprotectedbytheflat¬bonedpelvicgirdle(theinnominate-threeflatbones).

•Irregularbones.Almostanybonethatisnotalongbone,ashortbone,oraflatboneisanirregularbone.Thesebonesarevariableinsizeandshape.They are generally compact in nature and are distributed throughout theskeleton.Theseincludetheentirevertebralcolumn,theeightcarpalbones,theseventarsalbones,andthepatella.

FunctionsofBones

As mentioned previously, bones have three primary functions – locomotion,flexibility, and protection. In addition, bones have three other very importantfunctions–theseadditionalfunctionsincludethefollowing:themanufactureofbloodcells;thestorageofdepositedofcalciumandphosphorus;andsupport.

•Bloodcellsaremadeinthemarrowofbones(intheircenters)andreleasedintothebloodstream.

•When a body doesn’t ingest enough calcium (as during pregnancy or inpostmenopausalwomen),thebodyusesstoredcalciumbytakingitfromthebones.This process has the effect ofweakening thebones,which iswhyitisimportanttogetenoughcalciumwhenthebody’sneedsarehigh.

•Theskeletonprovidesasupportfororgansandgivesshapetothebody.

BonyMarkings

Bonymarkings(whichareliterallymarkingsonthebone)maybecharacterized

byridges,depressions,holes,roughareasorsmoothareas.Thesemarkingsareusuallytheoriginorinsertionofmuscles.Bylearningthebonymarkings,alloftheoriginsandinsertionsofalloftheskeletalmusclescanbelearned.Drawingsof the bones showing the bony markings listed below are at the end of thissection.

Thebonesandthemarkingsoneachbonethatareusedwiththelocomotor(skeletal)musclesdiscussed in thisbookare listed in thefollowingsection,bybody region. The specific bonemarkings are noted below the bone onwhichtheyoccur.Bones thatdonothavebonymarkings thatareused for locomotormuscles havemarkings listed as “none.” This designation does notmean thatthese bones do not have markings, just that they are not important forlocomotion.Thenumberofbonespresentineachparticularbodyregion(part)isdenotedinparenthesisafterthenameofthebone.

BonesandTheirBonyMarkings

BonesoftheHead

Althoughmanymusclesareattachedtothehead(e.g.,musclesofexpressionandmuscles used to talk and eat), only a limited number of these are locomotormuscles.

•Frontalbone(1)-none

•Parietalbone(2)-none•Temporalbone(2)-mastoidprocess•Occipitalbone(1)-occipitalprotuberance-superiornuchallines-inferiornuchallines-medialnuchalline•Facialbones-none

BonesoftheChest,Thorax,andUpperTrunk•Sternum(1)

-manubrium-bodyofsternum-xiphoidprocess-clavicularnotch

•Clavicle(2)-sternalend-accromialend

•Ribs(12pairs)-head-neck-angle-shaft-costalcartilage

•Vertebra,cervical(7)-body-superiorarticularprocess-inferiorarticularprocess-transverseprocess-transverseforamen-vertebralforamen-anteriortubercle(1st&2nd)-posteriortubercle(1st&2nd)-spineyprocess

•Vertebra,thoracic(12)-body-superiorarticularprocess-transverseprocess-inferiorarticularprocess-vertebralforamen-spineyprocess

-pedicle-superiordemifacet-inferiordemifacet•Vertebra,lumbar(5)-body-superiorarticularprocess-inferiorarticularprocess-transverseprocess-vertebralforamen-spineyprocess

-pedicle•Sacrum(fiveinchildren,oneinadults)-none•Coccyx(fourinchildren,oneinadults)-none•Scapula(2)-inferiorangle

-vertebralborder-superiorangle-superiorborder-scapulanotch-coracoidprocess- glenoid fossa (cavity) - supraglenoid tubercle - infraglenoid tubercle -axillaryborder

-spine-acromionprocess-supraspinatusfossa-infraspinatusfossa-subscapularfossa

BonesoftheArm

•Humerus(2)-head-anatomicalneck- greater tuberosity - lesser tuberosity - crest of the greater tuberosity -crestofthelessertuberosity-surgicalneck

- deltoid tuberosity - lateral epicondyle - lateral supracondylar ridge -medialepicondyle-medialsupracondylarridge-trochlear

-olecranonfossa-radialfossa-coronoidfossa-capitulum

•Radius(2)

-head-radialtuberosity-styloidprocess

•Ulna(2)-olecranonprocess-radialnotch-semilunal(trochlear)notch-coronoidprocess-ulnatuberosity-supinatorcrest-styloidprocess

BonesoftheLeg

•Femur(2)-head-neck- intertrochanteric line - greater trochanter - intertrochanteric crest -intercondylarfossa-lessertrochanter-glutealline

-pectinealline-lineaaspera-medialepicondylarridge-lateralepicondylarridge-adductortubercle-medialepicondyle-lateralepicondyle-medialcondyle

-lateralcondlye•Tibia(2)-lateralcondyle-medialcondyle- intercondyle emminence - anterior tuberosity - popliteal surface -poplitealline

-anteriorcrest

-medialmalleous•Fibula(2)-head-lateralmalleous

Figure2-1.Theanteriorskeleton

Figure2-2.Theskull

Figure2-3.Thevertebra

Figure2-4.Thescapula

Figure2-5.Theinnominatebone

Figure2-6.Thehumerus

Figure2-7.Theradiusandulna

Figure2-8.Thehand

Figure2-9.Thefemur

Figure2-10.Thetibiaandfibula

Figure2-11.Thefoot

FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–JOINTSANDBODYACTIONS

CHAPTER3•JOINTSANDBODYACTIONS

Thischapterdealswiththetypesandactionsofthedifferentjointsinthebody,andthebodyactionsthateachjointcanmake.

Arthopolgy

Arthrology is that branch of anatomy that dealswith joints or articulations.Ajointorarticulationistheconnectionorjunctionbetweentwoormorebonesorbetweencartilageandbone.

ClassificationofJointsThreetypesofjointsexist–eachofwhichisdifferentiatedbyitsstructureandabilitytomove:❑Synarthrosisjoints(juncturaefibrosae)–immoveablejoints❑Amphiarthrosisjoints(juncturaecartilagineae)–jointswithslightmovement❑Diarthrosisjoints(juncturaesynoviales)–free-movementjoints•Synarthrosisjoints–twobonescomingtogetherbutwithnomovementbetweenthebones.Inmanycases,theboneshavefusedtogether.Threeexamplesofsynarthrosisjointsaretheinnominatebone,thesacrum,andthecranium.Theinnominateboneisthreebones(ischium,iliumandpubicbone)thathavefusedtogethertomakeoneinnominatebone.Thereisnomovementbetweenanyofthesebones.Wherethebonesjoin

togetherisdifficulttosee.Thesacrumisfivesacralvertebrainthechild,whichfusetogetherintheadultintoonebone–thesacrum.Likewise,withthecoccyx,whichliesbelowthesacrum.Thecraniumismadeupofthefrontalbone,twoparietalbones,theoccipitalbone,andtwotemporalbones.Thejointsbetweenthesebonesarecalledsutures.

•Amphiarthrosis joints – two bones coming together butwith very slightmovement between the bones. There are two types of amphiarthrosisjoints– symphysis (cartilaginous) joints and syndesmosis (ligamentous)joints. Two examples of symphysis joints are the symphysis pubis (thejunctionbetweenthetwopubicbonesthatmakeupthepubicarch)andthejunctionbetweentheupperpartofthesternum,themanubrium,andbodyof the sternum. In forced inspiration this joint allows the sternum to“bend”alittle.Anexampleofasyndesmosisjointisthecoraco-acromialjoint (a ligament that joins the coracoid process with the acromionprocess).

•Diarthrosisjoints–becauseofitsfreedomofmovementitisoftenreferredto as a true joint. Diarthrosis joints have several essential structures(characteristics), including the following: – Articular surfaces of bones.Theendsofthebonesaresmoothandcoveredwithcartilage.–Articularcartilage.Thecartilagecoveringtheendoftheboneprovidesasmooth,cushionedsurfacefortwobonestocometogether.

–Articulardisk.Adisk(ormeniscus)maybesituatedbetweendissimilarsurfacesinordertofacilitatefreemovement.

–Articularcapsule.Aligamentuscapsulesurroundsthejointandcontainssynovial fluid, which helps to lubricate the joint and serves as anutritientsource.

–Asynovialmembranelinesthearticularcapsulecontainingthesynovialfluid.

– Ligaments which run from one bone to the other which bind andstabilizethejoint.

There are six types of diarthrosis joints: 1. Gliding joint (arthrodia or

articulatio plana). A gliding joint involves bones that lie next to oneanother and as movement takes place, they glide (or slide or rub)together.Agoodexampleisthecarpalandtarsalbones,whichlienextto one another. When the wrist or ankle moves, these bones moveslightly against one another. This movement involves the intercarpalandintertarsaljoints,respectively.Anotherexampleofaglidingjointisthe movement between the head of the rib and the vertebra, or thejunctionoftheclaviclewiththesternum.

2. Hinge joint (ginglymus). The hinge joint is somewhat self descriptive,namelytwobonesactinglikeahingeonadoor.Hingejointsareprimarilyin one plane – flexion and extension. Good examples are theinterphalangeal jointsof thefingersand thehumerusandulna.Thekneeand ankle joints are also hinge joints, but are not as typical, since theyallowslightrotation.

3.Pivotjoint(trochoid).Inthepivotjoint,themovementisprimarilyrotationwithonebonerotatinginaringofanother.Twogoodexamplesofapivotjointare the radioulnar joint (where theheadof the radius rotates in theradialnotchoftheulnar)andthedensoftheaxisrotatingintheringoftheatlasvertebra.

4.Ballandsocketjoint(spheroideaorenarthrosis).Likethehingejoint,thename of this joint is self-descriptive and consists of a round head orprojectionofonebonefittingintoacuporsocketofanotherbone.Thehipand shoulder joints are good examples of a ball and socket joint.Movementispermittedinallplanes.Becauseofitsstructure,thehipjointismorestablethantheshoulderjoint.Thehipjointhasadeepsocket(theacetabulum of the innominate bone) and a very pronounced ball (thegreater trochanterof the femur). In addition, thehip joint involves largestrongmuscles,whichsurroundandsupportthejoint.Theshoulderhasaveryshallowsocket(theglenoidfossaof thescapula), fittingagainst thegreatertuberosityofthehumerus.

5. Saddle joint (articulatio sellaris). In this joint, the opposing bones thatcometogetherareconvexandconcave.Thesurfaceofthejoint(bone)issaddle-shaped (like awestern saddle used in horse riding).The skeletononly has a few saddle joints. Saddle joints allow all movements exceptrotation. The best example of a saddle joint is the junction between the

first metacarpal (of the thumb) and the greater multangular (trapezium)carpal(carpo-metacarpaljointofthethumb).

6.Condyloidjoint(articulatioellipsoidea).Thisjointissimilartothesaddlejointinthatacondyleofonebonefitsintoanellipticalcavityofanotherbone, allowing all movements except rotation. The wrist joint with theradius and the scaphoid (navicular) carpal is an example of a condyloidjoint.Anotherexampleofacondyloid joint is theoccipitalboneand thesuperiorarticularprocessoftheatlas(firstcervicalvertebra).

BodyActions

Groupedbythe typeofactionof the joint,Table3-1presentsadetailedlistofbody actions. Figures 3-3 to 3-7 provide drawings that clearly illustrate all ofthese body actions. The muscles used for each of these body actions aresummarized in the second section of Chapter 5. The companion CD thataccompaniesthistextincludesvideofootageofthesebodyactions.

As a matter of convention, the naming of body actions (except in thequizzes) is consistent throughout this book. However, it should be noted thatother texts useother conventions thatmean the same thing.For example, armflexion isused in this text as anaction, some texts call thisShoulderFlexion,andsomemayevencallitarm-shoulderflexion.Allareidentical.Infact,whilethis book employs the term hip-leg for describing actions of that joint, usingeitherhiporlegwouldalsobeacceptable.Otherequivalentnotationswouldbewrist or hand, foot or ankle, spine or trunk, head or neck, and so on. Theimportantpointtorememberisthejointonwhichthattheactionistakingplace.

❏Bodypartsthatflex,extend,andhyperextend:•Arm

•Head•Toe•Spine

•Finger•Hip-leg•Wrist

❏Bodypartsthatonlyflexandextend:•Elbow

•Knee•Thumb

❏Scapulaactions:

•Adduction•Elevation•Downwardrotation•Abduction•Depression•Upwardrotation

❏Bodypartsthatadductandabduct:•Arm

•Hip-leg•Thumb•Horizontalarm•Finger•Toe

❏Bodypartsthatrotate:•Spine(leftandright)

•Head(leftandright)•Arm(internalandexternal)•Hip-leg(internalandexternal)❏Bodypartsthatlaterallyflex:•Head

•Spine

❏Miscellaneousbodyactions:•Forearmsupination

•Ankledorsiflexion•Ankleeversion•Wristradialflexion•Thumb-fingeropposition•Forearmpronation•Ankleplantarflexion•Ankleinversion•Wristulnarflexion

Table3-1.Bodyactions

Figure3-1.Anteriorviewofjointtypes

Figure3-2.Posteriorviewofjointtypes

Figure3-3.Jointsthatflex,extend,andhyperextend

Figure3-4.Scapulaactions

Figure3-5.Jointsthatadductandabduct

Figure3-6.Jointsthatrotate

Figure3-7.Miscellaneousbodyactions

FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MUSCLEANATOMY

CHAPTER4•MUSCLEANATOMY

Thischapterdealswiththebody’smuscularsystem.Sincethisbookisgearedtoward physical activity and the analysis ofmovement, themuscles presentedand discussed are primarily locomotor muscles (i.e., the muscles involved inlocomotionandphysicalactivity).Thesemusclesarereviewedanddiscussedindetail.However,becausefitnessprofessionalsshouldhaveabasicknowledgeofandanappreciationforallthemusclesinthebody,thebody’smusclesarelistedandbrieflydiscussedinthenextsectionofthischapter.Inthissection,musclenamesandthenumberofeacharelistedbyspecificmuscle(withareferencetothespecificpageonwhichdetailsoftheparticularmuscleappear)andorganizedbysectionsofthebody,e.g.musclesofthehead,musclesoftheneck,musclesofthethorax,andsoon.

Thelastsectionofthischapteristhemainfocalpointofthischapter.Inthissection,eachlocomotormuscleispresentedinalphabeticalorderwithitsoriginsand insertions and attachments identified, a full-colored illustration of themuscle,andotherdetailsaboutthemuscle.

MuscleClassifications

Because biologists are great classifiers, most parts of the body are classified.Nerves are classified, bones are classified, and muscles are classified.Classificationisnecessarybecausethebodyhasseveralkindsofmuscle,notjust

one.Theearlygrossanatomist, (i.e., the individualwhostudied thebodywiththenakedeye) classifiedmuscles according towhere theywere located in thebody.Intheprocess,hecameupwiththreebasicclassesofmusclesbylocation.

Those muscles that attached to the skeleton he termed skeletal muscles.Thesemusclesandthebonestowhichtheywereattachedformedaleversystemthat provided locomotion and movement. However, when he dissected theabdomen(theviscera),hefoundothermuscles.Thestomachisaholloworganwith six big flat muscles that help digest food that enters the stomach. Afterleavingthestomach,thefoodtravelsdownthirty-twofeetofintestine,whichhaslongitudinalandcircularmuscles in itswalls thatprovide theperistalticactionthatmovesthefoodthroughtheintestine.Becausethesemusclesdonotattachtotheskeletonbutarepresentintheviscera,henamedthemvisceralmuscles.

Much later, he discovered that blood vessels also have muscles in theirwalls. Although these muscles are not in the viscera, he classified them asvisceramuscles.Finally,whenthegrossanatomistexaminedtheheart,hefoundthatittooisamuscle.Becausetheheartisaveryuniquemuscle–differentthananyothermuscleinthebody,itformsaclassofmusclesallbyitself,thecardiacmuscle. Therefore, the first attempt to classify muscles involved groupingmusclesbytheirlocation.Inthisprocess,all themusclesofthebodywereputintooneofthreeclassifications–skeletal,visceral,andcardiac.

With the advent of themicroscope, a newbranch of biology began calledhistology. In thisprocess, the anatomist attempted todeterminewhat thebodylooked like under amicroscope.Microscopes enables the anatomist to closelyexamine cells,whether they are nerve cells, brain cells, bones cells ormusclecells.Subsequently, histologists developed a classificationofmuscles thatwasbased onwhat themuscle cell looked like, a process that produced away ofgroupingmusclescalledahistologicalclassification.

When the skeletal muscle was examined under the microscope, thehistologist saw that ithad lightanddarksegments that randown the lengthofthecells.Becausethesemusclesweresegmentedorstriated,heclassifiedthemas striated muscles. It just so happened that all skeletal muscles are striated.However, when he examined visceral muscles under the microscope, thestriations were missing – visceral muscles were non-striated. Accordingly, he

classified these muscles as smooth muscles. All visceral muscles are smoothmuscles. When he studied heart muscle under the microscope, it was againdifferentfromeitherof theother twotypesofmuscles.Ithadstriations.Thesestriations weren’t regular, like those of the skeletal muscles, they were criss-crossed in a network pattern. As a result, he classified heart muscle as asyncytium(multinucleated)orabranch-striatedmuscle.

Inotherwords,inadditiontoclassifyingmusclesaccordingtotheirlocation,the advent ofmicroscopes enabledmuscles to be classified according towhatthey look likeunder themicroscope.Similar to theirclassificationby location,all the muscles of the body can be put into one of three (additional)classifications–striated,smooth,andbranchstriated.

Anothermethodofclassifyingmusclesinvolvesnervecontrol.Muscles,likeall tissues of the body, are controlled by the nervous system.What kind of anerve innervates a particular muscle will affect whether the muscle can becontrolledvolitionally(atwill)orwhetheritiscontrolledautomatically.Musclesarealsoclassifiedaccordingtohowtheyarecontrolledbythenervoussystem.Ifamusclecanbecontrolledvolitionally,themuscleiscalledavoluntarymuscle.Most skeletal muscles are voluntary, although a few are both voluntary andinvoluntary.

Muscles that individuals have no control over are called involuntarymuscles.Mostofthebody’svisceralmusclesareinvoluntary,althoughtherearea few that arebothvoluntary and involuntary.When food is introduced to thestomach, the stomach muscles contract and start digesting food whether youwant them to or not. As such, stomach muscles are involuntary muscles.Likewise,thecardiacmuscleisaninvoluntarymuscle.Themusclesthatcanbebotharecalledvoluntary/involuntary(ormixed)muscles.Themusclesinvolvedin respiration are an example of mixed muscles. You can either breatheautomatically,orholdyourbreath.Table4-1summarizes the threemethodsofclassifyingmusclesandthethreecategoriesineachmethod.

Location MicroscopicAppearance NerveControl

Skeletal Striated Voluntary

Visceral

Cardiac

Smooth

SyncytiumorBranchStriated

Involuntary

Voluntary/Involuntary

Table4-1.Threemethodsofclassifyingmuscles

MuscleProperties

Muscles have the following four properties or characteristics that make themunique: • Contractibility – the ability to shorten when innervated, causingmovement.Thisfactorisauniquepropertyofmuscles.

• Extensibility – the ability to be stretched beyond their normal restinglength.Thispropertyiswhatenablesflexiblemovementtooccur.

• Elasticity – the ability to rebound to their resting length after beingstretched.

•Tonicity–astateofhardnessofthemuscle.Whenamuscleisexercised,moremuscle fibersbecomeactive,and themusclebecomes firmer.Thisfactoriscalledmuscletone.Whiletheotherpropertiesofmusclescanbereadilymeasured,itisdifficulttoquantifytheleveloftonicity.

TypesofContractions

Contraction is a unique property of muscle tissue and involves the ability toshorten when innervated by a motor nerve. However, becausemore than onekind of contraction exists, muscle contraction is also classified by type. Inanatomy, two kinds of muscle contraction exists – isotonic contraction andisometric contraction. If a muscle shortens and causes movement when it isinnervated,thisisanisotoniccontraction.Forexample,ifyoumovea25-pounddumbbell from a table by curling it, your elbow flexors are isotonicallycontracting.Ontheotherhand,ifamuscleispreventedfromshorteningwhenitis innervated, this is an isometric contraction. For example, in the previousinstance,ifthedumbbellyouaretryingtocurlweighs400lbs(asopposedto25

lbs), and you try to curl it, but it doesn’t move, your elbow flexors arecontracting,butnotshortening,sincenomovementisoccurring.Inthisexample,yourelbowflexorsareisometricallycontracting.

When the fields of kinesiology, physical education, and sports medicinewereinitiallybeingestablished,manyindividualsinthesefieldsdiscoveredthattheyneededtoanalyzemuscularmovements.Becausetheyfoundtheanatomicalclassificationsomewhatlimitinginthisregard,theycreatedanewclassificationof muscular contractions. When a muscle was innervated and that muscleshortened and movement took place, they renamed isotonic contraction as“concentric contraction.”When themusclewas innervated andmovement didnottakeplace,thattypeofcontractionwascalleda“staticcontraction”insteadofanisometriccontraction.

Thetypeofmovement(term)thatwasneededthattheanatomistdidn’thavewas what happens when a muscle moves against gravity, but the musclelengthens during themovement.Using the previous example, if the 25-pounddumbbellonatableisactuallymovedwhenyouattempttocurl it,yourelbowflexorsare isotonicallyor concentricallycontracting. Ifyounowslowly returnthedumbbell to the table, then the samemuscles that curled thedumbbell areallowing it to be slowly returned to the table. Your elbow flexors arelengthening,butaredoingthework.Gravitywantstopullthedumbbellquicklyto the table. A kinesiologist calls this type of contraction an “eccentriccontraction.” Specifically, the muscle is working, but lengthening. If ananatomist were asked about this, he would say that your elbow flexors areactually slowly relaxing. Such an analysis is true, but someone analyzingmuscularmovementneedsadescriptivetermtouse.Inthisinstance,thattermis“eccentriccontraction.”

A mix of the aforementioned terms are employed in this book. When amuscle is working, but lengthening, this is referred to as an eccentriccontraction.Whenthemuscleisworking,butnotchanginglength,thisiscalledan isometric contraction.When the muscle is working and shortening, this iseitherdesignatedasanconcentriccontraction,ornodesignation isusedat all,sincethisisthetypicalmuscleaction.

Description HumanAnatomyTerms

KinesiologicalTerms

Musclelengthshortens

Muscle length doesn't changeMuscle lengthincreases

Isotonic

Isometric

Concentric

Static

Eccentric

Table4-2.Typesofmusclecontractions

Musclesofthehead:

•Cranialmuscles(7)•Facialmuscles(24)•Musclesoftheeye(10)•Musclesofthetongue(8)•Musclesofthesoftpalate(6)•Musclesofthepharynx(4)Musclesoftheneck:

• Muscles of the larynx (22) • Superficial lateral muscles of the neck: -sternocleidomastoid[p116]-rectuscapitislateralis[p115]

•Anteriorneckmuscles(7):-rectuscapitisanterior[p114]-longuscapitis[p114]

•Posteriorneckmuscles(15):-rectuscapitisposterior(major)[p118]-rectuscapitisposterior(minor)[p118]-spleniuscervicis[p119]-spleniuscapitus[p119]-obliquuscapitisinferior[p117]-obliquuscapitissuperior[p117]

Musclesofthethorax:

•Diaphragm•Externalintercostals(11)[p151]•Internalintercostals(11)[p151]•Serratusposterior(inferior)[p154]•Serratusposterior(superior)[p155]•Scalenusmedius[p153]•Transversusthoracis[p156]•Scalenusposterior[p153]•Subcostales[p156]•Levatorcostarum[p152]•Scalenusanterior[p152]

Theabdominalmuscles:

•Externalobliqueabdominal[p40]•Internalobliqueabdominal[p41]•Rectusabdominis[p44]•Transversusabdominis[p45]•Quadratuslumborum[p43]•Pyramidalis[p42]

Thespinalmuscles:

•Sacrospinalis(erectorspinae):-longissimuscervicis[p146]-longissimusthoracis[p147]-longissimuscapitis[p145]-iliocostaliscervicis[p142]-iliocostalisthoracis[p144]

-iliocostalislumborum[p143]-spinaliscapitis[p148]-spinaliscervicis[p149]-spinalisthoracis[p150]

•Deepmuscles:-longuscolli(superioroblique)[p138]-longuscolli(vertical)[p139]-longuscolli(inferioroblique)[p138]-semispinaliscervicis[p140]-semispinalisthoracis[p141]-interspinalis[p137]-rotatores[p140]-intertransversarii[p137]-multifidus[p139]

Table4-3.Axialmuscles

Musclesoftheupperextremity:•Musclesthatactprimarilyontheshouldergirdle:-pectoralisminor[p132]

-serratusanterior[p134]-rhomboids(majorandminor)[p133]-levatorscapulae[p131]-trapezius[p136]-subclavius[p135]

•Musclesthatactprimarilyontheshoulderjoint:-pectoralismajor[p126]

-coracobrachialis[p120]-deltoidanterior[p121]-deltoidmiddle[p122]-deltoidposterior[p123]-latissimusdorsi[p125]-teresmajor[p129]-teresminor[p130]-supraspinatus[p128]-infraspinatus[p124]-subscapularis[p127]

•Musclesthatactprimarilyontheelbowandradioulnarjoints:-bicepsbrachii[p59]-brachialis[p60]-tricepsbrachii[p65]-anconeus[p58]-pronatorteres[p63]-brachioradialis[p61]-supinator[p64]-pronatorquadratus[p62]

• Muscles that act primarily on the wrist and fingers: - superficialflexors:√flexorcarpiradialis[p168]√palmarislongus[p171]√flexordigitorumsuperficilias[p170]√flexorcarpiulnaris[p169]

-deepflexors:√flexordigitorumprofundus[p161]

√flexorpollicislongus[p162]-superficialextensors:√extensorcarpiradialislongus[p164]√extensorcarpiradialisbrevis[p163]√extensordigitorum[p167]√extensordigitiminimi[p166]√extensorcarpiulnaris[p165]

-deepextensors:√abductorpollicislongus[p157]√extensorpollicislongus[p160]√extensorpollicisbrevis[p159]√extensorindicis[p158]

•Intrinsicmusclesofthehandthatactonthefingers:-opponensdigitiminimi[p84]-abductordigitiminimi[p77]-adductorpollicis[p79]-opponenspollicis[p85]-flexorpollicisbrevis[p82]-abductorpollicisbrevis[p78]-palmarinterossei[p86]-dorsalinterossei(4)[p80]-flexordigitiminimibrevis[p81]-lumbricals(4)[p83]

Table4-4.Upper-extremelyappendicularmuscles

Musclesofthelowerextremity•Musclesthatactprimarilyonthehipjoint:-ilio-psoas:

√iliacus[p93]√psoasmajor[p95]√psoasminor[p96]

-pectineus[p94]-tensorfascialatae[p97]-adductorlongus[p88]-adductorbrevis[p87]-adductormagnus[p89]-gluteusmaximus[p90]-gluteusmedius[p91]-gluteusminimus[p92]

•Musclesthatprimarilyrotatethehip:-piriformis[p104]-gemellussuperior[p101]-gemellusinferior[p100]-obturatorinternus[p103]-obturatorexternus[p102]-quadratusfemoris[p105]

•Musclesthatactonthehipandknee:-sartorius[p99]-gracilis[p98]

•Musclesthatactprimarilyonthekneejoint:-quadriceps√rectusfemoris[p110]√vastuslateralis[p112]√vastusmedialis[p113]√vastusintermedius[p111]

-hamstrings:√bicepsfemoris[p107]

√semitendinosus[p109]√semimembranosus[p108]

-popliteus[p106]

•Musclesthatactprimarilyontheankle,andtoes:-anteriorgroup:√extensordigitorumlongus[p46]√extensorhallucislongus[p47]√peroneustertius[p48]√tibialisanterior[p49]

-lateralgroup:√peroneusbrevis[p50]√peroneuslongus[p51]

-posteriorgroup√gastrocnemius[p54]√soleus[p56]√plantaris[p55]√flexordigitorumlongus[p52]√flexorhallucislongus[p53]√tibialisposterior[p57]

•Intrinsicmusclesofthefootthatactonthetoes:-dorsalinterossei(4)[p69]-abductorhallucis[p67]-extensordigitorumbrevis[p70]-plantarinterossei(3)[p75]-flexordigitiminimi(quinti)brevis[p71]-adductorhallucis[p68]-flexorhallucisbrevis[p73]-lumbricals(4)[p74]

-quadratusplantae[p76]-flexordigitorumbrevis[p72]-abductordigitiminimi(quinti)[p66]

Table4-5.Lower-extremityappendicularmuscles

MuscleDetailsandIllustrations

Thefollowingpagesoffertheessentialdetailsofeveryskeletalmuscle,groupedbybodypartandpresentedinalphabeticalorder.

NOTE:Sometimesamuscleisclassifiedastwodistinctmuscles—onereferredtoasamajor,theotherasaminor.Thedifference,however,isacademicinthatthe twopartshave thesameactionandareusually learnedas justonemuscle.For example, early anatomists divided the psoas muscle into two separatemuscles—thepsoasmajor(upperfibers),andthepsoasminor(lowerfibers),butthe muscle works as a whole. Likewise, the rhomboid major and rhomboidminor act as onemuscle and are usually learned as onemuscle.On the otherhand, onoccasion, the terms “major” and “minor” reflect two totally differentmusclesandmustbe treatedassuch,e.g.,pectoralismajorandminor,or teresmajorandminor.

Itisalsoimportanttonotethatsomemuscles,duetotheirextensiveorigin,haveopposite actions. In these instances, anatomists look at the actionsof theanteriorandposterior fibers thatare located inaparticularpartofamuscle todefinethatmuscle,e.g. theadductormagnus.Someof thesepartsaredifferentenoughtobeconsideredandstudiedastwoorthreemuscles,eventhoughtheyareonemuscle,e.g.,thedeltoidmuscle(refertopages121-123).Thedeltoidisonemusclebutcanbelearnedasthreemuscles:anteriordeltoid,middledeltoid,andposteriordeltoid.Theaforementionedthreetermsseparatemusclesarealsoreferred by some textbooks as the clavicular deltoid, acromional deltoid, andscapuladeltoid—termsthatcorrespondtotheirorigin.Althoughbooksdealwiththedeltoidasonemuscleandrefertoitasthemajorabductorofthearm,itmaybe beneficial to learn it as three muscles, because although the deltoid is anabductor of the arm, the anterior and posterior deltoids are arm adductors.Assuch,itishelpfultostudyandlearnthedeltoidasthreeseparatemuscles.

ABDOMINAL

EXTERNALOBLIQUEABDOMINAL

Description:

Thesemuscles,oneachsideoftheabdomen,aidinrotatingthespinewhenworking independently. When working together, they assist the rectusabdominisinspineflexionandabdomencompression.

JointCrossing:Spine

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineflexion(both)2Spinerotation(totheoppositeside-each)3Abdomencompression(both)4Spinelateralflexion(slight)

BloodSupply:•Lowerintercostalarteries•Subcostalarteries•Lumbararteries

Insertion:

•Lineaalba•AnteriorportionofthecrestoftheIliumandinguinalligament

Nerves:

•IntercostalnervesT8-T12•IliohypogastricnervesT12,L1•IlioinguinalnerveL1

Origin:

Externalsurfacesofthelowereightribs

ABDOMINAL

INTERNALOBLIQUEABDOMINAL

Description:Thefibersofthismusclerundiagonallyintheoppositedirectiontothatoftheexternalobliques,andhelprotateandflexthespineaswellascompresstheabdomen.

JointCrossing:Spine

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineflexion(both)2Spinerotation(tothesameside–each)3Abdomencompression(both)

Insertion:

•Lowerthreeribs•Lineaalba•Superiorramusofthepubis

Nerves:

Origin:

•Lumbodorsalfascia•AnteriorportionofthecrestoftheIlium•Lateralone-halfoftheinguinalligament

ABDOMINAL

INTERNALOBLIQUEABDOMINAL

Description:Thefibersofthismusclerundiagonallyintheoppositedirectiontothatoftheexternalobliques,andhelprotateandflexthespineaswellascompresstheabdomen.

JointCrossing:Spine

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineflexion(both)2Spinerotation(tothesameside–each)3Abdomencompression(both)

Insertion:

•Lowerthreeribs•Lineaalba•Superiorramusofthepubis

Nerves:

Origin:

•Lumbodorsalfascia•AnteriorportionofthecrestoftheIlium•Lateralone-halfoftheinguinalligament

ABDOMINAL

PYRAMIDALIS

Description:Asmallmuscleoftheloweranteriorpartoftheabdomenthatisinthesamesheathwiththerectusabdominisandfunctionstopullonthelineaalba.

JointCrossing:N/A

BodyAction:Pullsonthelineaalba

BloodSupply:Superiorandinferiorepigastricarteries

Insertion:Lowerportionofthelineaalba

Nerves:

BranchofthesubcostalnerveT12

Origin:

Anteriorsurfaceofpubis

ABDOMINAL

QUADRATUSLUMBORUM

Description:Aquadrilateral-shapedmuscleofthebackthatflexesthespinelaterally,andwhenworkingtogetherwiththeotherbackmusclestoextendthespine.

JointCrossing:Spine

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension(both)2Spinehyperextension(both)3Spinelateralflexion(each)

BloodSupply:•Lumbarartery•Subcostalartery

Insertion:

•Twelfthrib•Transverseprocessesofthefivelumbarvertebrae

Nerves:

BranchesofnervesT12,L1

Origin:

Posteriorcrestoftheilium

ABDOMINAL

RECTUSABDOMINIS

Description:Alongflatmuscleoneithersideofthelineaalba,extendingalongthewholelengthofthefrontoftheabdomen,thatactstoflexthespine,tensetheanteriorwalloftheabdomen,andassistincompressingthecontentsoftheabdomen.

JointCrossing:Spine

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineflexion2Abdomencompression

BloodSupply:Superiorandinferiorepigastricarteries

Insertion:

• Xiphoid process of the sternum • Cartilages of the fifth, sixth, andseventhribs

Nerves:

Seventhtotwelfthintercostalnerves

Origin:

Superiorramusofthepubis(crestofthepubicbone)

ABDOMINAL

TRANSVERSUSABDOMINIS

Description:Aflatmusclewithtransversefibersthatformstheinnermostlayerofthewalloftheabdomenandendsinabroadaponeurosis.Itactstocompresstheabdominalvisceraandassistsintheexpulsionofthecontentsofvariousabdominalorgans(asinurination,defecation,vomitingandparturition).

JointCrossing:N/A

Rank/BodyAction:Abdomencompression

Insertion:

•Lineaalba•Superiorramusofthepubis

Nerves:

Origin:

• Lateral one-half of the inguinal ligament • Crest of the ilium •Lumbodorsalfascia•Insidesurfacesofthelowersixribs

ANKLEANDTOES-ANTERIOR

EXTENSORDIGITORUMLONGUS

Description:Amuscleinwhichfibersextendobliquelyfromeithersideofacentraltendonontheouterfrontofeachleg.Itextendsthefoursmalltoesanddorsiflexesandevertstheankle.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Ankledorsiflexion2Toeextension(2nd-5thtoes)3Toehyperextension4Ankleeversion

BloodSupply:Anteriortibialartery

Insertion:

Dorsalsurfaceofthesecondandthirdphalangeofthe2nd-5thtoes

Nerves:

DeepperonealnerveL4,5,S1

Origin:

•Outsidesurfaceofthelateralcondyleofthetibia•Headandanteriorsurfaceupperthree-fourthsofthefibula

EXTENSORHALLUCISLONGUS

Description:Alongthinmusclesituatedonthefibulathatextendsthebigtoeanddorsiflexesandinvertstheankle.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Toeextension(bigtoe)2Toehyperextension(bigtoe)3Ankledorsiflexion4Ankleinversion

Insertion:

Baseofthesecondphalangeofthebigtoe(dorsalsurface)

Nerves:

Origin:

Anteriorsurfaceofthemiddleportionone-fourthofthefibula

PERONEUSTERTIUS

Description:Amusclethatissometimesreferredtoasabranchoftheextensordigitorumlongus.Absentinsomeindividuals,itdorsiflexestheankleandassistsinevertingit.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Ankledorsiflexion2Ankleeversion

Insertion:

Baseofthefifthmetatarsal

Nerves:

Origin:

Anterior/lateralsurfaceofthelowerone-thirdofthefibula

TIBIALISANTERIOR

Description:Oneofthemusclesofthelowerlegthatacttodorsiflexthefootandtoinvertit.Alsocalledthetibialisanticus.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Ankledorsiflexion2Ankleinversion

Insertion:

Crosses the topof the foot to theplantar surfaceofthe first cuneiformandbaseofthefirstmetatarsal

Nerves:

Origin:

•Outsidesurfaceof the lateralcondyleof the tibia•Two-thirdsof theanteriorshaftofthetibia

ANKLEANDTOES-LATERAL

PERONEUSBREVIS

Description:Alowerlegmusclethatassistsinevertingandplantarflexingtheankle.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Ankleeversion2Ankleplantarflexion

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheperonealartery

Insertion:

Aroundtheoutsideankletothebaseofthefifthmetatarsal

Nerves:

SuperficialperonealnerveL4,5,S1

Origin:

Lowerlateraltwo-thirdssurfaceofthefibula

ANKLEANDTOES-LATERAL

PERONEUSLONGUS

Description:Alowerlegmusclethataidsinevertingandplantarflexingtheankle.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Ankleeversion2Ankleplantarflexion

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheperonealartery

Insertion:

Aroundtheoutsideankle,crossingunderthefoottothefirstcuneiformandbaseofthefirstmetatarsal

Nerves:

SuperficialperonealnerveL4,5,S1

Origin:

•Lateralsurfaceoftheheadofthetibia•Lateralsurfaceoftheheadandupperlateraltwo-thirdssurfaceofthefibula

ANKLEANDTOES-POSTERIOR

FLEXORDIGITORUMLONGUS

Description:Amuscleoftheoutsideofthelowerlegthatflexesthelastphalanxofeachofthefoursmalltoes,andhelpsplantarflexandinverttheankle.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Toeflexion(2nd-5thtoes)2Ankleplantarflexion3Ankleinversion

BloodSupply:•Peronealartery•Posteriortibialartery

Insertion:

Around the medial ankle to the plantar surface of the base of the thirdphalangeofthe2nd-5thtoes

Nerves:

TibialnerveL5,S1

Origin:

•Posteriorsurfaceofthemiddleone-thirdportionofthetibia,betweenthesoleusandtibialisposterior

FLEXORHALLUCISLONGUS

Description:Along,deepmuscleoftheoutsideofthelowerlegthatflexestheterminalphalangeofthebigtoe.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Toeflexion(bigtoe)2Ankleinversion

3Ankleplantarflexion

Insertion:

Around the inside ankle to the plantar surface of the base of the terminalphalangeofthebigtoe

Nerves:

TibialnerveL5,S1,2

Origin:

Posteriorsurfaceofthelowertwo-thirdsofthefibula

GASTROCNEMIUS

Description:Thelargestandmostsuperficialmuscleofthelowerleg,heavilyusedtopropelthebodyupandforwardwhenwalking,running,andjumping.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Ankleplantarflexion(strong)2Kneeflexion(slight)

BloodSupply:•Suralbranchesofpoplitealartery•Muscularbranchesofperonealartery•Posteriortibialartery

Insertion:

Tuberosityofthecalcaneusviatheachillestendon

Nerves:

TibialnerveS1,2

Origin:

Posteriorsurfaceofmedialandlateralepicondylesofthefemur

PLANTARIS

Description:Asmallmuscleofthelowerlegthatweaklyflexesthekneeandplantarflexestheankle.Assiststhegastrocnemiusandsoleusinplantarflexion.Missinginsomepeople.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Ankleplantarflexion2Kneeflexion(slight)

Insertion:

Nerves:

TibialnerveS1,2

Origin:

Posterior surface of the lateral epicondyle of the femur (above thegastrocnemius)

SOLEUS

Description:Abroadflatmuscleofthelowerlegthatliesunderthegastrocnemiuswhichplantarflexestheankle.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:Ankleplantarflexion(strong)

Insertion:

Nerves:

TibialnerveS1,2

Origin:

•Upper1/3posteriorshaftofthefibulaandtheposteriorsurfaceoftheheadofthefibula•Poplitealline•Middle1/3ofthemedialborderofthetibia

TIBIALISPOSTERIOR

Description:Adeepmuscleoftheposteriorlowerlegthatplantarflexesandinvertstheankle.Alsocalledthetibialisposticus.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Ankleplantarflexion2Ankleinversion

Insertion:

Around the medial ankle to the plantar surface of the navicular, firstcuneiform,cuboid,andthejunctionofthefollowingfourbones–thesecondandthirdcuneiforms,andthesecondandthirdmetatarsals

Nerves:

TibialnerveL5,S1

Origin:

•Middleone-thirdof theposterior lateralsurfaceof the tibia•Middleone-thirdoftheposteriormedialsurfaceofthefibula

ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR

ANCONEUS

Description:Asmalltriangularextensormusclethatissuperficiallysituatedbehindandbelowtheelbowjointthatextendstheelbow.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Elbowextension

BloodSupply:Middlecollateralarteryfromtheprofundabrachiiartery

Insertion:Posterior/lateralsurfaceoftheolecranonprocessandposteriorsurfaceoftheulna

Nerves:

RadialnerveC7,8

Origin:

Posteriorsurfaceofthelateralepicondyleofthehumerus

ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR

BICEPSBRACHII

Description:Themostsuperficialmuscleoftheupper,anteriorarm.Thoughtofasamajorelbowflexor(curls),itisalsoastrongsupinatoroftheradio-ulnarjoint,aswellasaflexorofthearm.

JointCrossing:Three

Rank/BodyAction:1Elbowflexion2Forearmsupination3Armflexion

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofbrachialartery

Insertion:

Radialtuberosityoftheradius

Nerves:

MusculocutaneousnerveC5,6

Origin:

•Longhead:supraglenoidtubercleoftheglenoidfossaofthescapula•Shorthead:coracoidprocessofthescapula

ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR

BRACHIALIS

Description:Ananterior,upperarmmusclelyingunderthebiceps.Itsonlyactionisasatrueflexoroftheelbow.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:Elbowflexion

BloodSupply:•Muscularbranchesofbrachialartery•Radialrecurrentartery

Insertion:

•Coronoidprocessoftheulna•Theulnartuberosity

Nerves:

MusculocutaneousnerveC5,6

Origin:

Lowerportionoftheanteriorsurfaceofthehumerus

ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR

BRACHIORADIALIS

Description:Along,narrowmuscleoftheforearmthatflexestheelbowandsupinatestheradio-ulnajoint.Elbowflexionisstrongestwhentheforearmisalreadysupinated.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Elbowflexion2Forearmsupination

BloodSupply:Radialrecurrentartery

Insertion:Styloidprocessoftheradius

Nerves:

RadialnerveC5,6

Origin:

Upper two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus (aboutthelowerlateralone-thirdofthehumerus)

ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR

PRONATORQUADRATUS

Description:Adeepmuscleofthelowerforearm,passingtransverselyfromtheulnatotheradiusandservingtopronatetheforearm.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:Forearmpronation

BloodSupply:•Anteriorinterosseousartery•Muscularbranchesoftheradialartery

Insertion:

Anteriorsurfaceofthelowerone-fourthofradius

Nerves:

PalmarinterosseousbranchofmediannerveC6,7

Origin:

Anteriorsurfaceofthelowerone-fourthofulna

ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR

PRONATORTERES

Description:Amuscleoftheforearmthatservestopronatetheforearmandflextheelbow.Elbowflexionisweakerwhentheforearmissupinated.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Forearmpronation2Elbowflexion

BloodSupply:•Muscularbranchesofulnarartery•Muscularbranchesofradialartery

Insertion:

Middleone-thirdofthelateralsurfaceoftheradius

Nerves:

MediannerveC6,7

Origin:

•Medialepicondyleofthehumerus•Coronoidprocessoftheulna

ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR

SUPINATOR

Description:Amusclethatproducesthemotionofsupination,rotatingthewristtomakethethumbmoveoutward.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Forearmsupination2Elbowflexion

Insertion:

Lateralsurfaceoftheupperone-thirdoftheradius

Nerves:

DeepbranchofradialnerveC6

Origin:

• Lateral/posterior epicondyle of the humerus • Supinator crest of theulna

ELBOWANDRADIOULNAR

TRICEPSBRACHII

Description:

A major upper, posterior arm muscle that strongly extends the elbow.Becauseof itsattachment to thescapula, italsoassistswitharmextensionandadduction.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Elbowextension2Armextension(longhead)3Armhyperextension(longhead)4Armadduction

BloodSupply:

• Branches of the brachial artery • Superior ulnar collateral artery •Profundabrachiiartery

Insertion:

Olecranonprocessofulna

Nerves:

RadialnerveC7,8

Origin:

•Longhead:infraglenoidtubercleofthescapula•Lateralhead:upper,1/3lateral-posteriorsurfaceof thehumerus•Medialhead: lower3/4posteriorsurfaceofthehumerus

ABDUCTORDIGITIMINIMI(QUINTI)

Description:Amusclethatliesalongthelateralsideofthefootandabductsthelittletoe.Alsoknownastheabductordigitiquinti.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:Toeabduction(littletoe)

BloodSupply:Lateralplantarartery

Insertion:

Lateralsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthelittletoe

Nerves:

LateralplantarnerveS1,2

Origin:

• Lateral and medial processes of the tuberosity of calcaneus • Theplantar aponeurosis and the septum between the lateral and medialprocesses

ABDUCTORHALLUCIS

Description:Thismuscleliesalongthemedialborderofthefootandabductsthebigtoe.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Toeabduction(bigtoe)2Toeflexion(bigtoe)

BloodSupply:Medialplantarartery

Insertion:

Tibialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthebigtoe

Nerves:

MedialplantarnerveL4,5

Origin:

•Medialprocessofthetuberosityofthecalcaneum•Astrongligament-theflexorretinaculum•Astrongligament-theplantaraponeurosis

ADDUCTORHALLUCIS

Description:Afootmusclethatadductsthebigtoe.Alsoknownastheadductorobliquushallucis.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Toeadduction(bigtoe)

Insertion:Lateralsideofbaseofthefirstphalangeofthebigtoe

Nerves:

Origin:

•Obliquehead:baseofthesecondandfourthmetatarsalsandthetendonoftheperoneuslongus•Transversehead:plantarmetatarsophlangealligamentsofthe3rd-5thtoes

DORSALINTEROSSEI(FOURMUSCLES)

Description:Agroupoffourmusclesthatabductandflexthe2nd,3rd,and4thtoes.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Toeflexion2Toeabduction

Insertion:

•Firstheads– themedialsideof thesecondphalangeof the2nd,3rd,and4thtoes•Secondheads–thelateralsidesofthesecondphalangeofthe2nd,3rd,and4thtoes

Nerves:

Origin:

Twoheadsfromtheadjacentsidesofthemetatarsals

EXTENSORDIGITORUMBREVIS

Description:Abroad,thinmuscleonthedorsalsurfaceofthefootthatextendsthetoes.Themostmedialtendonisfrequentlyidentifiedasaseparatemuscle–theextensorhallucisbrevis.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Toeextension(2nd-4thtoes,assistsbigtoe–metatarsophalangealjoints)2Toehyperextension(2nd-4thtoes,assistsbigtoe–metatarsophalangealjoints)

BloodSupply:Dorsalispedisartery

Insertion:

•Byfourtendonstothebaseofthefirstphalangeofthebigtoe•Lateralsidesofextensordigitorumlongustendonsofthe2nd-4thtoes

Nerves:

DeepperonealnerveL5,S1

Origin:

•Anteriorandlateralcalcaneus•Lateraltalocalcanealligament

FLEXORDIGITIMINIMI(QUINTI)BREVIS

Description:Amuscleofthesoleofthefootthatflexesthefirstphalangeofthelittletoe.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Toeflexion(littletoe)

Insertion:

Lateralsideofbaseoffirstphalangeofthelittletoe

Nerves:

Origin:

•Baseofthefifthmetatarsal•Sheathoftheperoneuslongustendon

FLEXORDIGITORUMBREVIS

Description:Amusclethatliesinthemiddleoftheplantarsurfaceofthefootandisunitedwiththeplantaraponeurosis.Itflexesthemiddlephalanxofeachofthefoursmalltoes.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Toeflexion(2nd-5thtoes)

Insertion:Asplittendontothefourtoeswhichsplitsagaintoinsertoneachsideofthesecondphalangeofeachtoe

Nerves:

MedialplantarnerveL4,5

Origin:

• Medial process of the tuberosity of calcaneus • Central part of theplantaraponeurosis

FLEXORHALLUCISBREVIS

Description:Ashort,two-belliedmuscleontheplantarsurfaceofthefootthatflexesthefirstphalangeofthebigtoe.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Toeflexion(bigtoe)

Insertion:Medialandlateralportionofthefirstphalangeofthebigtoe

Nerves:MedialplantarnerveL4,5,S1

Origin:•Cuboid

•Lateralcuneiform

LUMBRICALS(FOURMUSCLES)

Description:Foursmallmusclesofthefoot,comparabletothelumbricalesofthehand,thatflextheproximalphalangesandextendthetwoterminalphalangesofeachtoe.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Toeextension(twodistalphalangesoffourtoes)2Toehyperextension(twodistalphalangesoffourtoes)3Toeflexion(proximalphalangesoffourtoes)

BloodSupply:•First–medialplantarartery•Second-fourth–lateralplantarartery

Insertion:

Dorsalsurfaceofthetendonsoftheextensordigitorumlongus

Nerves:

•First–medialplantarnerveL4,5•Second-fourth–lateralplantarnerveS1,2

Origin:

On the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus, the four muscles arenumberedfrommedialtolateral

PLANTARINTEROSSEI(THREEMUSCLES)

Description:Threemusclesthatliebeneaththemetatarsalbonesalongtheplantarsideofthethird,fourth,andfifthtoes.Actstoflexthefirstphalangesandadductthetoes.Alsocalledtheplantarisinterosseus.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Toeextension(3rd-4thtoes)2Toehyperextension(3rd-4thtoes)3Toeadduction(3rd-5thtoes)

Insertion:

Medialsidesofbasesoffirstphalangesofthethird,fourth,andfifthtoes

Nerves:

Origin:

Medialsidesofthebasesofthethird,fourth,andfifthmetatarsals

QUADRATUSPLANTAE

Description:Amuscleontheplantarsurfaceofthefootthathastwoheadsandaidsinflexingthetoes.Alsoknownastheflexoraccessorius.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Toeflexion(2nd-5thtoes–distalinterphalangealjoints)

Insertion:Lateralmarginoftendonoftheflexordigitorumlongusataboutthemetatarsophalangealjoint

Nerves:

Origin:

• Its origins are separated by the plantar ligament • Medial head –medial/plantarsurfaceofcalcaneus•Lateralhead– lateralborderofinferiorsurfaceofcalcaneus

ABDUCTORDIGITIMINIMI

Description:Asmallmuscleofthehandthatabductsthelittlefingerandflexesthephalangenearestthehand.Alsocalledtheabductordigitiquinti.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerabduction(littlefinger)2Fingerflexion(littlefinger–firstphalange)

BloodSupply:Deeppalmarbranchesofulnarartery

Insertion:

•Theulnarsideofbaseoffirstphalangeofthelittlefinger•Theulnaborderoftheextensordigitiminimi

Nerves:

DeepbranchofulnarnerveC8,T1

Origin:

•Pisiform•TendonofFlexorCarpiUlnaris

ABDUCTORPOLLICISBREVIS

Description:Athinflatmuscleofthehandthatabductsthethumbatrightanglestotheplaneofthepalm.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbabduction(carpometacarpaljoints)2Thumb-fingeropposition(slight)3Wristradialflexion(assists)

BloodSupply:Superficialpalmarbranchesofradialartery

Insertion:

Outsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthethumb

Nerves:

RecurrentbranchofmediannerveC6,7

Origin:

•Anteriorsurfaceofthetransversecarpalligament•Trapezium•Scaphoid

ABDUCTORPOLLICIS

Description:Amuscleofthehandwithtwoheadsthatadductsthethumbbybringingittowardthepalm.Composedoftwoparts–caputobliquusandthecaputtransversus.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Thumbadduction(carpometacarpaljoint)

Insertion:

Ulnaraspectofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthefirstmetacarpal(thumb)

Nerves:

Origin:

•Capitatebone•Baseofsecondandthirdmetacarpals•Theintercarpalligaments•ThetendonoftheFlexorCarpiRadialis

DORSALINTEROSSEI

Description:Agroupoffourmusclesthatthatbothextendandabducttheindex,middle,andringfingers.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerabduction2Fingerextension(twodistalphalanges)3Fingerhyperextension(twodistalphalanges)

BloodSupply:Palmarmetacarpalarteryofdeeppalmararch

Insertion:

Bases of 2nd, 3rd, and 4th proximal phalanges onto the tendons of theextensordigitorum.

Nerves:

PalmerbranchofulnarnerveC8,T1

Origin:

Twoheadsfromeachsideofthemetacarpalbones

FLEXORDIGITIMINIMIBREVIS

Description:Amuscleoftheulnarsideofthepalmthatflexesthelittlefinger.Alsoknownastheflexordigitiquintibrevis.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Fingerflexion(littlefinger)

Insertion:Ulnarsideofthefirstphalangeofthelittlefinger

Nerves:

Origin:

Hamate

Palmarsurfaceoftheflexorretinaculum

FLEXORPOLLICISBREVIS

Description:Ashortmuscleofthepalmthatflexesandadductsthethumb.Itisespeciallyactiveinafirmgrip.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbflexion(carpometacarpalandmetacarpophalangealjoints)2Thumbadduction(carpometacarpaljoint))

Insertion:

Baseofthefirstphalangeofthethumb

Nerves:

Superficialhead–mediannerveC6,7

Deephead–deepbranchofulnarnerveC8,T1

Origin:

•Superficial(lateral)head–flexorretinaculum•Firstmetacarpal

LUMBRICALS

Description:Foursmallmusclesofthepalmofthehandthatflextheproximalphalangesandextendthetwoterminalphalangesofeachfinger.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerflexion(metacarpophalangealjoint)2Fingerextension(thetwodistaljoints)3Fingerhyperextension(thetwodistaljoints)

BloodSupply:Palmarmetacarpalarteryofdeeppalmararch

Insertion:

Thetendinousexpansionoftheextensordigitorumonthedorsalsideofthehand

Nerves:

•1,2–mediannerveC6,7•3,4–deepbranchofulnarnerveC8,T1

Origin:

•Thetendonsoftheindexandmiddlefinger•Thetendonstothelittleandringfingers

OPPONENSDIGITIMINIMI

Description:Atriangularmuscleofthehandthatfunctionstoabduct,flex,androtatethefifthmetacarpalinopposingthelittlefingerandthumb.Alsocalledtheopponensdigitiquinti.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Thumb-fingeropposition(littlefinger)2Fingerabduction(littlefinger)3Fingerflexion(littlefinger)

Insertion:

Ulnasideoftheshaftofthefifthmetacarpal

Nerves:

DeepbranchoftheulnarnerveC8,T1

Origin:

Hamateandtheconnectingportionoftheflexorretinaculumligament

OPPONENSPOLLICIS

Description:Asmalltriangularmuscleofthehand,locatedbelowtheabductorpollicisbrevis,thatfunctionstoabduct,flex,androtatethemetacarpalofthethumb,whileopposingthethumbandfingers.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Thumb-fingeropposition2Thumbabduction3Thumbflexion

Insertion:

Lateralborderofthefirstmetacarpal(thumb)

Nerves:

RecurrentbranchofmediannerveC6,7

Origin:

•Trapezium•Theflexorretinaculum

PALMARINTEROSSEI

Description:Anyofthreesmallmusclesofthepalmarsurfaceofthehand,eachofwhichactstoadductitsfingertowardthemiddlefinger.Alsocalledtheinterosseuspalmarisandvolarinterossei.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Fingeradduction(2nd,4th,5thfingers–metacarpophalangealjoints)2Fingerflexion(metacarpophalangealjoint)3Fingerextension(twodistalphalanges)4Fingerhyperextension(twodistalphalanges)

BloodSupply:Palmarmetacarpalarteryofthedeeppalmararch

Insertion:

Thesideofthebasesofthefirstphalangesofthe2nd,4th,and5thfingersandtheextensordigitorumtendongoingtothesamefinger

Nerves:

Origin:

Thelengthofthe2nd,4th,and5thmetacarpals

ADDUCTORBREVIS

Description:Oneofthreetriangularmusclesthatcontributetotheadductionoftheleg.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legadduction2Hip-legexternalrotation3Hip-legflexion

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoffemoralartery

Insertion:

Pectineallineofthefemurandupperone-thirdofthelineaaspera

Nerves:

ObturatornerveL3,4

Origin:

Inferiorramusofthepubis

ADDUCTORLONGUS

Description:Oneofthreepowerfultriangularmusclesontheinsideofthethigh,whichadductstheleg.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legadduction2Hip-legexternalrotation3Hip-legflexion

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoffemoralartery

Insertion:

Middleone-thirdofthelineaasperaontheposteriorfemur

Nerves:

ObturatornerveL3,4

Origin:

Bodyofthepubis,justinferiortothepubiccrest

ADDUCTORMAGNUS

Description:

Oneof threepowerful triangularmuscleson the insideof the thigh,whichadductstheleg.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legadduction2Hip-legexternalrotation(anteriorfibers)3Hip-legflexion(anteriorfibers)4Hip-legextension(posteriorfibers)5Hip-leghyperextension(posteriorfibers)6Hip-leginternalrotation(posteriorfibers)

BloodSupply:

Muscularbranchesofprofundafemoris

Insertion:

•Lineaaspera•Medialsupracondylarridgeoffemur•Adductortubercleoffemur

Nerves:

•Anteriorfibers:obturatornerveL2,3,4•Posteriorfibers:tibialnerveofsciaticbundleL4,5,S1,2,3

Origin:

Inferiorramusofpubisandischium

GLUTEUSMAXIMUS

Description:

Alargesuperficialmuscleofthebuttocksthatisaverystrongextensorandexternalrotatoroftheleg.Thelowerfibersofthismusclealsoadducttheleg.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legextension2Hip-leghyperextension3Hip-legexternalrotation4Hip-legadduction

BloodSupply:

•Inferiorglutealartery•Superiorglutealartery

Insertion:

• Superficial fibers – iliotibial band • Deep fibers – gluteal line onposteriorupperfemur

Nerves:

InferiorglutealnerveL5,S1,2

Origin:

•PosteriorgluteallineofIlium•Posterioriliaccrest•Lateralposteriorsacrumandcoccyx

GLUTEUSMEDIUS

Description:Afan-shapedmusclethatworksinconjunctionwiththegluteusminimustoabducttheleg.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legabduction2Hip-legexternalrotation(posteriorfibers)3Hip-leginternalrotation(anteriorfibers)4Hip-legextension(posteriorfibers)5Hip-leghyperextension(posteriorfibers)6Hip-legflexion(anteriorfibers)

BloodSupply:Superiorglutealartery

Insertion:

Superiorandlateralsurfaceofthegreatertrochanterofthefemur

Nerves:

SuperiorglutealnerveL4,5,S1

Origin:

Lateraluppersurfaceoftheilium,abovethegluteusminimus

GLUTEUSMINIMUS

Description:Thedeepestofthethreeglutealmuscles.Itactssimilarlywiththegluteusmedius.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legabduction2Hip-leginternalrotation(anteriorfibers)3Hip-legflexion(anteriorfibers)

BloodSupply:Superiorglutealartery

Insertion:

Superiorandlateralsurfaceofthegreatertrochanterofthefemur

Nerves:

Origin:

Lateralsurfaceofilium(betweentheanteriorandinferiorgluteallines)

ILIACUS

Description:Amuscleoftheiliacregionoftheabdomenthatflexesandexternallyrotatestheleg.Commonlygroupedwiththepsoasmajorandminortoformamusclegroupcalledtheiliopsoas.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legflexion2Hip-legexternalrotation3Hip-legadduction

BloodSupply:•Iliolumbarartery•Deepcircumflexiliacartery

Insertion:

Lessertrochanterofthefemurandtheshaftjustbelow

Nerves:

•Lumbarnerve•FemoralnerveL2,3,4

Origin:

Iliacfossa

PECTINEUS

Description:Aflat,quadrangularmuscleoftheupperfrontandinneraspectofthethighthatflexes,adducts,andexternallyrotatestheleg.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legflexion2Hip-legadduction3Hip-legexternalrotation

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofmedialfemoralcircumflexartery

Insertion:

Pectineallineofthefemur

Nerves:

FemoralnerveL2,3,4

Origin:

Superiorramusofthepubis

PSOASMAJOR

Description:Thelargerofthetwopsoasmusclesthatflexestheleg.Commonlygroupedwiththepsoasminorandiliacustoformamusclegroupcalledtheiliopsoas.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legflexion2Hip-legexternalrotation

BloodSupply:•Iliolumbarartery•Lumbarartery•Subcostalartery

Insertion:Lessertrochanterofthefemurandtheshaftjustbelow

Nerves:

Origin:

The transverse processes of the five lumbar vertebrae and the bodies anddisksbetweenthem

PSOASMINOR

Description:Thesmallerofthetwopsoasmusclesthatflexesthehip.Itisoftenabsentinsomepeople.Commonlygroupedwiththepsoasmajorandiliacustoformamusclegroupcalledtheiliopsoas.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legflexion2Hip-legexternalrotation

BloodSupply:•Iliolumbarartery•Lumbarartery•Subcostalartery

Insertion:•Pectinealline•Iliopectinealeminence•Iliacfascia

Nerves:

Origin:

Thebodiesofthe12ththoracicandfirstlumbarvertebrae

TENSORFASCIAELATAE

Description:Ashortmuscleonthelateralaspectofthethighthatinsertsontheilio-tibialbandandcontinuestothekneejoint.Itworkswiththegluteusmediusandminimustoabducttheleg.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legabduction2Hip-legflexion3Hip-leginternalrotation

BloodSupply:•Superiorglutealartery•Lateralfemoralcircumflexartery

Insertion:Ilio-tibialband

Nerves:

Origin:

Anterior,lateralsurfaceoftheiliumbelowtheanteriorcrestandposteriortotheanteriorspineoftheilium

HIPANDKNEE

GRACILIS

Description:Themostsuperficialmuscleoftheinsidethighthatactstoadducttheleg,flextheknee,andassistinrotatingtheleginternally.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legadduction2Hip-legflexion(weak)3Kneeflexion4Hip-leginternalrotation(weak)

BloodSupply:Obturatorartery

Insertion:

Upper, anterior, medial surface of the tibia (with sartorius andsemitendinous)

Nerves:

ObturatornerveL2,3,4

Origin:

Symphysispubisandinferior(descending)ramusofthepubis

HIPANDKNEE

SARTORIUS

Description:Thelongestmuscleinthebody,itactstoflex,abduct,andexternallyrotatethelegandtoflextheknee.Oftencalledthetailor'smusclebecauseearlytailorssatcross-legged,whichtheactionofthesartoriusenabledthemtodo.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legflexion2Kneeflexion3Hip-legexternalrotation4Hip-legabduction

BloodSupply:•Muscularbranchesofprofundafemorisartery•Branchofdescendinggenicularartery

Insertion:

Upper,anterior,medialsurfaceofthetibia

Nerves:

FemoralnerveL2,3

Origin:

Anteriorsuperioriliacspine

HIPROTATOR

GEMELLUSINFERIOR

Description:Oneofthesmallmusclesofthehipthatholdsthefemurintotheacetabulumandhelpstoexternallyrotatetheleg.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Hip-legexternalrotation(holdsthefemurintotheacetabulum)

BloodSupply:Inferiorglutealartery

Insertion:Insidesurfaceofthegreatertrochanter

Nerves:

BranchesfromsacralplexusL4,5,S1,2

Origin:

Tuberosityoftheischium

HIPROTATOR

GEMELLUSSUPERIOR

JointCrossing:One

Insertion:Generallytotheinsidesurfaceofthegreatertrochanter

Nerves:

SacralnerveL5,S1,2

Origin:

Outersurfaceofthespineoftheischium

HIPROTATOR

OBTURATOREXTERNUS

JointCrossing:One

BloodSupply:Obturatorartery

Nerves:

ObturatornerveL3,4

Origin:

Generallyfromthesacrumandinsidesurfacesofthepubisandischium

HIPROTATOR

OBTURATORINTERNUS

JointCrossing:One

Insertion:

Generallytotheinsidesurfaceofthegreatertrochanter

Nerves:

BranchesfromsacralplexusL4,5,S1,2

Origin:

HIPROTATOR

PIRIFORMIS

JointCrossing:One

BloodSupply:•Superiorglutealartery•Inferiorglutealartery

Nerves:

FirstorsecondsacralnerveS1,2

Origin:

HIPROTATOR

QUADRATUSFEMORIS

JointCrossing:One

Insertion:Proximalpartofthelinethatextendsfromtheintertrochantericcrestofthefemur

Nerves:

BranchesfromsacralplexusL4,5,S1

Origin:

Generallyfromtheproximalpartoftheexternalborderofthetuberosityoftheischium

POPLITEUS

Description:Aflatthintriangularmusclethatformspartofthefloorofthepoplitealspace,andfunctionstoflextheknee.Itplaysalargeroleinprovidingpostero-lateralstabilitytotheknee.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Kneeflexion

BloodSupply:Branchesofpoplitealartery

Insertion:Poplitealsurfaceofthetibia

Nerves:

TibialnerveL5,S1

Origin:

Posteriorsurfaceofthelateralepicondyleofthefemur

KNEE-HAMSTRINGS

BICEPSFEMORIS(HAMSTRINGS)

Description:

Alargesuperficialmuscleoftheupper,posteriorthigh.Oneofthehamstringgroupofmuscles,itisastronghipextensorandkneeflexor.

JointCrossing:

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legextension2Hip-leghyperextension3Kneeflexion4Hip-legexternalrotation

5Hip-legadduction(slight)

BloodSupply:

•Perforatingbranchesofprofundafemorisartery•Inferiorglutealartery(upperportion)

Insertion:

•Headofthefibula•Adjacent(lateral)surfaceofthetibia

Nerves:

•Longhead:sciatic-tibialnerveS1,2,3•Shorthead:sciatic-peronealnerveL5,S1,2

Origin:

• Long head: ischial tuberosity of the innominate bone • Short head:lowerhalfoflaterallipofthelineaasperaontheposteriorfemur

KNEE-HAMSTRINGS

SEMIMEMBRANOSUS(HAMSTRINGS)

Description:Along,thinmuscleonthemedial,upper,posteriorthighthat’soneofthegroupofhamstringmuscles.Itcrossesthehipandkneejoints.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legextension2Hip-leghyperextension3Kneeflexion4Hip-legadduction5Hip-leginternalrotation

BloodSupply:•Perforatingbranchesofprofundafemorisartery•Inferiorglutealartery(upperportion)

Insertion:

Posterior,upper,andmedialsurfaceofthecondyleofthetibia

Nerves:

TibialnerveofsciaticbundleL5,S1,2

Origin:

Ischialtuberosityoftheinnominatebone

KNEE-HAMSTRINGS

SEMITENDINOSUS(HAMSTRINGS)

Description:

Alongband-likemusclewhichispartof thehamstringmusclegroup.Thedistalendofthismuscleisheldposteriorlybytheligamentsaroundthekneejoint,justpriortoitbeinginsertedanteriorlyonthetibia.Thisfactorallowsflexionoftheknee.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Hip-legextension2Hip-leghyperextension3Kneeflexion4Hip-legadduction5Hip-leginternalrotation

BloodSupply:

•Perforatingbranchesofprofundafemorisartery•Inferiorglutealartery(upperportion)

Insertion:

Upper,anteriormedialsurfaceofthetibia

Nerves:

TibialnerveofsciaticbundleL5,S1,2

Origin:

Ischialtuberosityoftheinnominatebone

KNEE-QUADRICEPS

RECTUSFEMORIS(QUADS)

Description:Themostsuperficialmuscleofthequadricepsgroup.Stronglyextendsthekneewiththeotherthreequadricepsmuscles.Sinceitcrossestheanteriorhipjoint,italsoflexesthehip.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Kneeextension2Hip-legflexion

BloodSupply:Lateralfemoralcircumflexartery

Insertion:

Upper borders of the patella by way of the quadriceps tendon. Thequadriceps tendon passes over and around the patella and becomes thepatellarligament,whichinsertsintothetibialtuberosity

Nerves:

FemoralnerveL2,3,4

Origin:

•Straighthead–anteriorinferioriliacspine•Reflectedhead–upperlipoftheacetabulum

KNEE-QUADRICEPS

VASTUSINTERMEDIUS(QUADS)

Description:Oneofthequadricepsmusclegrouplyingundertherectusfemoris.Withtheotherthreemuscles,itstronglyextendstheknee.Alsoknownasthecrureus.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Kneeextension

Insertion:•Upperbordersofthepatellabywayofthequadricepstendon•Thequadricepstendonpassesoverandaroundthepatellaandbecomesthepatellarligament,whichinsertsintothetibialtuberosity

Nerves:

FemoralnerveL2,3,4

Origin:

Uppertwo-thirdsoftheanteriorandlateralsurfaceofthefemur

KNEE-QUADRICEPS

VASTUSLATERALIS(QUADS)

Description:Thelargestofthequadricepsmusclegroup.Itformsthelowerlateralaspectofthethigh.Alsocalledthevastusexternus.

JointCrossing:One

Insertion:

• Upper border of the patella by way of the quadriceps tendon • Thequadricepstendonpassesoverandaroundthepatellaandbecomesthepatellarligament,whichinsertsintothetibialtuberosity

Nerves:

FemoralnerveL2,3,4

Origin:

• Anterior, upper femur, at right angles to the intertrochanteric line •Lateral lip of the gluteal line (tuberosity) • The lateral edge of theuppertwo-thirdsofthelineaaspera

KNEE-QUADRICEPS

VASTUSMEDIALIS(QUADS)

Description:Oneofthequadricepsmusclegroup.Itmakesupthelowermedialaspectofthethigh.Maybeimportantinmaintainingpatellofemoralstability,duetothewayitsfibersareattachedtothesuperiormedialpatella.Alsocalledthevastusinternus.

JointCrossing:One

BloodSupply:•Muscularbranchesofprofundafemorisartery•Branchofdescendinggenicularartery

Insertion:

•Upper borders of the patella byway of the quadriceps tendon •Thequadricepstendonpassesoverandaroundthepatellaandbecomesthepatellarligament,whichinsertsintothetibialtuberosity

Nerves:

FemoralnerveL2,3,4

Origin:

•Distal half of the intertrochanteric line • Themedial lip of the lineaaspera•Theuppertwo-thirdsoftheintercondylarline

NECK-ANTERIOR

LONGUSCAPITIS

Description:

One of the three muscles that make up the anterior vertebral muscles. Amuscleoneithersideofthefrontandupperportionoftheneckthatflexesthehead.Alsoknownasrectuscapitusanticusmajor.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:

Headflexion

BloodSupply:

Muscularbranchesoftheaorta

Insertion:

Basilarpartofoccipitalbone

Nerves:

VentralramiC1,2,3

Origin:

TransverseprocessesofC3-C6

RECTUSCAPITISANTERIOR

Description:

One of the three muscles that make up the anterior vertebral muscles.Stabilizestheatlantooccipitaljoint.Alsoknownastherectuscapitisanticusminor.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:

Headflexion(atlantooccipitaljointstabilization)

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Basilarpartofoccipitalboneanteriortoforamenmagnum

Nerves:

VentralramiC1,2

Origin:

Anteriorsurfaceoflateralatlas

RECTUSCAPITISLATERALIS

Description:

One of the three muscles that make up the anterior vertebral muscles.Laterallyflexesthehead,aswellasstabilizingtheatlantooccipitaljoint.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:

Headlateralflexion(atlantooccipitaljointstabilization)

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Jugularprocessoftheoccipitalbone

Nerves:

VentralramiC1,2

Origin:

Superiorsurfaceoftransverseprocessoftheatlas

NECK-LATERAL

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

Description:Athicksuperficialmuscleoneachsideoftheneckthatactstoflexandrotatethehead.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:1Headflexion(both)2Headrotation(totheoppositeside–each)3Headlateralflexion(totheoppositeside–each)

BloodSupply:•Occipitalartery•Superiorthyroidartery

Insertion:

•Mastoidprocessoftemporalbone•Adjacentportionofoccipitalbone

Nerves:

Spinalaccessorynerve,C2,3

Origin:

• Anterior, upper surface of themanubrium •Medial one-third of theclavicle

NECK-LATERAL

OBLIQUUSCAPITISINFERIOR

Description:

Asmallposteriorlypositionedmusclethatrotatesthehead.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:

Headrotation

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofvertebralartery

Insertion:

Transverseprocessofatlas

Nerves:

PosteriorramiofC1

Origin:

Spinousprocessofaxis

OBLIQUUSCAPITISSUPERIOR

Description:

Located posteriorly, a muscle that extends the head and assists the rectuscapitislateralisinlateralflexion.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Headextension2Headhyperextension3Headlateralflexion

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofvertebralartery

Insertion:

Betweenthesuperiorandinferiornuchallineoftheoccipitalbone

Nerves:

PosteriorramiofC1

Origin:

Transverseprocessofatlas

NECK-POSTERIOR

RECTUSCAPITISPOSTERIOR(MAJOR)

Description:

Amuscleoneachsideofthebackoftheneckthatactstoextendandrotatethehead.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Headextension(both)2Headhyperextension3Headrotation(tothesameside-each)

BloodSupply:

Muscularbranchesofvertebralartery

Insertion:

Lateralportionofinferiornuchallineofoccipitalbone

Nerves:

PosteriorramiofC1

Origin:

Spinousprocessofaxis

RECTUSCAPITISPOSTERIOR(MINOR)

Description:

Amuscleoneachsideofthebackoftheneckthatextendsthehead.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Headextension2Headhyperextension

BloodSupply:

Muscularbranchesofvertebralartery

Insertion:

Medialportionofinferiornuchallineofoccipitalbone

Nerves:

PosteriorramiofC1

Origin:

Posteriorarchoftheatlas

NECK-POSTERIOR

SPLENIUSCAPITIS

Description:

Aflatmuscleoneachsideofthebackoftheneckthatrotatesandlaterallyflexes the head to the side onwhich it is located and,with bothmuscles,extendsthehead.

JointCrossing:

Rank/BodyAction:1Headextension(both)2Headhyperextension(both)3Headlateralflexion(tothesameside–each)4Headrotation(tothesameside–each)

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

• Mastoid process of the temporal bone • Adjacent portion of theoccipitalbone

Nerves:

PosteriorbranchesofcervicalnervesC4-8

Origin:

•Lowerportionofnuchalligament•Spinesofthe7thcervicalandthefirstthreeorfourthoracicvertebrae

SPLENIUSCERVICIS

Description:

Aflatnarrowmuscleoneachsideofthebackoftheneckthatactstorotateandlaterallyflextheheadtothesideonwhichit is locatedand,withbothmuscles,extendthehead.Alsoknownasthespleniuscolli.

JointCrossing:

Rank/BodyAction:1Headextension(both)2Headhyperextension(both)3Headlateralflexion(tothesame

side–each)4Headrotation(tothesameside–each)

BloodSupply:

Deepcervicalartery

Insertion:

Transverseprocessofthefirsttwoorthreecervicalvertebrae

Nerves:

PosteriorbranchesofcervicalnervesC4-8

Origin:

Spinousprocessesofthe3rd-6ththoracicvertebrae

SHOULDER

CORACOBRACHIALIS

Description:Aweakmusclewhosemajorfunctionistomovethearmhorizontallyandacrossthechest.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Armhorizontaladduction2Armflexion3Armadduction4Armexternalrotation(slight)

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofthebrachialartery

Insertion:

Middleone-thirdofthemedialsurfaceofthehumerus

Nerves:

MusculocutaneousnerveC5,6,7

Origin:

Coracoidprocessofthescapula

SHOULDER

DELTOIDANTERIOR

Description:Thefrontpartofthedeltoidmuscle,itisastrongabductorofthearm.Itslowerfibersweaklyadductandinternallyrotatethearm.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Armabduction(upperfibers)2Armflexion3Arminternalrotation4Armhorizontaladduction(lowerfibers)5Armadduction(lowerfibers)

BloodSupply:•Posteriorhumeralcircumflexartery•Deltoidbranchofthoracoacromialartery

Insertion:

Deltoidtuberosityonthelateralsurfaceofthehumerus

Nerves:

AxillarynerveC5,6

Origin:

Anteriorborderofthelateralone-thirdoftheclavicle

SHOULDER

DELTOIDMIDDLE

Description:Astrongabductorofthearm.Theabductionisassistedbytheupperfibersoftheposteriorandanteriordeltoid.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Armabduction

BloodSupply:•Posteriorhumeralcircumflexartery•Deltoidbranchofthoracoacromialartery

Insertion:

Deltoidtuberosityonthelateralsurfaceoftheshaftofthehumerus

Nerves:

AxillarynerveC5,6

Origin:

Acromionprocessofthescapula

SHOULDER

DELTOIDPOSTERIOR

Description:

Theposteriorpartofthedeltoidmuscle,itisastrongabductorofthearm.Itslowerfibersweaklyadductandexternallyrotatethearm.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Armabduction(upperfibers)2Armexternalrotation3Armextension4Armhyperextension5Armhorizontalabduction6Armadduction(lowerfibers)

BloodSupply:

• Posterior humeral circumflex artery • Deltoid branch ofthoracoacromialartery

Insertion:

Deltoidtuberosityonthelateralsurfaceoftheshaftofthehumerus

Nerves:

AxillarynerveC5,6

Origin:

Inferioredgeofscapularspine

SHOULDER

INFRASPINATUS

Description:Amusclethatoccupiesmostoftheinfraspinousfossaofthescapulaandrotatesthearmexternally.Becauseofitswideorigin,itsupperfibersabductanditslowerfibersadductthearm.Itisastrongexternalrotator,andisoneofthefourrotatorcuffmuscles.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Armexternalrotation2Armhorizontalabduction3Armadduction(lowerfibers)4Armabduction(upperfibers)

BloodSupply:•Suprascapularartery•Scapularcircumflexartery

Insertion:

Superior/lateralsurfaceofthegreatertuberosityofthehumerus

Nerves:

SuprascapularnerveC5,6

Origin:

Infraspinousfossaofthescapula

SHOULDER

LATISSIMUSDORSI

Description:

Abroad, flat superficialmuscleof the lowerpartof theback thatextends,adducts,andinternallyrotatesthearm.Sometimesknownastheswimmer’smuscle.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Armextension(strong)2Armhyperextension(strong)3Armadduction(strong)4Arminternalrotation5Armhorizontaladduction

BloodSupply:

Thoracodorsalartery

Insertion:

Intertubulargrooveontheanteriorhumerus

Nerves:

ThoracodorsalnerveC6,7,8

Origin:

• Spines of the lower six thoracic vertebrae • Spines of the lumbarvertebrae •Posteriorsurfaceof thesacrum•Posteriorportionof thecrest of the ilium • Lower three or four ribs • Inferior angle of thescapula

SHOULDER

PECTORALISMAJOR

Description:

Alarge,superficialfan-shapedmuscleofthechest.Itisastronghorizontaladductor, flexor, and internal rotator of the arm. It lies superior to thepectoralisminor.

JointCrossing:

Rank/BodyAction:1Armhorizontaladduction2Armflexion3Arminternalrotation4Armadduction

BloodSupply:

• Pectoralis branch of thoracoacromial artery • Lateral thoracic artery(lessersupply)

Insertion:

Crestofthegreatertuberosityofthehumerus

Nerves:

•LateralpectoralnerveC5,6,7(upper)•MedialpectoralnerveC8,T1(lower)

Origin:

• Medial two-thirds of the anterior border of the clavicle •Anterior/lateralsurfaceofthesternumandthecostalcartilage'softhefirstsixribs•Aponeurosisoftheexternalabdominalobliquemuscle

SHOULDER

SUBSCAPULARIS

Description:Atriangular-shapedmusclethatfillsupthesubscapularfossa,stabilizestheshoulder,androtatesthearminternally,whenthearmisheldbythesideofthebody.Itisoneofthefourrotatorcuffmuscles.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Arminternalrotation2Armextension3Armhyperextension4Armadduction(weak)

BloodSupply:Branchesofsubscapularartery

Insertion:

Lessertuberosityofthehumerus

Nerves:

UpperandlowersubscapularnervesC5,6

Origin:

Subscapularfossaofthescapula

SHOULDER

SUPRASPINATUS

Description:Amuscleoftheshoulder,thatisoneofthefourrotatorcuffmuscles.Itabductsthearmandisthemostofteninjuredoftherotatorcuffmuscles,especiallywithactivitiesthatraisethearmabovethehead.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Armabduction

BloodSupply:Suprascapularartery(poorlysupplied)

Insertion:

Superior/lateralsurfaceofthegreatertuberosityofthehumerus

Nerves:

SuprascapularnerveC5

Origin:

Supraspinousfossaofthescapula

SHOULDER

TERESMAJOR

Description:Similartoasmalllatissimusdorsi,havingthesamefiberdirectionand,hence,thesameactions.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Armextension2Armhyperextension3Armadduction4Arminternalrotation

BloodSupply:Thoracodorsalartery

Insertion:

Crestofthelessertuberosityofthehumerus

Nerves:

LowersubscapularnerveC5,6

Origin:

•Lowerone-thirdoftheaxillaryborderofthescapula•Inferiorangleofthescapula

SHOULDER

TERESMINOR

Description:Alongcylindricalmusclethatcontributestotheformationofthefourrotatorcuffmusclesoftheshoulder,andactstoextendandrotatethearmexternally.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Armexternalrotation2Armextension3Armhyperextension4Armadduction5Armhorizontalabduction

BloodSupply:Scapularcircumflexartery

Insertion:

Posteriorsurfaceofthegreatertuberosityofthehumerus

Nerves:

AxillarynerveC5,6

Origin:

Uppertwo-thirdsoftheaxillaryborderofthescapula

SHOULDERGRIDLE

LEVATORSCAPULAE

Description:Abackmusclethatmostlyelevatesthescapulabutalsoassistswithdownwardrotation.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Scapulaelevation2Scapuladownwardrotation3Scapulaadduction(slight)

BloodSupply:Transversecervicalartery

Insertion:

Vertebralborderofthescapula,fromthespinetothesuperiorangle

Nerves:

•BranchesofC3,4•DorsalscapularnerveC5

Origin:

Transverseprocessesofthefirstfourcervicalvertebrae

SHOULDERGRIDLE

PECTORALISMINOR

Description:Anon-locomotormusclethatisusedinforcedinspiration.Itliesbeneaththepectoralismajor.

JointCrossing:N/A

Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation2Scapuladepression

BloodSupply:Lateralthoracicartery

Insertion:

Coracoidprocessofscapula

Nerves:

MedialpectoralnerveC8,T1

Origin:

Anteriorsurfaceofthird,fourth,andfifthribs

SHOULDERGRIDLE

RHOMBOIDMAJOR&MINOR

Description:

A muscle that acts to adduct and downwardly rotate the scapula. Themovementsofthescapulaaffectthemovementsoftheshouldergirdle.

JointCrossing:N/A

Rank/BodyAction:1Scapulaadduction2Scapuladownwardrotation3Scapulaelevation

BloodSupply:

Deepbranchoftransversecervicalartery(ordorsalscapularartery)

Insertion:

Vertebralborderofthescapula,fromthespinetotheinferiorangle

Nerves:

DorsalscapularnerveC5

Origin:

• Lower part of the ligamentum nuchae • Spine of the seventh cervicalvertebra•Spinesofthefirstfivethoracicvertebrae

SHOULDERGRIDLE

SERRATUSANTERIOR

Description:

Abroadmusclethatwrapsaroundthethoraxanddovetailswiththeexternalabdominaloblique (inaserrated junction). Itacts tostabilize thescapulabyholdingitagainstthebackthoracicwallandabductsandupwardlyrotatesit.Alsocalledtheserratusmagnus.

JointCrossing:N/A

Rank/BodyAction:1Scapulaabduction2Scapulaupwardrotation3Scapuladepression(lowerfibers)

BloodSupply:

• Lateral thoracic artery (upper portion) • Thoracodorsal artery (lowerportion)

Insertion:

Costalsurfaceofvertebralborderofscapula

Nerves:

LongthoracicnerveC5,6,7

Origin:

Lateral,anteriorsurfacesoffirsteightornineribs

SHOULDERGRIDLE

SUBCLAVIUS

Description:Asmallmuscleoneachsideofthebodythatactstostabilizetheclaviclebydepressinganddrawingforwarditslateralendduringmovementsoftheshoulder.

JointCrossing:N/A

Rank/BodyAction:Scapuladepression(sternoclavicularjointstabilizationandprotection)

BloodSupply:Clavicularbranchofthoracoacromialartery

Insertion:

Inferiorgrooveinthemid-portionoftheclavicle

Nerves:

NervefibersfromC5,6

Origin:

Superioraspectoffirstribatitsjunctionwithitscostalcartilage

SHOULDERGRIDLE

TRAPEZIUS

Description:

Alargeflattriangularsuperficialmuscleoneachsideoftheupperbackthatservesmainlytoelevatethescapula.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Scapulaadduction(middlefibers)2Scapulaelevation(upperfibers)3Scapuladepression(lowerfibers)4Scapulaupwardrotation5Headextension6Headhyperextension7Headrotation8Headlateralflexion

BloodSupply:

Transversecervicalartery

Insertion:

•Lateralone-thirdof theclavicle •Acromionprocessof the scapula •Spineofthescapula

Nerves:

•Spinalaccessorynerve•BranchesofC3,4

Origin:

•Superiornuchalline•Occipitalprotuberance•Ligamentumnuchae•Spinesof7thcervicalandall12thoracicvertebrae

SPINE-DEEP

INTERSPINALIS

Description:

Anyofthevariousshortmusclesthatarelocatedbetweeneachvertebratoextendthespine.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Spinousprocessofnextvertebra

Nerves:

Posteriorprimaryramusofspinalnerves

Origin:

Spinousprocessesofeachvertebra

INTERTRANSVERSARII

Description:

Adeepsetofmusclesthatconnectadjacentvertebraeandlaterallyflexthespine.This set ofmuscles includes fourparts: intertransversarii anteriores,posteriores,laterales,andmediales.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:

Spinelateralflexion

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Tuberclesoftransverseprocessesofnextvertebra

Nerves:

Anteriorprimaryramusofspinalnerves

Origin:

Tuberclesoftransverseprocessesofeachvertebra

SPINE-DEEP

LONGUSCOLLI(INFERIOROBLIQUE)

Description:Agroupofthreemuscles(longuscollisuperioroblique,inferioroblique,andvertical)thatarelocatedposteriorlyonthecervicalvertebrae,andassistinspineflexion.

JointCrossing:Spine

BodyAction:Spineflexion(cervicalspine

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesoftheaorta

Insertion:

Nerves:

VentralramiC2-C7

Origin:

BodiesofT1-T3

LONGUSCOLLI(SUPERIOROBLIQUE)

JointCrossing:Spine

BodyAction:Spineflexion(cervicalspine)

Insertion:

Anteriorarchofatlas

Nerves:

VentralramiC2-C7

Origin:

SPINE-DEEP

LONGUSCOLLI(VERTICAL)

JointCrossing:Spine

BodyAction:Spineflexion(cervicalspine)

Insertion:

Nerves:

AnteriorsurfaceofC2-C4

Origin:

BodiesofC5-C7andT1-T3

MULTIFIDUS

Description:Adeepmuscleoftheback,fillingupthegrooveoneachsideofthespinousprocessesofthevertebraefromthesacrumtotheskullandconsistingofmanyfasciculithatpassupwardandinwardtothespinousprocessesandhelpextendandrotatethespine.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinerotation(contralateral)

Insertion:

Spinousprocessesof2nd,3rd,or4thvertebraeabovetheorigin

Nerves:

Origin:

•Sacrum•Iliacspine• Transverse processes of lumbar, thoracic, and lower four cervicalvertebrae

SPINE-DEEP

ROTATORES

Description:

Anyof several smallmuscles in thedorsal regionof the spine thatacts torotateandextendthespine.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinerotation(contralateralrotation)

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Baseofspinousprocessofnextvertebraabove

Nerves:

Origin:

Transverseprocessofeachvertebra

SEMISPINALISCERVICIS

Description:

Adeeplongitudinalmuscleofthebackthat,withthesemispinalisthoracis,actstoextendthespinalcolumnandrotateittowardtheoppositeside.Alsocalledthesemispinaliscolli.

JointCrossing:Spine

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

SpinousprocessesofC2-C5

Nerves:

Posteriorprimarydivisionsofspinalnerves,alldivisions

Origin:

TransverseprocessesofT1-T6vertebrae

SPINE-DEEP

SEMISPINALISTHORACIS

Description:Adeeplongitudinalmuscleofthebackthat,withthesemispinaliscervicis,actstoextendthespinalcolumnandrotateittowardtheoppositeside.

JointCrossing:One

Insertion:

SpinousprocessesofC6-C7andT1-T4

Nerves:

Origin:

TransverseprocessesofT6-T10

SPINE-SUPERFICIAL(ERECTORSPINAE)

ILIOCOSTALISCERVICIS

Description:

Amusclethatextendsfromtheribstothecervicalvertebraeandextendsandlaterally flexes the upper cervical vertebrae. Also known as cervicalisascendens.

JointCrossing:Spine

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinelateralflexion

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Transverseprocessesofthe4th,5th,and6thcervicalvertebrae

Nerves:

Dorsalramiofspinalnerves

Origin:

3rd,4th,5thand6thribs

ILIOCOSTALISLUMBORUM

Description:Amusclethatextendsfromthelumbodorsalfasciatothelowerribsandindividuallyactstodrawthespinetothesamesideandtoextendthespinewhenworkingtogether.Alsoknownasthesacrolumbalis.

JointCrossing:Spine

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension(both)2Spinehyperextension(both)3Spinelateralflexion(each)

Insertion:

Lowersixribs

Nerves:

Posteriorbranchesofspinalnerves

Origin:

Lumbodorsal fascia – (posterior iliac crest, posterior surface of sacrum,lumbarvertebrae)

ILIOCOSTALISTHORACIS

Description:Amusclethatextendsfromthelowertotheupperribsandactstolaterallyflexthespinetothesameside.Alsoknownasthemusculusaccessorius.

JointCrossing:Spine

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinelateralflexion

Insertion:

Uppersixribs

Nerves:

Origin:

Lowersixribs

LONGISSIMUSCAPITIS

Description:

Alongslendermusclebetweenthelongissimuscervicisandthesemispinaliscapitisthatextendstheheadandspine.Alsocalledthetrachelomastoid.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Headextension4Headhyperextension5Headlateralflexion6Headrotation

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Mastoidprocessofthetemporalbone

Nerves:

Origin:

Lower four cervical vertebrae and upper four thoracic vertebrae (eightvertebraetotal)

LONGISSIMUSCERVICIS

Description:Aslendermusclemedialtothelongissimusthoracisthatextendsthespine.

JointCrossing:Spine

Insertion:

Secondthroughthesixthcervicalvertebrae(allbutC1andC7)

Nerves:

Origin:

Transverseprocessesoftheupperfourorfivethoracicvertebrae

LONGISSIMUSTHORACIS

Description:Amusclewhoseoriginblendsinwiththeiliocostalislumborum.

JointCrossing:Spine

Insertion:

Transverseprocessesofallofthethoracicvertebraeandadjacentribsurface

Nerves:

Origin:

Lumbodorsalfascia,whichincludestheposterioriliaccrest,posteriorsurfaceofsacrum,lumbarvertebrae

SPINALISCAPITIS

Description:

Alsoknowasthesemispinaliscapitisandthebiventercervicis.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension(both–upperspine)2Spinehyperextension(both–upperspine)3Headextension(both)4Headhyperextension(both)5Headlateralflexion(each–slight)6Headrotation(each–totheoppositeside)

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Occipitalbonebetweenthesuperiorandinferiornuchalline

Nerves:

Origin:

TransverseprocessesofthefirstsixorseventhoracicvertebraeandtheC4-C7vertebrae(10-11vertebraeinall)

SPINALISCERVICIS

Description:

Anirregularshapedsmallmusclethatextendsthespineandlaterallyflexestheupperoneortwovertebrae.

JointCrossing:Spine

Rank/BodyAction:1Spineextension2Spinehyperextension3Spinelateralflexion(upperspine–weak)

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Spineoftheaxis(secondcervicalvertebrae)

Nerves:

Origin:

•Lowerpartofnuchal ligament •Seventhcervicalvertebra • firstandsecondthoracicvertebrae

SPINALISTHORACIS

Description:Anupwardcontinuationofthesacrospinalisthatissituatedmediallytoandblendswiththelongissimusthoracis.Itisaspineextensor.

JointCrossing:Spine

Insertion:

Spinesoftheuppereightthoracicvertebrae

Nerves:

Origin:

Spinesof the11thand12ththoracicvertebraeandfirstandsecondlumbarvertebrae

THORAX

EXTERNALINTERCOSTALS

Description:

These muscles elevate the ribs to increase thoracic volume to assist withinspiration.Alsoknownastheintercostalesexterni.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:

Ribelevation

BloodSupply:Intercostalarteries

Insertion:

Superiorborderoftheribbelow

Nerves:

IntercostalbranchesofT1-11

Origin:

Eleveninnumber;theinferiorborderofeachrib

INTERNALINTERCOSTALS

Description:

Muscles thatdepress theribsduringexhalation,andhelpelevatetheupperribsduringinhalation.Alsoknownastheintercostalesinterni.

JointCrossing:N/A

Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation(upperfourribs–duringinhalation)2Ribdepression(duringexhalation)

Insertion:

Theyextenddorsallytotheangleoftheribs

Nerves:

IntercostalbranchesofT1-11

Origin:

Eleven in number; in the space between the cartilages of the ribs in thesternum

THORAX

LEVATORCOSTARUM

Description:

Aseriesof12musclesoneachsideofthespinethatraisetheribsincreasingthevolumeofthethoraciccavityandlaterallyflexthespine.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation2Spinelateralflexion(thoracicspine)

BloodSupply:

Deepcervicalartery

Insertion:

Theypassobliquelyanddownwardandouttoinsertoftheribimmediatelybelow

Nerves:

Intercostalnerves

Origin:

Twelveinnumber:fromtheendsoftransverseprocessesofC7,T2-T11

SCALENUSANTERIOR

Description:

Oneofusually threedeeplysituatedmusclesoneachsideof theneck thatfunctionstoflexthespineforwardandlaterally,andtorotateittotheside.Alsocalledtheanteriorscaleneorscalenusanticus.

JointCrossing:Spine

Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation(Firstrib)2Spineflexion(cervicalspine)3Spinelateralflexion(cervicalspine)4Spinerotation(contralateral-cervicalspine))

BloodSupply:

Inferiorthyroidartery(branchofthethyrocervicaltrunk)

Insertion:

Innerborderanduppersurfaceof1strib

Nerves:

VentralramiC5,6

Origin:

THORAX

SCALENUSMEDIUS

Description:

Anyofusually threedeeplysituatedmusclesoneachsideof theneck thatfunctionstoflexthespineforwardandlaterally,andtorotateittotheside.Alsocalledthemiddlescalene.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation(firstrib)2Spinelateralflexion(cervicalspine)3Spinerotation(cervicalspine)

BloodSupply:

Ascendingcervicalartery

Insertion:

Superiorsurfaceof1strib

Nerves:

VentralramiC3-C8

Origin:

SCALENUSPOSTERIOR

Description:

Anyofusually threedeeplysituatedmusclesoneachsideof theneck thatfunctions to raise the second rib and to flex and slightly rotate the spine.Alsocalledtheposteriorscalene.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Ribelevation(secondrib)2Spineflexion(cervicalspine)3Spinelateralflexion(cervicalspine)4Spinerotation(contralateral-cervicalspine-slight)

BloodSupply:

Ascendingcervicalartery

Insertion:

Outersurfaceofsecondrib

Nerves:

VentralramiC6,7,8

Origin:

THORAX

SERRATUSPOSTERIOR(INFERIOR)

Description:Athinquadrilateralmuscleatthejunctionofthethoracicandlumbarregionsthatactstocounteractthepullofthediaphragmontheribstowhichitisattached.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Ribdepression(depressribs8-12downwardandoutward;counteractstheinwardpullofthediaphragm)

BloodSupply:•Lowerposteriorintercostalartery•Subcostalartery

Insertion:

Inferiorborderslateraltoanglesofribs8-12

Nerves:

BranchesfromanteriorprimaryramiofT9-T12

Origin:

SpinousprocessesofT10-T12andL1-L3

THORAX

SERRATUSPOSTERIOR(SUPERIOR)

Description:Athinquadrilateralmuscleoftheupperanddorsalpartofthethoraxthatactstoelevatetheupperribs.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:Ribelevation(upperribs)

BloodSupply:Posteriorintercostalarteries

Insertion:

Superiorborderslateraltoanglesofribs2-5

Nerves:

BranchesfromanteriorprimaryramiofT1-T4

Origin:

•Ligamentumnuchae•SpinousprocessesofC7,T1,andT2orT3

THORAX

SUBCOSTALES

Description:

Anyofavariablenumberofsmallmusclesthatfunctiontodepresstheribsbydrawingthemtogether.Alsoknownastheintracostales.

JointCrossing:N/A

BodyAction:

Ribdepression(decreasingthoraciccavityvolume)

Insertion:

Mediallyontheinnersurfaceofsecondorthirdribbelow

Nerves:

Intercostalnerves

Origin:

Innersurfaceofeachribnearitsangle

TRANSVERSUSTHORACIS

Description:

Athinflatsheetofmuscleandtendonfibersoftheanteriorwallofthechestthatactstodrawtheribsdownward.Alsocalledthetriangularissterni.

JointCrossing:One

BodyAction:

Ribdepression(ribs3-6)

Insertion:

Innersurfacesandinferiorbordersofcostalcartilages2-6

Nerves:

IntercostalbranchesofT3-T6

Origin:

•Innersurfaceofthesternum•Xiphoidprocess•Sternalendsofcostalcartilagesofthelastthreeorfourtrueribs

WRISTANDFINGERS-DEEPEXTENSORS

ABDUCTORPOLLICISLONGUS

Description:Amuscleoftheforearmthatabductsthethumbandradiallyflexesthewrist.Alsoknownastheextensorossismetacarpipollicis.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbabduction2Wristradialflexion

Insertion:

Dorsalsurfaceofthebaseofthefirstmetacarpal(thumb)

Nerves:

DeepbranchofradialnerveC6,7

Origin:

•Themiddleonethirdofthemedialposteriorsurfaceoftheradius•Theupperlateralsurfaceofthemiddleoftheulna

EXTENSORINDICIS

Description:

Athinmusclethatextendstheindexfinger,especiallyusedwhenpointing.Alsoknownastheextensorindicisproprius.

JointCrossing:One

Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerextension(indexfinger)2Fingerhyperextension(indexfinger)3Wristextension(weak)4Wristhyperextension(weak)

BloodSupply:

Posteriorinterosseousartery

Insertion:

The tendon of the extensor digitorum at about the region of the secondmetacarpaloftheindexfinger

Nerves:

PosteriorinterosseousnerveofradialnerveC6,7,8

Origin:

Dorsalsurfaceofthelowershaftoftheulna

EXTENSORPOLLICISBREVIS

Description:

Amusclethatextendsthefirstphalangeofthethumb,andslightlyextendsthewrist.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbextension2Wristextension(slight)3Wristhyperextension(slight)

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Dorsalsurfaceofthefirstphalangeofthethumb

Nerves:

PosteriorinterosseousnerveofradialnerveC6,7

Origin:

Posteriorsurfaceofthelowerone-thirdoftheradius

EXTENSORPOLLICISLONGUS

Description:Amusclethatextendsthesecondphalanxofthethumb,andextendsthewrist.Alsoknownastheextensorsecundiinternodiipollicis.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbextension2Wristextension3Wristhyperextension

BloodSupply:Posteriorinterosseousartery

Insertion:

Dorsalsurfaceofthebaseoftheterminalphalangeofthethumb

Nerves:

Origin:

Lateral part of themiddle thirdof theposterior surfaceof the shaft of theulna

WRISTANDFINGERS-DEEPFLEXORS

FLEXORDIGITORUMPROFUNDUS

Description:

A deep muscle of the outside of the forearm that flexes the terminalphalangesofthefourfingers-usedinanytypeofgrippingaction.Withtheflexordigitorumsuperficialis,itisoneofonlytwomusclesthatflexallfourfingers.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerflexion2Wristflexion

BloodSupply:

•Muscularbranchesoftheulnarartery•Muscularbranchesoftheradialartery•Anteriorinterosseousartery

Insertion:

Bysplittendonstotheterminalphalangesofthefourfingers

Nerves:

•Fingers2,3:medialnerveC8,T1•Fingers4,5:ulnarnerveC8,T1

Origin:

Upperanteriorthree-fourthsoftheulna

WRISTANDFINGERS-DEEPFLEXORS

FLEXORPOLLICISLONGUS

Description:Amuscleoftheradialsideoftheforearmthatflexestheterminalphalangeofthethumb.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Thumbflexion2Wristflexion

BloodSupply:•Muscularbranchesofradialartery•Anteriorinterosseousartery

Insertion:

Baseoftheterminalphalangeofthethumb(palmarsurface)

Nerves:

PalmarinterosseousbranchofmediannerveC8,T1

Origin:

•Middleanterior surfaceof the radius •Anteriormedialborderof theulnajustdistaltothecoronoidprocess

WRISTANDFINGERS-SUPERFICIALEXTENSORS

EXTENSORCARPIRADIALISBREVIS

Description:

Amuscle on the radial side of the back of the forearm that extends andradiallyflexesthewrist;astrongwristextender.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Wristextension2Wristhyperextension3Wristradialflexion4Elbowextension(slight)

BloodSupply:

Radialrecurrentartery

Insertion:

Baseofthethirdmetacarpal(dorsalsurface)

Nerves:

DeepbranchofradialnerveC6,7

Origin:

Posteriorlateralepicondyleofthehumerus

EXTENSORCARPIRADIALISLONGUS

Description:

Alongmuscleontheradialsideofthebackoftheforearmthatextendsandradiallyflexesthewrist.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Wristextension2Wristhyperextension3Wristradialflexion4Elbowextension(slight)

BloodSupply:

Radialrecurrentartery

Insertion:

Dorsalsurfaceofthebaseofthesecondmetacarpal

Nerves:

RadialnerveC6,7

Origin:

• Distal one-third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus •Lateralepicondyleofthehumerus

EXTENSORCARPIULNARIS

Description:

Amuscleontheulnarsideofthebackoftheforearmthatextendsandulnarflexes thewrist.With the flexorcarpiulnaris, it isoneof the twomusclesthatulnarflexthewrist.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Wristextension2Wristhyperextension3Wristulnarflexion4Elbowextension(slight)

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Baseofthe5thmetacarpal(dorsalsurface)

Nerves:

Origin:

• Posterior lateral epicondyle of the humerus • Middle half of theposteriorulna

EXTENSORDIGITIMINIMI

Description:

Aslendermuscleonthemedialsideoftheextensordigitorumthatassiststoextendthelittlefinger.

JointCrossing:Three

Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerextension(littlefinger)2Fingerhyperextension(littlefinger)3Wristextension(slight)4Wristhyperextension(slight)5Elbowextension(weak)

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Baseofsecondandthirdphalangeofthelittlefinger(dorsalsurface)

Nerves:

Origin:

Posteriorlateralepicondyleofthehumerus

EXTENSORDIGITORUM

Description:

Theonlymuscleinvolvedintheextensionofallfourfingers.Alsoknownastheextensordigitorumcommunis.

JointCrossing:Three

Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerextension2Fingerhyperextension3Wristextension4Wristhyperextension5Elbowextension(slight)

BloodSupply:

Insertion:

Splittendonstothesecondandthirdphalangeofthefourfingers

Nerves:

Origin:

Posteriorsurfaceofthelateralepicondyleofthehumerus

WRISTANDFINGERS-SUPERFICIALFLEXORS

FLEXORCARPIRADIALIS

Description:Asuperficialmuscleoftheradialsideoftheforearmthatflexesthewristandassistsinradiallyflexingit.Thismusclemaybeabsentinsomeindividuals.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Wristflexion2Wristradialflexion3Elbowflexion(slight)

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofradialartery

Insertion:

Baseofthesecondandthirdmetacarpals,onthepalmarsurface

Nerves:

MediannerveC6,7

Origin:

Medialepicondyleofthehumerus

FLEXORCARPIULNARIS

Description:Asuperficialmuscleontheulnarsideoftheforearmthatflexesthewrist.Withtheextensorcarpiulnaris,itisoneofthetwomusclesthatulnarflexthewrist.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Wristflexion2Wristulnarflexion3Elbowflexion(slight)

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofulnarartery

Insertion:

•Anterior-palmarsurface:•Pisiform•Hamate•Baseofthefifthmetacarpal

Nerves:

UlnarnerveC8,T1

Origin:

•Medialepicondyleofthehumerus•Medialborderoftheolecranonprocessandtheuppertwo-thirdsoftheposteriorulna

FLEXORDIGITORUMSUPERFICIALIS

Description:

Asuperficialmuscleon theulnar sideof the forearm that flexes thewrist.Withtheextensorcarpiulnaris, it isoneof thetwomusclesthatulnarflexthewrist.

JointCrossing:Three

Rank/BodyAction:1Fingerflexion2Wristflexion3Elbowflexion(slight)

BloodSupply:

•Muscularbranchesofulnarartery•Muscularbranchesofradialartery

Insertion:

Themuscle splits into four tendons runningdowneachof the four fingersagainsplittingandinsertingoneachsideofthesecondphalangesofthefour

fingers

Nerves:

MediannerveC7,8,T1

Origin:

• Medial epicondyle of the humerus • Ulnar head – medial coronoidprocess•Radialhead–diagonallinecrosstheupperradius

PALMARISLONGUS

Description:Asuperficialmuscleoftheforearm,lyingonthemedialsideoftheflexorcarpiradialis,thatactstoflexthewrist.Oneofthemostvariablemusclesinthebody,thismuscleisabsentin10%ofindividuals.

JointCrossing:Two

Rank/BodyAction:1Wristflexion2Elbowflexion(slight)

BloodSupply:Muscularbranchesofulnarartery

Insertion:

Palmaraponeurosis

Nerves:

MediannerveC6,7

Origin:

Medialepicondyleofthehumerus

FITNESSPROFESSIONALS’GUIDETOMUSCULOSKELETALANATOMYANDHUMANMOVEMENT–MOVEMENTANALYSIS

CHAPTER5•MOVEMENTANALYSIS

Thischapterdealswithananalysisofhumanmovements.Thechapterincludesabriefdescriptionofthethreerolesthatmusclestakeinaparticularmovement(primemovers,stabilizers,andneutralizers),alistofeverybodyactionwiththemusclesthatcontributetothataction,andfinallyadetailedmovementanalysisof selectedexercises andanoverviewof thebodyactions involved in specificactivities.

Analysis ofmovements divides amovement into a list of body actions.Amovementmaybeanexercise,sport,orsomeotheractivity.Initially,movementanalysis breaks up a particularmovement into specificmotions. For example,witharchery(shootinganarrow),themovementinvolvedcouldbebrokenintothe followingmotions: holding the bowout in front of you; pulling the stringbackandaiming;andreleasingthestring.Theidentifiedmotionsarethenrankedastothemostimportantfromastrengthperspective.Subsequently,eachmotionisthenbrokenupintoarankedlistofbodyactionsthatcomprisethatmotion.Inotherwords,movementanalysisinvolvesbreakingdownaparticularmovementinto rankedmotions, which are then broken into ranked body actions. In thisway,aconcise, completedescriptionof theoriginalmovement isderivedbyalistofrankedbodyactions.

RoleofMusclesinMovement

When analyzing the involvement ofmuscles in an activity or an exercise, thefollowing three terms are used to describe the role that muscles take in themovement–primemovers,stabilizers,andneutralizers.

•PrimeMovers

Aprimemoveristhemuscleormusclegroupthatdoesthemainmovement.Inthepush-up,forexample,theprimemoversaretheelbowextensorsandthearmflexors.Thesearethemusclesthatgetthebodyfromthe“floor”positiontothe“up” position. The elbow extensors straighten the elbow, and the arm flexorsbringthearmintothefinal“up”positionforthepush-up.Inpull-ups,theprimemovers are the elbow flexors and the shoulder extensors;both setsofmusclesmustworktogethertopullyoutothe“up”positionforapull-up.

Prime movers typically imply concentric contraction. In the movementanalysis of the various exercises and activities that appears in subsequentsectionsofthischapter,theprimemoveractionsaretypicallyforthefirstmotionlisted.

•Stabilizers

Usingthepreviouslydiscussedpush-upexampleasareferencepoint,ifyoulayonthefloorinthe“down”positionforthepush-up,andthenonlydidtheactionsoftheprimemovers,youwouldbeinthe“up”position,butyourbodywouldbesagging toward the floor (hyperextending thespineandhips).Agoodpush-upinvolveskeepingyourbodystraightorrigidwhenpushingtothe“up”position.Ifthebodyistobekeptstraight,thenmuscleshavetokeepitrigid.Themusclesthatmake thishappenarecalled stabilizers.Theystabilize thebody,while theprimemoversdo their job. In thepush-up, sincenostabilizerscause thespineand hips to be hyperextended, the stabilizers are the spine and hip flexors (topreventhyperextension).Dependingon theactivityormovement,musclescanbeeitherprimemoversorstabilizers.

Stabilizers typically imply isometric contractions. In the analysis of thevarious exercises and activities that appears in subsequent sections of thischapter,theactionslistedasisometriccontractionsusuallyinvolvestabilizers.

•Neutralizers

The third role ofmuscles inmovement is as neutralizers.Manymuscles havemorethanoneaction.Forexample,thebicepsisanelbowflexor,anarmflexor,and a supinator of the forearm. When it contracts, all of these actions areinitiated.Ifthemovementbeinganalyzedonlyinvolvessupination(forexample,drivingascrewintoapieceofwood),thenthebicepswillbeaprimemover(asone of the forearm supinators).However, of its three possible actions that thebiceps could undertake, only supination is needed. To prevent the other twoactions,muscleswiththeoppositeactionshavetobeinnervatedto“neutralize”theelbowandarmflexion,(inotherwords,theelbowandarmextensors).Inthisinstance,thesemusclesactasneutralizers.

MusclesforEachBodyAction

This sectionpresentsa listofeverybodyaction, followedby themuscles thatcontributetothataction.Theactionsarelistedinalphabeticalorder.Themusclesassociatedwitheachactionarealsolisted.Theindentedmuscleshaveasmallercontributiontotheaction.

❑ Abdomen Compressors: • External oblique abdominal • Internal obliqueabdominal•Rectusabdominis

•Transversusabdominis❑AnkleDorsiflexors:•Extensordigitorumlongus•Peroneustertius

•Tibialisanterior-extensorhallucislongus❑AnkleEverters:

•Extensordigitorumlongus•Peroneusbrevis•Peroneuslongus•Peroneustertius❑AnkleInverters:

•Flexorhallucislongus•Tibialisanterior

•Tibialisposterior- extensor hallucis longus - flexor digitorum longus❑ Ankle PlantarFlexors•Flexordigitorumlongus•Gastrocnemius

•Peroneuslongus•Plantaris•Soleus•Tibialisposterior-flexorhallucislongus-peroneusbrevis❑ArmAbductors:

•Deltoidanterior(upperfibers)•Deltoidmiddle•Deltoidposterior(upperfibers)•Supraspinatus-infraspinatus(upperfibers)❑ArmAdductors:

•Latissimusdorsi•Teresmajor•Teresminor- coracobrachialis - deltoid anterior (lower fibers) - deltoid posterior(lower fibers) - infraspinatus (lower fibers) - pectoralis major -subscapularis

-tricepsbrachii❑ArmExtensors:

•Deltoidposterior•Latissimusdorsi•Subscapularis•Teresmajor•Teresminor

-tricepsbrachii❑ArmFlexors:

•Coracobrachialis•Deltoidanterior•Pectoralismajor-bicepsbrachii

❑ArmHorizontalAbductors:•Infraspinatus-deltoidposterior-teresminor

❑ArmHorizontalAdductors:•Coracobrachialis•Pectoralismajor- deltoid anterior - latissimus dorsi❑ Arm Hyperextensors: • Deltoidposterior

•Latissimusdorsi•Subscapularis•Teresmajor•Teresminor-tricepsbrachii❑ArmInternalRotators:•Deltoidanterior

•Latissimusdorsi•Pectoralismajor•Subscapularis-teresmajor

❑ArmExternalRotators:•Deltoidposterior•Infraspinatus•Teresminor-coracobrachialis❑ElbowExtensors:

•Anconeus•Tricepsbrachii-extensorcarpiradialisbrevis-extensorcarpiradialislongus-extensorcarpi ulnaris - extensor digiti minimi √ extensor digitorum❑ ElbowFlexors:

•Bicepsbrachii•Brachialis

•Brachioradialis•Pronatorteres-flexorcarpiradialis-flexorcarpiulnaris-flexordigitorumsuperficialis-palmarislongus

-supinator

❑FingerAbductors:•Abductordigitiminimi•Dorsalinterossei-opponensdigitiminimi❑FingerAdductors:

•Palmarinterossei❑FingerExtensors:

•Dorsalinterossei•Extensordigitiminimi•Extensordigitorum•Extensorindicis•Lumbricals

-palmarinterossei❑FingerFlexors:

•Abductor digitiminimi • Flexor digitiminimi brevis • Flexor digitorumprofundus•Flexordigitorumsuperficialis•Lumbricals

•Palmarinterossei-opponensdigitiminimi❑FingerHyperextensors:•Dorsalinterossei

•Extensordigitiminimi•Extensordigitorum•Extensorindicis•Lumbricals-palmarinterossei❑ForearmPronators:

•Pronatorquadratus•Pronatorteres❑ForearmSupinators:•Bicepsbrachii

•Brachioradialis

•Supinator

❑HeadExtensors:•Longissimuscapitis •Obliquuscapitis superior •Rectuscapitisposterior(major)•Rectuscapitisposterior(minor)•Spinaliscapitis

•Spleniuscapitis•Spleniuscervicis-trapezius

❑HeadFlexors:•Longuscapitis•Rectus capitis anterior • Sternocleidomastoid❑HeadHyperextensors: •Longissimuscapitis •Obliquuscapitissuperior •Rectuscapitisposterior(major)•Rectuscapitisposterior(minor)•Spinaliscapitis

•Spleniuscapitis•Spleniuscervicis-trapezius

❑ Head Lateral Flexors: • Longissimus capitis • Obliquus capitis superior •Rectuscapitislateralis•Spleniuscapitis

•Spleniuscervicis•Sternocleidomastoid-spinaliscapitis√trapezius

❑HeadRotators:• Obliquus capitis inferior • Rectus capitis posterior (major) •Sternocleidomastoid - longissimus capitis - spinalis capitis - spleniuscapitis-spleniuscervicis√trapezius

❑Hip-LegAbductors:•Gluteusmedius•Gluteusminimus•Tensorfasciaelatae-sartorius

❑Hip-LegAdductors:•Adductorbrevis•Adductorlongus

•Adductormagnus•Gracilis•Pectineus-bicepsfemoris(hamstrings)-gluteusmaximus-iliacus-semimembranosus(hamstrings)-semitendinosus(hamstrings)❑Hip-LegExtensors:•Bicepsfemoris(hamstrings)•Gluteusmaximus

•Semimembranosus(hamstrings)•Semitendinosus(hamstrings)-adductormagnus(posteriorfibers)-gluteusmedius(posteriorfibers)❑Hip-LegFlexors:

•Gracilis•Iliacus•Pectineus•Psoasmajor•Psoasminor•Sartorius•Tensorfasciaelatae-adductorbrevis-adductorlongus-adductormagnus-gluteusmedius-gluteusminimus- rectus femoris (quads)❑Hip - LegHyperextensors • Biceps femoris(hamstrings)•Gluteusmaximus

•Semimembranosus(hamstrings)•Semitendinosus(hamstrings)-adductormagnus- gluteus medius ❑ Hip - Leg Internal Rotators: • Gluteus medius(anteriorfibers)•Gluteusminimus(anteriorfibers)-adductormagnus

- semimembranosus (hamstrings) - semitendinosus (hamstrings) - tensorfasciaelatae❑Hip-LegExternalRotators:•Adductormagnus

•Bicepsfemoris(hamstrings)•Gemellusinferior•Gemellussuperior•Gluteusmaximus•Gluteusmedius•Obturatorexternus•Obturatorinternus•Piriformis•Quadratusfemoris•Sartorius-adductorbrevis-adductorlongus-iliacus-pectineus-psoasmajor-psoasminor√gracilis

❑KneeExtensors:• Rectus femoris (quads) • Vastus intermedius (quads) • Vastus lateralis(quads)•Vastusmedialis(quads)❑KneeFlexors:

•Bicepsfemoris(hamstrings)•Popliteus•Sartorius• Semimembranosus (hamstrings) • Semitendinosus (hamstrings) -gastrocnemius-gracilis-plantaris

❑RibDepressors:•Internalintercostals•Serratusposterior(inferior)•Subcostales

•Transversusthoracis❑RibElevators:

•Externalintercostals•Internalintercostals•Levatorcostarum•Pectoralisminor•Scalenusanterior•Scalenusmedius•Scalenusposterior•Serratusposterior(superior)❑ScapulaAbductors:

•Serratusanterior❑ScapulaAdductors:

•Rhomboidmajor&minor•Trapezius-levatorscapulae❑ScapulaDepressors:•Pectoralisminor

•Subclavius•Trapezius-serratusanterior❑ScapulaElevators:

•Levatorscapulae•Rhomboidmajor&minor•Trapezius

❑ScapulaDownwardRotators:•Levatorscapulae•Rhomboidmajor&minor❑ScapulaUpwardRotators:•Serratusanterior

•Trapezius

❑SpineExtensors:• Iliocostalis cervicis • Iliocostalis lumborum • Iliocostalis thoracis •Interspinalis

• Longissimus capitis • Longissimus cervicis • Longissimus thoracis •Multifidus

•Quadratuslumborum•Rotatores

•Semispinaliscervicis•Semispinalisthoracis•Spinaliscapitis•Spinaliscervicis•Spinalisthoracis❑SpineFlexors:

• External oblique abdominal • Internal oblique abdominal • Longus colli(inferior oblique) • Longus colli (superior oblique) • Longus colli(vertical)•Rectusabdominis- scalenus anterior - scalenus posterior ❑ Spine Hyperextensors: •Iliocostalis cervicis • Iliocostalis lumborum • Iliocostalis thoracis •Interspinalis

• Longissimus capitis • Longissimus cervicis • Longissimus thoracis •Multifidus

•Quadratuslumborum•Rotatores•Semispinaliscervicis•Semispinalisthoracis•Spinaliscapitis•Spinaliscervicis• Spinalis thoracis ❑ Spine Lateral Flexors: • Iliocostalis cervicis •Iliocostalislumborum•Iliocostalisthoracis•Intertransversarii

•Levatorcostarum•Quadratuslumborum•Scalenusanterior•Scalenusmedius•Scalenusposterior•Spinaliscervicis-externalobliqueabdominal❑SpineRotators:

•Externalobliqueabdominal•Internalobliqueabdominal•Multifidus•Rotatores•Semispinaliscervicis•Semispinalisthoracis-scalenusanterior-scalenusmedius

-scalenusposterior❑ThumbAbductors:

•Abductorpollicisbrevis•Abductorpollicislongus•Opponenspollicis❑ThumbAdductors:

•Adductorpollicis•Flexorpollicisbrevis❑ThumbExtensors:

•Extensorpollicisbrevis•Extensorpollicislongus❑ThumbFlexors:• Flexor pollicis brevis • Flexor pollicis longus • Opponens pollicis❑Thumb-FingerOpposers:•Opponensdigitiminimi•Opponenspollicis-abductorpollicisbrevis❑ToeAbductors:

•Abductordigitiminimi(quinti)•Abductorhallucis•Dorsalinterossei(fourmuscles)❑ToeAdductors:

•Adductorhallucis•Plantarinterossei(threemuscles)❑ToeExtensors:

•Extensordigitorumbrevis•Extensordigitorumlongus•Extensorhallucislongus•Lumbricals(fourmuscles)•Plantarinterossei(threemuscles)❑ToeFlexors

• Dorsal interossei (four muscles) • Flexor digiti minimi (quinti) brevis •Flexordigitorumbrevis•Flexordigitorumlongus•FlexorHallucisbrevis•FlexorHallucislongus•Lumbricals(fourmuscles)•Quadratusplantae-adductorhallucis❑ToeHyperextensors:•Extensordigitorumbrevis•Extensordigitorumlongus•Extensorhallucislongus•Lumbricals(fourmuscles)•Plantarinterossei(threemuscles)❑WristExtensors:

•Extensor carpi radialis brevis •Extensor carpi radialis longus •Extensorcarpi ulnaris - extensor digiti minimi - extensor digitorum - extensorindicis - extensor pollicis brevis - extensor pollicis longus ❑ WristFlexors:

•Flexorcarpiradialis•Flexorcarpiulnaris•Palmarislongus

- flexor digitorum profundus - flexor digitorum superficialis - flexorpollicislongus❑WristHyperextensors:•Extensorcarpiradialisbrevis•Extensorcarpiradialislongus•Extensorcarpiulnaris-extensordigitiminimi-extensordigitorum-extensorindicis-extensorpollicisbrevis-extensorpollicis longus❑WristRadialFlexors: •Abductorpollicislongus•Extensorcarpiradialislongus•Flexorcarpiradialis-abductorpollicisbrevis-extensorcarpiradialisbrevis❑WristUlnarFlexors:•Extensorcarpiulnaris•Flexorcarpiulnaris

ExerciseExamples

Inthissection,movementanalysesareprovidedfor13exercises.Eachanalysisis first divided into themajormovements involved in the lifting and loweringphases of the exercise. Then, eachmovement is divided into themotions thatoccuratthemovingandprimarystabilizingjoints.Thejointmotionsarerankednumerically according to the importance they play in performing the actualexercise.Nexttoeachjointmotionisthemusclegroupprimarilyresponsibleforthemotion, and the type of contraction that themuscle group listed performsduringthemotionoccurringatthatparticularjoint.ThecompanionCDsoftwareincludesaverysimilaranalysisforover300exercisesinitsdatabase.

Toget thenamesof theindividualmusclesthatarepartofamusclegrouplistedforajointmotion,refertothepriorsectionofthischapter,whichlistsallthemuscles involved for each body action. For example, in the dumbbell flyshowninthissection,themainmusclegrouplistedforarmhorizontaladductionis the arm horizontal adductors. Referring to arm horizontal adductors in theprevioussection, itcanbeseenthat themusclesthatareprimemoversfor thismotionarethecoracobrachialis,pectoralismajor,deltoidanterior,andlatissimusdorsi(duringinitiationofthejointmovement).

DumbbellFly(SupineonBench)

❑Fly—LiftingMovement(ArmsUpandIn)Rank

Motion Arm horizontaladduction Elbowstabilization Scapulaabduction

Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontaladductorsElbowflexorsScapulaabductors

Contraction TypeConcentric

IsometricConcentric

❑Fly—LoweringMovement(ArmsDownandOut)Rank

Motion Arm horizontaladduction Elbowstabilization Scapulaabduction

Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontaladductorsElbowflexorsScapulaabductors

Contraction TypeEccentric

IsometricEccentric

BenchPress(Barbell)

❑Press—LiftingWeight(UpwardMovement)Rank

Motion

ElbowextensionArmflexionArmhorizontaladductionScapulaabduction

Muscle Group InvolvedElbow extensors Armflexors

ArmhorizontaladductorsScapulaabductors

ConcentricConcentricConcentric

❑Press—LoweringWeight(DownwardMovement)Rank

Motion

EccentricEccentricEccentric

Lunge(Dumbbells)

❑Lunge—UpwardMovement(FrontLeg)Rank

Motion

KneeextensionHip-legextensionAnkleplantarflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedKnee extensors (quads)Hip-legextensorsAnkleplantarflexors

ConcentricConcentric

❑Lunge—DownwardMovement(FrontLeg)Rank

Motion

KneeextensionHip-legextensionAnkleplantarflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedKnee extensors (quads)Hip-legextensorsAnkleplantarflexors

EccentricEccentric

BicepHammerCurl(Dumbbells)

❑Curl—Lifting(Upward)MovementRank

1Motion

Elbowextension

Muscle Group InvolvedElbowflexors

❑Curl—Lowering(Downward)MovementRank

1Motion

Elbowextension

BentOverLateralRaise—ReverseFly(Dumbbells)

❑ReverseFly—LiftingMovement(ArmsUpandOut)Rank

Motion

ArmhorizontalabductionElbowstabilizationnScapulaadduction

Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontalabductors Elbowextensors

Scapulaadductors

IsometricConcentric

❑ReverseFly—LoweringMovement(ArmsDownandIn)Rank

Motion

ArmhorizontalabductionElbowstabilizationScapulaabduction

Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontalabductors Elbowextensors

Scapulaadductors

IsometricEccentric

❑BackandHipStabilization(LiftingandLoweringMovements)Rank

Motion

SpinalstabilizationKneestabilizationHip-legstabilizationHip-legstabilization

Muscle Group InvolvedSpineextensors

Kneeextensors(quads)Hip-legextensorsHeadextensors

Contraction TypeIsometric

IsometricIsometricIsometric

BentOverRow(Barbell)

❑Row—Lifting(Upward)MovementRank

Motion

ArmextensionScapulaadductionElbowflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedArmextensors

ScapulaadductorsElbowflexors

❑Row—Lifting(Downward)MovementRank

Motion

ArmflexionScapulaabductionElbowextension

ScapulaadductorsElbowflexors

EccentricEccentric

❑BackandHipStabilization(LiftingandLoweringMovements)Rank

Motion

HeadstabilizationHip-legstabilizationSpinalstabilizationKneestabilization

Muscle Group InvolvedHead extensors Hip-legextensors Spineextensors Kneeextensors(quads)

Deadlift(Barbell)

❑Deadlift—Lifting(Upward)MotionRank

Motion

Hip-legextensionKneeextensionSpinalstabilization

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg extensors Kneeextensors (quads) Spineextensors

ConcentricIsometric

❑Deadlift—Lifting(Downward)MotionRank

Motion

Hip-legflexionKneeflexionSpinalstabilization

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg extensors Kneeextensors (quads) Spineextensors

EccentricEccentric

SidePlank(HipRaise)

❑LiftingHipsUpwardIntoSidePlankRank

Motion

SpinelateralflexionHip-legabductionHip-legadduction

Muscle Group Involved(Lower) spine lateralflexors (Lower) hip-legabductors (Upper) hip-legadductors

❑LoweringHipsDownwardFromSidePlankRank

Motion

SpinelateralextensionHip-legadductionHip-legabduction

Muscle Group Involved(Lower) spine lateralflexors (Lower) hip-legabductors (Upper) hip-legadductors

EccentricEccentric

❑ArmandHeadStabilizationRank

Motion Muscle Group Involved Contraction Type

ElbowstabilizationWriststabilizationHeadstabilization

Elbowflexors

Wristflexors(Upper)headlateralflexors

Isometric

IsometricIsometric

LateralRaise(Dumbbells)

❑LateralRaise—Lifting(Upward)MovementRank

Motion

ArmabductionElbowstabilizationScapulaupwardrotation

Muscle Group InvolvedArmabductors

ElbowextensorsScapulaupwardrotators

IsometricConcentric

❑LateralRaise—Lowering(Downward)MovementRank

Motion

ArmadductionElbowstabilizationScapuladownwardrotation

Muscle Group InvolvedArmabductors

ElbowextensorsScapulaupwardrotators

IsometricEccentric

Push-Up,Full

❑Push-Up—LiftingMovementRank

Motion

❑Push-Up—LoweringMovementRank

Motion

ElbowextensionArmflexionArmhorizontalabductionScapulaadduction

EccentricEccentricEccentric

❑BodyStabilizationRank

Motion

Hip-legstabilizationSpinalstabilizationHeadstabilizationKneestabilization

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg flexors Spineflexors Head extensorsKneeextensors(quads)

❑Squat—Lifting(Upward)MovementRank

Motion

KneeextensionHip-legextensionAnkleplantarflexionSpinalstabilization

Muscle Group InvolvedKnee extensors (quads)Hip-legextensorsAnkleplantar flexors Spineextensorsandflexors

ConcentricConcentricIsometric

❑Squat—Lowering(Downward)MovementRank

Motion

Kneeflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedKnee extensors (quads)Hip-legextensorsAnkle

Hip-legflexionAnkledorsiflexionSpinalstabilization

plantar flexors Spineextensorsandflexors

EccentricEccentricIsometric

UprightRow(Barbell)Note:Theuprightrowiscontraindicatedforpeoplewithshoulderissues,especiallyshoulderimpingement.

❑UprightRow—LiftingMovement(ArmsUp)Rank

Motion Elbow flexionArm abduction Scapulaupwardrotation

Muscle Group InvolvedElbow flexors Armabductors Scapulaupwardrotators

❑UprightRow—LoweringMovement(ArmsDown)Rank

MotionElbowextensionArm adduction Scapuladownwardrotation

Muscle Group InvolvedElbow flexors Armabductors Scapulaupwardrotators

EccentricEccentric

Pull-Up

❑Pull-Up—LiftingMovementRank

Motion Elbow flexionArm extension Armadduction Scapuladownward rotationScapuladepression

Muscle Group InvolvedElbow flexors Armextensors Armadductors Scapuladownward rotatorsScapuladepressors

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

❑Pull-Up—LoweringMovementRank

MotionElbowextensionArmflexion

ArmabductionScapulaupwardrotationScapulaelevation

Muscle Group InvolvedElbow flexors Armextensors Armadductors Scapuladownward rotatorsScapuladepressors

EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric

ActivityExamples

In this section, 12 activities have been analyzed. Each movement analysis ispresented as a series of sequential steps that occur while performing themovement. Each step is divided into the joint motions performed during themovement,withthejointmotionspresentedintheorderthattheyoccurduringthe fullmovement.The jointmotions are rankednumerically,with themusclegroupresponsibleforthemotionandthecontractiontypeforthemusclegrouplistedonthesamerow.ThecompanionCDsoftwareincludesasimilaranalysisforover100activitiesinitsdatabase.

Togetthenamesoftheindividualmusclesthatarepartofamusclegrouplistedfor a jointmotion, refer tothe prior section of this chapter,which lists all themusclesinvolvedforeachbodyaction.Forexample,inthedumbbellflyshowninthissection,themainmusclegrouplistedforarmhorizontaladductionisthearmhorizontaladductors.Referringtoarmhorizontaladductorsintheprevioussection, it can be seen that themuscles that are primemovers for thismotionarethe coracobrachialis, pectoralis major, deltoid anterior,and latissimus dorsi(duringinitiationofthejointmovement).

Archery

Holdingthebow,pullingthestringback,andlettinggo❑Holdingthebowandstring(bowarm/forwardarm)

Motion

WriststabilizationElbowstabilizationFingerstabilizationFingerstabilization

Muscle Group InvolvedWristextensors

ElbowextensorsFingerflexorsThumbflexors

❑Pullingthestringback(shootingarm/backarm)

Motion

ArmhorizontalabductionFingerstabilizationScapulaadduction

Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontalabductors Fingerflexors

Scapulaadductors

IsometricConcentric

❑Lettinggoofthearrowandbowstring(shootinghand/backarm)Rank

Motion

FingerextensionFingerabduction

Muscle Group InvolvedFingerextensorsFingerabductors

Concentric

HittingaBaseballStandingattheplatewaitingforapitch,backswing(orload),swingingattheball,andfollow-through

❑Lettinggoofthearrowandbowstring(shootinghand/backarm)Rank

Motion

FingerflexionThumbflexionWristflexionWristextension

Muscle Group InvolvedFingerflexors

ThumbflexorsWristflexorsWristextensors

❑Holdingthebatready(awaitingthepitch)Rank

11112222

Motion

ArmstabilizationArmstabilizationElbowstabilizationSpinestabilizationHip-legstabilizationHeadstabilizationHip-legstabilizationHip-legstabilizationKneestabilization

Muscle Group InvolvedArmflexors

ArmabductorsElbowflexorsSpinerotatorsHip-legextensionHeadrotatorsHip-leginternalrotatorsHip-legexternalrotators

IsometricIsometricIsometricIsometricIsometricIsometricIsometric

2 Kneeextensors(quads) Isometric

❑Backswing(orload)—small,quickcounter-movementjustpriortothepowerswing

1111112222

Motion

Spinalrotation(awayfromball)Hip-leginternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-legexternalrotation(frontleg)ElbowflexionArmhorizontaladduction(frontarm)Armhorizontalabduction(reararm)WristradialflexionHip-legflexionKneeflexionAnkledorsiflexionHeadstabilization

Muscle Group InvolvedSpinerotators

Hip-leginternalrotatorsHip-legexternalrotatorsElbowflexorsArmhorizontaladductorsArmhorizontalabductorsWristradialflexorsHipextensorsKneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsHeadextensors

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricEccentricEccentricEccentricIsometric

❑PowerswingRank

1111112222

Motion

Spinalrotation(towardsball)Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)ElbowextensionArmhorizontalabduction(frontarm)Armhorizontaladduction(reararm)WristulnarflexionHip-legextensionKneeextension

Hip-legexternalrotatorsHip-leginternalrotatorsElbowflexorsArmhorizontalabductorsArmhorizontaladductorsWristulnarflexorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexors

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

3 AnkleplantarflexionHeadstabilization

Headextensors Isometric

❑Follow-through(slowingthebatdownaftertheswing)Rank

1111111122

Motion

Spinalrotation(towardsball)Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)ElbowflexionArmhorizontalabduction(frontarm)Armhorizontaladduction(reararm)ArmflexionWristradialflexionHip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedSpine rotators(antagonists) Hip-leginternal rotators Hip-leg external rotatorsElbowextensors

ArmhorizontaladductorsArmhorizontalabductorsArmextensorsWristulnarflexorsHip-legflexorsKneeflexorsAnkledorsiflexors

EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric

ThrowingaBaseballOverhandthrowingofthebaseball:bringingthearmback,throwingtheball,andfollow–through

❑Backswing(orload)—small,quickcounter-movementjustpriortothepowerswing

Motion

FingerextensionFingerabduction

Muscle Group InvolvedFingers extensionsFingerabductors

Concentric

❑Bringingthearmback

111111111

Motion

Armhorizontalabduction(throwingarm)Armexternalrotation(throwingarm)Elbowflexion(throwingarm)Spinalrotation(backwards)Hip-leginternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-legexternalrotation(frontleg)Armhorizontaladduction(non-throwingarm)Wristextension(throwingarm)Thumbflexion(throwingarm)Fingerflexion(throwingarm)

Muscle Group InvolvedArm horizontalabduction Arm externalrotatorsElbowflexors

SpinerotatorsHip-leginternalrotatorsHip=-legexternalrotatorsArmhorizontaladductorsWristextensorsThumbflexorsFingerflexors

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometric

❑Throw

RankMotion

11111111111111

Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)Spinalrotation(towardstarget)Hip-legextension(rearleg)Kneeextension(rearleg)Ankleplantarflexion(rearleg)Hip-legflexion(frontleg)Armhorizontalabduction(non-throwingarm)Armhorizontaladduction(throwingarm)Arminternalrotation(throwingarm)Elbowextension(throwingarm)Armextension(throwingarm)Wristflexion(throwingarm)Thumbextension(throwingarm)Fingerextension(throwingarm

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg externalrotators Hip-leginternal rotators Spinerotators

Hip-legextensionsKneeextensionsAnkleplantarflexorsHip-legflexorsArmhorizontalabductorsArmhorziontaladductorsArminternalrotatorsElbowextensorsArminternalrotatorsWristflexorsThumbflexorsFingerflexors

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricEccentricEccentric

❑Follow-through(slowingthearmdownafterreleaseoftheball)

11111111111111111

Motion

Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)Spinalrotation(towardstarget)Hip-legextension(rearleg)Kneeextension(rearleg)Ankleplantarflexion(rearleg)Kneeflexion(frontleg)Ankledorsiflexion(frontleg)Armextension(throwingarm)Arminternalrotation(throwingarm)Armhorizontaladduction(throwingarm)Elbowextension(throwingarm)Wristflexion(throwingarm)Armhorizontalabduction(non-throwingarm)Thumbextension(throwingarm)Fingerextension(throwingarm)

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg internalrotators Hip-legexternal rotators Spinerotators (antagonists)Hip-legflexors

KneeflexorsAnkledorsiflexorsKneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsArmflexorsArmexternalrotatorsArmhorizontalabductorsElbowflexorsWristextensorsArmhorizontaladductorsThumbflexorsFingerflexors

EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric

ShootingaBasketballShootingthebasketball,aswhenmakingafoulshot❑Bringingtheballintopositionfromwaistlevel

RankMotion Contraction Type

111112

WriststablizationArmflexionThumbflexionElbowflexionFingerflexionHeadextensionSpineextension

Muscle Group InvolvedWrist flexors andextensorsArmflexors

ThumbflexorsElbowflexorsHeadextensorsSpineextensors

Isometric

ConcentricIsometricConcentricIsometricConcentricConcentric

❑Movingfromsemi-crouchedtoextendedbodypositionwhenshooting

11111222

Motion

SpineextensionHip-legextensionElbowflexionAnkleplantarflexionKneeextensionThumbflexionWristextensionHeadextensionFingerflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedSpineextensors

Hip-legextensorsElbowflexorsAnkleplantarflexorsKneeextensors(quads)ThumbflexorsWristextensorsHeadextensorsFingerflexors

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

❑ExtendingthearmandflexingthewristtoshootRank

11111112

Motion

Hip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexionArmextensionElbowextensionWristflexionFingerflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedHipextensors

KneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsArmextensorsElbowextensorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsSpineextensors

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

2 SpinestablizationHeadstablization

Headextensors IsometricIsometric

❑Follow-through(afterreleasingthebasketball)Rank

11111112

Motion

Hip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexionArmextensionElbowextensionWristflexionFingerflexionSpinestabilizationHeadstabilization

Muscle Group InvolvedHipflexors

KneeflexorsAnkledorsiflexorsArmflexorsElbowflexorsWristextensorsFingerextensionsSpineextensionsHeadextensions

EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricIsometricIsometric

PuntingaFootballHoldingthefootballandpuntingit❑Movingthekickinglegback(backswing)

11111222

Motion

Hip-legextension(kickingleg)Kneeflexion(kickingleg)Hip-legflexion(non-kickingleg)Kneeflexion(non-kickingleg)SpinalextensionAnkledorsiflexion(non-kickingleg)ArmflexionElbowstablizationWriststablization

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-legextensors

KneeflexorsHip-legflexorsKneeextensorsSpineextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsArmflexorsElbowflexorsWristextensors

ConcentricIsometricEccentricEccentricConcentricEccentricConcentricIsometric

2 Fingerstablization(holdingball)Thumbextension(holdingball)

FingerflexorsThumbflexors

IsometricIsometric

❑PuntingthefootballRank

11111222222

Motion

Hip-legflexion(kickingleg)Kneeextension(kickingleg)Hip-legextension(non-kickingleg)Kneeextension(non-kickingleg)SpinalflexionArmstabilizationElbowstabilizationWriststabilizationFingerextension(lettingballgo)Thumbextension(lettingballgo)Ankleplantarflexion(kickingleg)Ankleplantarflexion(non-kickingleg)

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-legflexors

KneeextensorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensorsSpineflexorsArmflexorsElbowflexorsWristextensorsFingerextensionsThumbextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsAnkleplantarflexors

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometricIsometricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

❑Folllow-through(slowingthelegdownafterstrikingtheball)Rank

111111222

Motion

Hip-legflexion(kickingleg)Kneeextension(kickingleg)Ankledorsiflexion(kickingleg)Hip-legextension(non-kickingleg)Kneeextension(non-kickingleg)SpinalflexionArmextensionElbowextensionWriststabilizationAnkleplantarflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-legextensors

KneeflexorsAnkleplantarflexorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensorsSpineflexorsArmflexorsElbowextensorsWristextensorsAnkledorsiflexors

EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric

2 (non-kickingleg

Gardening

Workingwithatrowelandpullingweeds❑Diggingwithatrowel

Motion

WristradialflexionArmflexionElbowextensionFingerflexionThumbflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedWristradialflexorsArmflexors

ElbowextensorsFingerflexorsThumbflexors

ConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometric

❑Pullingupweeds(aftergraspingthem)Rank

Motion

ElbowflexionForearmsupinationArmextensionFingerflexionThumbflexion

ForearmsupinatorsArmextensorsFingerflexorsThumbflexors

DrivingaGolfBallThegolfswingasperformedoffatee❑Backswing

Motion

Spinalrotation(backward)Wristradial

Muscle Group InvolvedSpinerotations

111111111122

flexionElbowextensions(frontarm)Elbowflexion(reararm)Hip-legexternalrotation(frontleg)Armadduction(frontarm)Armflexion(frontarm)Hip-leginternalrotation(rearleg)Armabduction(reararm)ThumbflexionWristflexionFingerflexionHip-legflexionKneeflexionHeadstabilization

WristradialflexorsElbowextensorsElbowflexorsHip-legexternalrotatorsArmadductorsArmflexorsHip-leginternalrotatorsArmabductorsThumbflexorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensorsHeadextensors

ConcentricIsometricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometricIsometricEccentricEccentricIsometric

❑Powerswing(hittingthegolfball)Rank

11111111112222

Motion

Spinalrotation(forward)Armabduction(frontarm)WristulnarflexionHip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)ElbowextensionArmabduction(reararm)ThumbflexionWristflexionFingerflexionArmflexionHip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexion

ArmabductorsWristulnarflexorsHip-legexternalrotatorsHip-leginternalrotators(frontleg)ElbowextensorsArmadductorsThumbflexorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsArmflexorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsHeadextensors

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometricIsometricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

3 Headstabilization Isometric

❑Follow-throughRank

1111111111122

Motion

Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)ElbowflexionSpinalrotation(forward)ArmflexionArmabduction(frontarm)Armadduction(reararm)WristradialflexionThumbflexionWristflexionFingerflexionHip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg externalrotators Hip-leginternal rotators Elbowextensors

Spinerotators(antagonists)ArmextensorsArmabductorsArmadductorsWristulnarflexorsThumbflexorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsHip-legflexorsKneeflexorsAnkleflexors

EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricIsometricIsometricIsometricEccentricEccentricEccentric

PaintingaWallBrushingthewallinanupwardanddownwardstroke❑Brushingthewallinanupwardstroke

Motion

WristextensionArmflexionElbowflexionFingerflexionThumbflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedWristextensors

ArmflexorsElbowflexorsFingerflexorsThumbflexors

❑BrushingthewallinadownwardstrokeRank

Motion

ArmextensionElbowextensionWristflexionFingerflexionThumbflexion

ElbowextensorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsThumbflexors

HittingaForehandinRacquetballThetypicalforehandshot❑Grippingtheracquet

Motion

ThumbflexionFingerflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedThumbflexors

Fingerflexors

Isometric

❑Backswing(movingtheracquetbackpriortoforehandshot)

11111111

Motion

Hip-legexternalrotation(frontleg)Hip-leginternalrotation(rearleg)Spinalrotation(backward)KneeflexionAnkledorsiflexionArmhorizontalabduction(racquetarm)Wristextension(racquetarm)Elbowflexion(racquetarm)Armhorizontaladduction(non-racquetarm)

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg externalrotations Hip-leginternal rotations Spinerotators

KneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsArmhorizontalabductorsWristextensorsElbowflexorsArmhorizontaladductors

ConcentricConcentricEccentricEccentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

❑Powerforehandswing

11111111

Motion

Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Spinalrotation(forward)KneeextensionAnkleplantarflexionArmhorizontaladduction(racquetarm)Wristflexion(racquetarm)Elbowextension(racquetarm)Armhorizontalabduction(non-racquetarm)

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg internalrotators Hip-legexternal rotators Spinerotators

KneeextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsArmhorizontaladductorsWristflexorsElbowextensorsArmhorizontalabductors

❑Follow-through(slowingtheracquetdown)

11111111

Motion

Hip-leginternalrotation(frontleg)Hip-legexternalrotation(rearleg)Spinalrotation(forward)KneeextensionAnkleplantarflexionArmhorizontaladduction(racquetarm)Wristflexion(racquetarm)Elbowflexion(racquetarm)Armhorizontalabduction(non-racquetarm)

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg externalrotators Hip-leginternal rotators Spinerotators (antagonists)Kneeflexors

AnkledorsiflexorsArmhorizontalabductorsWristextensorsElbowextensorsArmhorizontaladductors

EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric

Shoveling(SnoworSand)Usingashovelwithonlythearms(i.e.,withoutafootontheblade),aswhenshovelingsnoworsand,andplacingtheloadtotheside❑Powerswing(hittingthegolfball)

Motion

ThumbflexionFingerflexion

Fingerflexors

Isometric

❑PlacingtheshovelintothesnoworsandRank

Motion

KneeflexionHip-legflexionSpinalflexionArmflexionElbowextensionAnkledorsifleion

Muscle Group InvolvedKneeextensors

Hip-legextensorsSpineextensorsArmextensorsElbowextensorsAnkleplantarflexors

EccentricEccentricConcentricConcentricEccentric

❑LiftingtheloadRank

Motion

KneeextensionHip-legextensionSpinalextensionElbowflexionArmextensionAnkleplantarflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedKneeextensors

Hip-legextensorsSpineextensorsElbowflexorsArmextensorsAnkleplantarflexors

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

❑HaulingtheloadtothesideRank

Motion

SpinalrotationArmflexionElbowextension

ArmflexorsElbowextensors

SwimmingFreestyleSwimmingusingthefreestyleorcrawlstroke(Armmovementanalysisfocusesonlyononearm;kickingcycleisfasterthanarmcycleinfreestylestroke,sopaceoflegsisfaster.)❑Armpull(fromoutfarinfrontofheadthroughtosideofleg)

Motion

ScapuladownwardrotationArmextension

Muscle Group InvolvedScapula downwardrotatorsArmextensors

Concentric

ArminternalrotationArmadductionWristflexionFingerstabilizationFingerstabilizationElbowflexionHeadstabilization

ArminternalrotatorsArmadductorsWristflexorsFingerflexorsFingeradductorsElbowflexorsHeadextensors

ConcentricConcentricConcentricIsometricIsometricConcentricIsometric

❑Raisingthearmandrotatingtheheadtobreathe(fromhandnexttothightoheadoutofwatertobreathe)

11111122

Motion

Spinalrotation(towardsurface)ScapulaupwardrotationArmhyperextensionArmabductionArmexternalrotationHeadrotation(tobreathe)ElbowflexionWristflexionFingerflexion

ScapulaupwardsrotatorsArmextensorsArmabductorsArmexternalrotatorsHeadrotatorsElbowflexorsWristflexorsFingerflexors

❑Armreach(fromoutofwaterwithheadduringbreath,toentryinwaterjustpriortothestartofthearmpull)

1111111

Motion

Spinalrotation(backtowardwater)ScapulaupwardrotationArmabductionArmexternalrotationWristextensionFingerextensionElbow

ScapulaupwardrotatorsArmabductorsArmexternalrotatorsWristextensorsFingerextensorsElbow

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

extensionHeadrotation(backintowater)Armflexion

extensorsHeadrotatorsArmflexors

❑Flutterkick—downwardkickingmovement

Motion

Hip-legflexionAnkledorsiflexionKneeextension

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg flexors Ankledorsiflexors Kneeextensors

❑Flutterkick—upwardkickingmovement

Motion

Hip-legextensionAnkleplantarflexionKneeflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-legextensorsAnkleplantar flexors Kneeflexors

ServinginTennisTheclassicoverheadtennisserve❑Grippingtheracquet

Motion

Hip-legextensionAnkleplantarflexion

Fingerflexors

Isometric

❑BalltossandbackswingRank

Motion

Hip-legflexionKneeflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg extensors Knee

1111111

AnkledorsiflexionSpinalrotation(backward)Armabduction(tossarm)Elbowextension(tossarm)Wristflexion(tossarm)Armabduction(racquetarm)Armexternalrotation(racquetarm)Elbowflexion(racquetarm)

flexors

AnkleplantarflexorsSpinerotatorsArmabductorsElbowflexorsWristflexorsArmabductorsArmexternalrotatorsElbowflexors

EccentricEccentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

❑ExtendingupwardandreachingfortheballwiththetennisracquetRank

1111111111

Motion

Hip-legextensionKneeextensionAnkleplantarflexionSpinalextensionHeadextensionArmexternalrotation(racquetarm)Armabduction(racquetarm)Armadduction(tossarm)Wristextension(racquetarm)Elbowextension(racquetarm)Spinerotation(forward)

Muscle Group InvolvedHip-leg extensors Kneeextensors Ankle plantarflexors Spine extensorsHead extensors Armexternal rotators Armabductors

ArmabductorsWristextensorsElbowextensorsSpinerotators

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

❑Poweroverheadswing(strikingtheball)Rank

1111111112

Motion

Armextension(racquetarm)Arminternalrotation(racquetarm)Wristflexion(racquetarm)Elbowextension(racquetarm)Armadduction(racquetarm)Spinalrotation(forward)Arminternalrotation(tossarm)SpinalflexionAnkleplantarflexionHip-leg

ArminternalrotatorsWristflexorsElbowextensorsArmadductorsSpinerotatorsArminternalrotatorsSpineflexorsAnkleplantarflexorsHip-legextensorsKnee

ConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentricConcentric

2 extensionKneeextension

extensors Concentric

❑Follow-through(slowingtheracquetdown)Rank

1111111111

Motion

Armextension(racquetarm)Arminternalrotation(racquetarm)Wristflexion(racquetarm)Elbowextension(racquetarm)Armadduction(racquetarm)Spinalrotation(forward)Arminternalrotation(tossarm)SpinalflexionAnkledorsiflexionHip-legflexionKneeflexion

Muscle Group InvolvedArmflexors

ArmexternarlrotatorsWristextensorsElbowflexorsArmabductorsSpinerotators(antagonistsArmexternalrotatorsSpineextensorsAnkleplantarflexorsHip-legextensorsKneeextensors

EccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentricEccentric

APPENDIXA•QUIZZESThequizzesinAppendixAcanbeprintedoutfromtheaccompanyingCD.TheyareallcompatiblewithScantrongrading.

Quiz1-PlanesandActions

1.Thefrontalplaneisalwaysaroundwhataxis?

a.Frontalhorizontalaxisb.Sagittalhorizontalaxisc.Frontalaxis

d.Verticalaxis

e.Verticalhorizontalaxis2.Hipflexionisinwhatplane?

a.Frontalplane

b.Sagittalplane

c.Sagittalhorizontalplaned.Transverseplane

e.Verticalplane

3.Hipadductionisinwhatplane?

a.Frontalplane

b.Sagittalplane

c.Sagittalhorizontalplaned.Transverseplane

e.Verticalplane

4.Pronationisinwhatplane?

a.Frontalplane

b.Sagittalplane

c.Sagittalhorizontalplaned.Horizontalplane

e.Verticalplane

5.Inthedrawingbelow,whatistheaction?

a.Armabduction

b.Shoulderadductionc.Armextension

d.Armflexion

e.Armexternalrotation6.Inthedrawingbelow,whatistheaction?

a.Dorsiflexion

b.Plantarflexion

c.Ankleextension

d.Eversion

e.Footrotation

a.Inversion

b.Eversion

c.Rotation

d.Retraction

e.Abduction

a.Headflexion

b.Headextension

c.Neckextension

d.Neckflexion

e.Headlateralflexion9.Arminternalrotationoccursaroundwhataxis?

d.Verticalaxis

e.Sagittalaxis

10.Spinelateralflexionoccursaroundwhataxis?

d.Verticalaxis

e.Verticalhorizontalaxis11.Dorsiflexionisinwhatplane?

a.Frontalplane

b.Sagittalplane

c.Sagittalhorizontalplaned.Horizontalplane

e.Verticalplane

12.Headrotationoccursaroundwhataxis?

d.Verticalaxis

e.Sagittalaxis

13.Ulnaflexioninvolveswhataxis?

d.Verticalaxis

e. Vertical horizontal axis 14. The region from the elbow to the hand isreferredtoas:a.Brachial

b.Antibrachial

c.Popliteal

d.Axilla

e.Volar

15.Theregionfromtheelbowtotheshoulderisreferredtoas:a.Brachial

b.Antibrachial

c.Popliteal

d.Pectoral

e.Axilla

16.Theregionofthesmallofthebackisreferredtoas:a.Nuchae

b.Cervical

c.Lumbar

d.Iliac

e.Thoracic

17.Whattermreferstothehead?

a.Hepato

b.Reno

c.Cephalo

d.Encephalon

e.Chondro

18.Whattermreferstothebrain?

a.Hepato

b.Reno

c.Cephalo

d.Encephalon

e.Chondro

19.Thecharacteristicsofadiarthosisjointare:a.Jointcapsule,jointcavity,smoothjointsurfaceb.Jointcapsule,free-moving,cartilaginousconnectionc.Synovialfluid,synovialmembrane,synarthrosisd.Amphiarthrosis,jointsurfacesmooth,jointcapsulee.Free-moving,fusedbones,jointcavity20.Whatisthefunctionofbones?

a.Protection

b.Support

c.Locomotion

d.Manufactureofbloodcellse.Alloftheabove

Quiz2-TheSkull

Pleaserefertothefollowingdrawingsconcerningthequestionsinthisquizabouttheskull.

1.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelEisthe:a.Frontalboneb.Mastoidprocessc.Parietalboned.Temporalbonee.Occipitalbone2.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelGisthe:a.Frontalboneb.Mastoidprocessc.Parietalboned.Temporalbonee.Occipitalbone3.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelFisthe:a.Frontalboneb.Mastoidprocessc.Parietalboned.Temporalbonee.Occipitalbone4.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelHisthe:a.Frontalboneb.Mastoidprocessc.Parietalboned.Temporalbonee.Occipitalbone5.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelIisthe:a.Temporalboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Occipitalprotuberanced.Nuchalligamente.Superiornuchalline6.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelOisthe:a.Temporalboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Occipitalboned.Nuchalligamente.Superiornuchalline7.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelMisthe:a.Temporalboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Medialnuchallined.Nuchalligamente.Superiornuchalline8.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelNisthe:a.Temporalboneb.Medialnuchallinec.Occipitalboned.Nuchalligamente.Inferiornuchalline9.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelJis

the:a.Temporalboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Occipitalboned.Mastoidprocesse.Superiornuchalline10.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelAisthe:a.Mandible

b.Maxilla

c. Occipital bone d. Mastoid process e. Superior nuchal line 11. On thedrawingsoftheskull,labelBisthe:a.Mandible

b.Maxilla

c. Occipital bone d. Mastoid process e. Superior nuchal line 12. On thedrawingsoftheskull,labelCisthe:a.Zygomaticboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Occipitalboned.Mastoidprocesse.Superiornuchalline13.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelDisthe:a.Zygomaticboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Nasalbone

d.Maxilla

e.Superiornuchal line14.On thedrawingsof the skull, labelK is the:a.Zygomaticboneb.Inferiornuchallinec.Nasalbone

d.Maxilla

e.Angleofthemandible15.Onthedrawingsoftheskull,labelListhe:a.Temporal bone b. Inferior nuchal line c.Occipital bone d.Mastoid process e.Superiornuchalline

Quiz3-TheScapula

Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthescapula.

1.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelAisthe:a.Glenoidfossab.Spine

c. Supraglenoid tubercle d. Superior angle e. Coracoid process 2. On thedrawingsofthescapula,labelBisthe:a.Glenoidfossab.Spine

c. Supraglenoid tubercle d. Superior angle e. Coracoid process 3. On thedrawingsofthescapula,labelCisthe:a.Glenoidfossab.Spine

c. Supraglenoid tubercle d. Superior angle e. Coracoid process 4. On thedrawingsofthescapula,labelDisthe:a.Glenoidfossab.Spine

c. Infraglenoid tubercle d. Superior angle e. Coracoid process 5. On thedrawingsof thescapula, labelEis the:a.Glenoidfossab.Subscapulafossac.Supraglenoidtubercled.Superioranglee.Coracoidprocess6.Onthedrawingsof the scapula, label F is the: a.Acromion process b. Infraglenoid tubercle c.Inferiorangled.Infraspinatusfossae.Axillaryborder7.Onthedrawingsofthe

scapula,labelGisthe:a.Acromionprocessb.Infraglenoidtuberclec.Scapulanotchd.Infraspinatusfossae.Axillaryborder8.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,label H is the: a. Superior border b. Infraglenoid tubercle c. Inferior angle d.Infraspinatusfossae.Axillaryborder9.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelIis the: a. Acromion process b. Infraglenoid tubercle c. Superior angle d.Infraspinatusfossae.Axillaryborder10.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelJis the: a. Acromion process b. Infraglenoid tubercle c. Inferior angle d.Infraspinatusfossae.Spine

11.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelKisthe:a.Supraspinatusfossab.Infraglenoidtuberclec.Inferiorangled.Infraspinatusfossae.Spine

12.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelListhe:a.Acromionprocessb.Infraglenoidtuberclec.Inferiorangled.Infraspinatusfossae.Spine

13.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelMisthe:a.Acromionprocessb.Infraglenoidtuberclec.Axillaryborderd.Infraspinatusfossae.Spine

14.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelNisthe:a.Acromionprocessb.Axillaryborderc.Inferiorangled.Vertebralbordere.Spine

15.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelOisthe:a.Acromionprocessb.Infraglenoidtuberclec.Inferiorangled.Infraspinatusfossae.Spine

Quiz4-TheHumerous

Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthehumerus.

1.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelDisthe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum

c.Lateral epicondyled.Medial epicondyle e.Greater tuberosity2.On thedrawingsofthehumerus,labelBisthe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum

c.Lateral epicondyled.Medial epicondyle e.Greater tuberosity3.On thedrawingsofthehumerus,labelOisthe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum

c.Lateral epicondyled.Medial epicondyle e.Greater tuberosity4.On thedrawingsofthehumerus,labelQisthe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum

c.Lateral epicondyled.Medial epicondyle e.Greater tuberosity5.On the

drawingsofthehumerus,labelListhe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum

c.Lateral epicondyled.Medial epicondyle e.Greater tuberosity6.On thedrawingsofthehumerus,labelFisthe:a.Trochlear

b. Coronoid fossa c. Olecranon fossa d. Crest of the lesser tuberosity e.Intertubular groove 7. On the drawings of the humerus, label K is the: a.Trochlear

b. Coronoid fossa c. Olecranon fossa d. Crest of the lesser tuberosity e.Intertubular groove 8. On the drawings of the humerus, label P is the: a.Trochlear

b. Coronoid fossa c. Olecranon fossa d. Crest of the lesser tuberosity e.Intertubular groove 9. On the drawings of the humerus, label R is the: a.Trochlear

b. Coronoid fossa c. Olecranon fossa d. Crest of the lesser tuberosity e.Intertubular groove 10.On the drawings of the humerus, label A is the: a.Trochlear

b. Coronoid fossa c. Olecranon fossa d. Crest of the lesser tuberosity e.Intertubular groove 11. On the drawings of the humerus, label C is the: a.Deltoidtuberosityb.Radialfossa

c.Crestofthegreatertuberosityd.Neck

e.Head

12.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelEisthe:a.Deltoidtuberosityb.Radialfossa

e.Head

13.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelHisthe:a.Deltoidtuberosityb.Radialfossa

c.Crestofthegreatertuberosityd.Surgicalneck

e.Head

14.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelIisthe:a.Deltoidtuberosityb.Radialfossa

e.Head

15.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelNisthe:a.Deltoidtuberosityb.Radialfossa

e.Head

16.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,labelJisthe:a.Lessertuberosityb.Capitulum

c. Lateral supracondylar ridge d. Medial supracondylar ridge e. Greatertuberosity

Quiz5-TheRadiusandUlna

Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizabouttheradiusandulna.

1.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,labelDisthe:a.Trochlearorsemilunarnotchb.Headoftheradiusc.Radialnotch

d.Olecranonprocesse.Coronoidprocess2.Onthedrawingsof theradiusandulna,labelFisthe:a.Trochlearorsemilunarnotchb.Headoftheradiusc.Radialnotch

d.Olecranonprocesse.Coronoidprocess3.Onthedrawingsof theradiusandulna,labelEisthe:a.Trochlearorsemilunarnotchb.Headoftheradiusc.Radialnotch

d.Olecranonprocesse.Coronoidprocess4.Onthedrawingsof theradiusandulna,labelHisthe:a.Trochlearorsemilunarnotchb.Headoftheradiusc.Radialnotch

d.Olecranonprocesse.Coronoidprocess5.Onthedrawingsof theradiusandulna,labelCisthe:a.Trochlearorsemilunarnotchb.Headoftheradiusc.Radialnotch

d.Olecranonprocesse.Coronoidprocess6.Onthedrawingsof theradiusandulna, label I is the: a.Styloidprocessof the radiusb.Radial tuberosity c.Styloidprocessoftheulnad.Ulnatuberosity

e.Supinatorcrest

7.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,labelJisthe:a.Styloidprocessoftheradiusb.Radialtuberosityc.Styloidprocessoftheulnad.Ulnatuberosity

e.Supinatorcrest

8.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,labelGisthe:a.Styloidprocessoftheradiusb.Radialtuberosityc.Styloidprocessoftheulnad.Ulnatuberosity

e.Supinatorcrest

9.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,labelBisthe:a.Styloidprocessoftheradiusb.Radialtuberosityc.Styloidprocessoftheulnad.Ulnatuberosity

e.Supinatorcrest

10.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,labelAisthe:a.Styloidprocessoftheradiusb.Radialtuberosityc.Styloidprocessoftheulnad.Ulnatuberosity

e.Supinatorcrest

Quiz6-TheHand

Pleaserefertothefollowingdrawingsconcerningthequestionsinthisquizaboutthehand.

1.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelFisthe:a.Triangularisortriquetrumb.Capitate

c.Navicularorscaphoidd.Fourthmetacarpale.Hamate2.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelDisthe:a.Triangularisortriquetrumb.Capitate

c.Navicularorscaphoidd.Fourthmetacarpale.Hamate

3.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelCisthe:a.Triangularisortriquetrumb.Capitate

4.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelIisthe:a.Triangularisortriquetrumb.Capitate

5.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelHisthe:a.Triangularisortriquetrumb.Capitate

6.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelBisthe:a.Greatermultangularortrapeziumb.Lunate

c.Trapezoid

d.Secondmetacarpale.Pisiform

7.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelAisthe:a.Greatermultangularortrapeziumb.Lunate

c.Lessermultangularortrapezoidd.Secondmetacarpale.Pisiform

8.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelEisthe:a.Greatermultangularortrapeziumb.Lunate

9.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelJisthe:a.Greatermultangularortrapeziumb.Lunate

c.Lessermultangularortrapezoidd.Thirdphalangee.Pisiform

10.Onthedrawingofthehand,labelGisthe:a.Greatermultangularortrapeziumb.Lunate

Quiz7-TheVertebra

Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthevertebra.

1.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelYisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Vertebralforamenc.Atlas

d.Transverseprocesse.Spinyprocess2.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelCisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Vertebralforamenc.Atlas

d.Transverseprocesse.Spinyprocess3.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelDisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Vertebralforamenc.Atlas

d.Transverseprocesse.Spinyprocess4.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelEisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Vertebralforamenc.Atlas

d. Transverse process e. Posterior tubercle 5. On the drawings of thevertebra,labelFisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Vertebralforamenc.Atlas

d.Transverseprocesse.Spinyprocess6.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelAisthe:a.Axis

b.Dens

c. Transverse foramen d.Anterior tubercle e. Superior articular process 7.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelBisthe:a.Axis

b.Dens

c. Transverse foramen d.Anterior tubercle e. Superior articular process 8.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelXisthe:a.Axis

b.Dens

c. Transverse foramen d.Anterior tubercle e. Superior articular process 9.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelMisthe:a.Axis

b.Dens

c.Transverseforamend.Anterior tuberclee.Superiorarticularprocess10.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelNisthe:a.Axis

b.Dens

c.Transverseforamend.Anterior tuberclee.Superiorarticularprocess11.On thedrawingsof thevertebra, labelL is the:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine

c.Body

d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle12.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelKisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine

c.Body

d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle13.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelOisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine

c.Body

d. Inferior articular processe. Inferior tubercle 14.On the drawings of thevertebra,labelGisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine

c.Body

d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle15.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelIisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine

c.Body

d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle16.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelJisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine

c.Body

d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle17.On thedrawingsof thevertebra,labelHisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine

c.Body

d. Superior demi-facet e. Transverse process 18. On the drawings of thevertebra,labelRisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine

c.Body

d. Inferiorarticularprocesse. Inferior tubercle19.On thedrawingsof the

vertebra,labelSisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine

c.Body

d. Superior demi-facet e. Transverse process 20. On the drawings of thevertebra,labelTisthe:a.Superiorarticularprocessb.Spine

c.Body

d. Superior demi-facet e. Transverse process 21. On the drawings of thevertebra,labelUisthe:a.Pedicle

b.Spine

c.Inferiorarticularprocessd.Inferiordemi-facete.Transverseprocess22.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelVisthe:a.Pedicle

b.Spine

c.Inferiorarticularprocessd.Inferiordemi-facete.Transverseprocess23.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelWisthe:a.Pedicle

b.Spine

c.Inferiorarticularprocessd.Inferiordemi-facete.Transverseprocess24.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelPisthe:a.Pedicle

b.Spine

c.Inferiorarticularprocessd.Inferiordemi-facete.Transverseprocess25.Onthedrawingsofthevertebra,labelQisthe:a.Pedicle

b.Spine

c.Inferiorarticularprocessd.Inferiordemi-facete.Transverseprocess

Quiz8-TheInnominateBone

Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizabouttheinnominatebone.

1.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelEisthe:a.Inferiorposteriorspineb.Spineoftheischiumc.Superiorposteriorspined.Superioranteriorspinee.Inferioranteriorspine2.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelJisthe:a.Inferiorposteriorspineb.Spineoftheischiumc.Superiorposteriorspined.Superioranteriorspinee.Inferioranteriorspine3.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelCisthe:a.Inferiorposteriorspineb.Spineoftheischiumc.Superiorposteriorspined.Superioranteriorspinee.Inferioranteriorspine4.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelKisthe:a.Inferiorposteriorspineb.Spineoftheischiumc.Superiorposteriorspined.Superioranteriorspinee.Inferioranteriorspine5.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelDisthe:a.Inferiorposteriorspineb.Spineoftheischiumc.Superiorposteriorspined.Superioranteriorspinee.Inferioranteriorspine6.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelGisthe:a.Tuberosityoftheiliumb.Anteriorgluteallinec.Iliaccrest

d. Posterior gluteal line e. Inferior gluteal line 7. On the drawings of the

innominate bone, labelH is the: a.Tuberosity of the iliumb.Anterior gluteallinec.Iliacdrest

d. Posterior gluteal line e. Inferior gluteal line 8. On the drawings of theinnominatebone,labelFisthe:a.Tuberosityoftheiliumb.Anteriorgluteallinec.Iliaccrest

d. Posterior gluteal line e. Inferior gluteal line 9. On the drawings of theinnominatebone,labelIisthe:a.Tuberosityoftheiliumb.Anteriorgluteallinec.Iliaccrest

d.Posterior gluteal line e. Inferior gluteal line10.On thedrawingsof theinnominatebone,labelPisthe:a.Tuberosityoftheiliumb.Anteriorgluteallinec.Iliaccrest

d.Posterior gluteal line e. Inferior gluteal line 11.On the drawings of theinnominatebone,labelAisthe:a.Iliacfossa

b.Ischialtuberosityc.Obturatorforamend.Crestofthepubise.Symphysis

12.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelSisthe:a.Iliacfossa

13.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelRisthe:a.Iliacfossa

14.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelTisthe:a.Iliacfossa

15.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelOisthe:a.Iliacfossa

16.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelMisthe:a.Superiorramus

b.Lessersciaticnotchc.Acetabulum

d.Greatersciaticnotche.Inferiorramusoftheischium17.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelBisthe:a.Superiorramus

d.Greatersciaticnotche.Inferiorramusoftheischium18.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelQisthe:a.Superiorramus

d.Greatersciaticnotche.Inferiorramusoftheischium19.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelListhe:a.Superiorramusofthepubisb.Lessersciaticnotchc.Acetabulum

d.Greatersciaticnotche.Inferiorramusoftheischium20.Onthedrawingsoftheinnominatebone,labelNisthe:a.Superiorramus

d.Greatersciaticnotche.Inferiorramusoftheischium

Quiz9-TheFemur

Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthefemur.

1.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelAisthe:a.Greatertrochanterb.Intertrochantericlinec.Head

d. Intertrochanteric crest e. Lesser trochanter 2. On the drawings of thefemur,labelBisthe:a.Greatertrochanterb.Intertrochantericlinec.Head

d. Intertrochanteric crest e. Lesser trochanter 3. On the drawings of thefemur,labelCisthe:a.Greatertrochanterb.Intertrochantericlinec.Head

d. Intertrochanteric crest e. Lesser trochanter 4. On the drawings of thefemur,labelFisthe:a.Greatertrochanterb.Intertrochantericlinec.Head

d. Intertrochanteric crest e. Lesser trochanter 5. On the drawings of thefemur,labelDisthe:a.Greatertrochanterb.Intertrochantericlinec.Head

d. Intertrochanteric crest e. Lesser trochanter 6. On the drawings of the

femur, label O is the: a. Medial epicondyle b. Adductor tubercle c. Medialcondyle

d.Intercondylarfossae.Lateralepicondyle7.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelJisthe:a.Medialepicondyleb.Adductortuberclec.Medialcondyle

d.Intercondylarfossae.Lateralepicondyle8.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelMisthe:a.Medialepicondyleb.Adductortuberclec.Medialcondyle

d.Intercondylarfossae.Lateralepicondyle9.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelListhe:a.Medialepicondyleb.Adductortuberclec.Medialcondyle

d. Intercondylar fossa e. Lateral epicondyle 10. On the drawings of thefemur, label N is the: a. Medial epicondyle b. Adductor tubercle c. Medialcondyle

d. Intercondylar fossa e. Lateral epicondyle 11. On the drawings of thefemur,labelHisthe:a.Lineaaspera

b.Pectinealline

c.Medialepicondylarridged.Glutealline

e.Lateralepicondylarridge12.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelGisthe:a.Lineaaspera

b.Pectinealline

e.Lateralepicondylarridge13.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelIisthe:a.Lineaaspera

b.Pectinealline

e.Lateralepicondylarridge14.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelEisthe:a.Lineaaspera

b.Pectinealline

e.Lateralepicondylarridge15.Onthedrawingsofthefemur,labelKisthe:a.Lineaaspera

b.Pectinealline

e.Lateralepicondylarridge

Quiz10-TheTibiaandFibula

Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthetibiaandfibula.

1.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelHisthe:a.Popliteallineb.Tibia(anterior)tuberosityc.Medialcondyled.Anteriorcreste.Head

2.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelAisthe:a.Popliteallineb.Tibia(anterior)tuberosityc.Medialcondyled.Anteriorcreste.Headofthefibula3.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelEisthe:a.Popliteallineb.Tibia(anterior)tuberosityc.Medialcondyled.Anteriorcreste.Head

4.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelCisthe:a.Popliteallineb.Tibia(anterior)tuberosityc.Medialcondyled.Anteriorcreste.Head

5.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelGisthe:a.Popliteallineb.Tibia(anterior)tuberosityc.Medialcondyled.Anteriorcreste.Head

6.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelBisthe:a.Lateralmalleolusb.Shaft

c.Lateralcondyled.Intercondylareminencee.Medialmalleolus7.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelIisthe:a.Lateralmalleolusb.Shaft

c.Lateralcondyled.Intercondylareminencee.Medialmalleolus8.Onthedrawingsof the tibia and fibula, labelFis the: a.Lateralmalleolusb.Shaft offibula c. Lateral condyle d. Popliteal surface e. Medial malleolus 9. On thedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelJisthe:a.Lateralmalleolusb.Shaft

c.Lateralcondyled.Intercondylareminencee.Medialmalleolus10.Onthedrawingsofthetibiaandfibula,labelDisthe:a.Lateralmalleolusb.Shaft

c.Lateralcondyled.Intercondylareminencee.Medialmalleolus

Quiz11-TheFoot

Please refer to the following drawings concerning the questions in this quizaboutthefoot.

1.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelIisthe:a.Navicularb.Thirdcuneiformc.Talus

d.Firstcuneiforme.Secondcuneiform2.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelFisthe:a.Navicularb.Thirdcuneiformc.Talus

d.Firstcuneiforme.Secondcuneiform3.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelDisthe:a.Navicularb.Thirdcuneiformc.Talus

d.Firstcuneiforme.Secondcuneiform4.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelGisthe:a.Navicularb.Thirdcuneiformc.Talus

d.Firstcuneiforme.Secondcuneiform5.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,label

Eisthe:a.Navicularb.Thirdcuneiformc.Talus

d.Firstcuneiforme.Secondcuneiform6.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelCisthe:a.Thirdphalangeb.Cuboid

c.Firstphalanged.Calcaneuse.Firstmetatarsal7.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelJisthe:a.Thirdphalangeb.Cuboid

c.Firstphalanged.Calcaneuse.Firstmetatarsal8.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelBisthe:a.Thirdphalangeb.Cuboid

c.Firstphalanged.Calcaneuse.Firstmetatarsal9.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelAisthe:a.Thirdphalangeb.Cuboid

c.Firstphalanged.Calcaneuse.Firstmetatarsal10.Onthedrawingsofthefoot,labelHisthe:a.Thirdphalangeb.Cuboid

c.Firstphalanged.Calcaneuse.Firstmetatarsal

Quiz12-MusclesandMovers

1.Thefourpropertiesofmusclecellsare:a.Contractility,extensibility,flexibility,tonicityb.Contractility,compressibility,flexibility,tonicityc.Contractility,extensibility,isokinetic,tonicityd.Contractility,extensibility,flexibility,adaptabilitye.Contractility,extensibility,elasticity,tonicity2.Thefiveclassificationsofmusclecontractionsbyanatomistsandkinesiologistsare:a.Isometric,isotonic,concentric,eccentric,staticb.Isometric,isotonic,isokinetic,eccentric,staticc.Isometric,isotonic,concentric,eccentric,dynamicd.Isometric,isokinetic,concentric,eccentric,statice.Isometric,isotonic,isostatic,eccentric,static3.Towhatmuscleclassificationsdothebicepsbelong?

a.Skeletal,visceral,smooth

b.Skeletal,voluntary,smooth

c.Skeletal,striated,voluntary

d.Skeletal,involuntary,smooth

e.Smooth,visceral,involuntary

4.Towhatmuscleclassificationdoesthestomachmusclebelong?

a.Skeletal,visceral,smooth

b.Skeletal,voluntary,smooth

c.Skeletal,striated,voluntary

d.Skeletal,involuntary,smooth

e.Smooth,visceral,involuntary

5.Towhatclassificationdoestheheartbelong?

a.Syncytium

b.Striated

c.Smooth

d.Visceral

e.Voluntary/involuntary

6.PrimeMoversarethemusclesthatdothemajormovement.

a.True

b.False

7.Duringpush-ups,thestabilizersare:a.Hipextensorsandspineextensorsb.Hipflexorsandspineflexors

c.Hipextensorsandspineflexorsd.Hipflexorsandspineextensorse.Hipflexorsandkneeflexors

8.Duringpush-ups,whataretheprimemovers?

a.Elbowflexorsandarmflexors

b.Elbowflexorsandarmextensorsc.Elbowextensorsandarmextensorsd.Elbowextensorsandarmflexorse.Elbowextensorsandforearmsupinators9.Duringpull-ups,whataretheprimemovers?

a.Elbowflexorsandarmflexors

b.Elbowflexorsandarmextensorsc.Elbowextensorsandarmextensorsd.Elbowextensorsandarmflexorse.Elbowextensorsandforearmsupinators10.Duringasit-up,theprimemoversare:a.Hipflexorsandspineflexors

b.Hipflexorsandkneeflexors

c.Hip flexors and spine extensors d. Spine extensors andhip extensors e.Legflexorsandspineextensors

Quiz13-Insertions,Origins,andActions

Choosethemostcorrectanswerforthefollowingquestions.

1.Theoriginofthesternocleidomastoidis:a.Manubriumofthesternum

b.Lateralthirdoftheclavicle

c.Theanterior3rd,4th,&5thribsd.Themedialthirdoftheclavicleandtheanteriorsurfaceofthemanubriume.Coracoidprocess

2.Theoriginofthespleniuscapitisis:a.Ligamentumnuchae

b.Spinesofthe1-4thoracicvertebrac.Seventhcervicalspinyprocess

d.Thelowerligamentumnuchae,theseventhcervicalvertebraandtheupperfour thoracic vertebra e. Mastoid process and adjacent occipital bone 3. Theoriginofthepectoralisminoris:a.Manubriumofthesternum

c.Theanterior3rd,4th,&5thribsd.Coracoidprocess

e.Uppereightribs

4.Theinsertionofthesternocleidomastoidis:a.Mastoidprocess

c. The anterior 3rd, 4th, & 5th ribs d. Mastoid process and the adjacentoccipitalbonee.Coracoidprocess

5.Theinsertionofthespleniuscapitisis:a.Mastoidprocess

c. The anterior 3rd, 4th, & 5th ribs d. Mastoid process and the adjacentoccipitalbonee.Coracoidprocess

6.Theactionsofthesternocleidomastoidare:a.Headflexionandlateralflexion

b.Headextensionandlateralflexionc.Headrotationandflexion

d.Headlateralflexion,rotation,andflexione.Headlateralflexion,rotation,and extension 7. The actions of the splenius capitis are: a. Head flexion andlateralflexion

b.Headextensionandlateralflexionc.Headrotationandflexion

d.Headlateralflexion,rotation,andflexione.Headlateralflexion,rotation,and extension 8. The origin of the serratus anterior is: a. Manubrium of thesternum

b.Upper8-9ribs

c.Theanterior3rd,4th,&5thribsd.Vertebralborderofthescapula

e.Costalsurfaceofthescapula

9.Theinsertionoftheserratusanterioris:a.Manubriumofthesternum

b.Upper8-9ribs

c. The anterior 3rd, 4th,& 5th ribs d. The costal surface of the vertebralborderofthescapulae.Costalsurfaceofthescapula

10.Theoriginofthetrapeziusis:a.Occipitalprotuberance

b.Superiornuchalline

c.Theligamentumnuchae

d.Theseventhcervicalandallthoracicvertebrae.Alloftheabove

11.Theinsertionofthetrapeziusis:a.Occipitalprotuberance

c.Thespineofthescapula

d. The lateral third of the clavicle, the acromion process and spine of thescapulae.Vertebralborderofthescapula

12.Theoriginsoftherhomboidsare:a.Thevertebralborderofthescapulab.Superiornuchalline

d. The seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebra e. Lower ligamentumnuchae,seventhcervicalandfirstfivethoracicvertebra13.Theinsertionoftherhomboids is: a. The vertebral border of the scapula below the spine of thescapulab.Superiornuchalline

d.The seventhcervical andall thoracicvertebra e.The lower ligamentumnuchae, seventh cervical and first five thoracic vertebra 14. The action of therhomboids is: a. Scapula elevation, downward rotation, adduction b. Scapulaelevation,upward rotation, adductionc.Scapulaelevation,downward rotation,abduction d. Scapula elevation, depression, adduction e. Scapula elevation,abduction

15.Theactionofthetrapeziusis:a.Scapulaelevation,downwardrotation,abduction,depressionb.Scapuladepression,downwardrotation,adduction

c.Scapulaelevation,downwardrotation,abductiond.Scapulaelevation,depression,adduction,upwardrotatione.Scapulaelevation,depression,adduction,downwardrotation16.Theoriginofthelevatorscapulais:a.Ligamentumnuchae,seventhcervicalb.Lowerligamentumnuchae,seventhcervical,1-4thoracicvertebrac.1-4cervicalvertebra

d.4-5-6cervicalvertebra

e. Ligamentum nuchae, seventh cervical, all thoracic vertebra 17. Theinsertionof the levatorscapula is:a.Vertebralborderof thescapulabelowthespineofthescapulab.Vertebralborderofthescapula

c. Spine and acromion process of the scapula d. Superior border of thescapula

e. Vertebral border of the scapula above the spine of the scapula 18. Theaction of the levator scapula is: a. Scapula elevation, downward rotation,adductionb.Scapulaelevation,upwardrotation,adductionc.Scapulaelevation,upwardrotationd.Scapulaelevation,depression,downwardrotatione.Scapulaelevation,abduction,downward rotation19.Theoriginof thecoracobrachialisis:a.Acromionprocess

b.Acromionprocessandcoracoidprocessc.Lateralthirdoftheclavicle

d.Coracoidprocess

e.Anterior3,4,5ribs

20.Theinsertionofthecoracobrachialisis:a.Anterior3,4,5ribs

b.Medialmiddlethirdofthehumerusc.Brachialtuberosity

d.Lowerthirdofthehumerus

e.Anteriorhumerus

21.Theactionofthecoracobrachialisis:a.Armflexion,adduction,externalrotationb.Armextensionandexternalrotationc.Armflexionandabduction

d.Armflexionandinternalrotatione.Armflexion,adduction,andinternalrotation 22. The action of the lower fibers of the anterior deltoid is: a. Armflexion,adduction,internalrotationb.Armflexion,adduction,externalrotationc. Arm extension, adduction, external rotation d. Arm extension, adduction,internalrotatione.Armabduction

23.Theactionofthelowerfibersoftheposteriordeltoidis:a.Armflexion,adduction,internalrotationb.Armflexion,adduction,externalrotationc.Armextension,adduction,externalrotationd.Armextension,adduction,internalrotatione.Armabduction

24.Theactionofthemiddledeltoidis:a.Armflexion,adduction,internalrotationb.Armflexion,adduction,externalrotationc.Armextension,adduction,externalrotationd.Armextension,adduction,internalrotatione.Armabduction

25.Theoriginofthedeltoidis:a.Medialtwo-thirdsclavicle,acromionprocess,coracoidprocessb.Clavicleandspineofthescapulac.Lateralone-thirdsclavicle,acromionprocess,andspineofthescapulad.Lateralone-thirdsclavicle,superiorborder,andspineofscapulae.Lateralone-thirdsclavicle,acromionprocess,andaxillaryborder26.Givetheactionofthebiceps.

a.Elbowflexion

b.Elbow extension and arm extension c.Arm flexion, elbow flexion, andsupinationd.Elbowflexionandsupinatione

e.Elbowflexionandpronation

27.Givetheactionofthebrachialis.

a.Elbowflexion

b. Elbow extension and arm extension c. Arm flexion, elbow flexion,supinationd.Elbowflexionandsupination

28.Givetheactionofthetriceps.

a.Elbowflexion

b.Elbowextensionandarmextension&adductionc.Arm flexion, elbowflexion,supinationd.Elbowflexionandsupination

29.Givetheactionofthelatissimusdorsi.

a.Armflexion,armadduction,arminternalrotationb.Armextension,armadduction,arminternalrotationc.Armextension,elbowextension,arminternalrotationd.Arminternalrotation,armflexion,armadductione.Armextension,armadduction,externalrotation30.Givetheactionoftheteresmajor.

a.Armflexion,armadduction,arminternalrotationb.Armextension,armadduction,arminternalrotationc.Armextension,elbowextension,arminternalrotationd.Arminternalrotation,armflexion,armadductione.Armextension,armadduction,externalrotation31.Givetheactionofthesupraspinatus.

a.Armabduction,armflexion,arminternalrotationb.Armadduction,armflexion,arminternalrotationc.Armabduction

d.Armabduction,arminternalrotatione.Armadduction

32.Givetheactionofthepronatorteres.

a.Elbowflexion

33.Givetheactionofthebrachioradialis.

a.Elbowflexion

34.Givetheactionoftherectusabdominis.

a. Spine flexion, rotation to the opposite side, and compression of theabdomenb.Extensionofthespine

c.Compressionoftheabdomen

d.Flexionofthespineandcompressionoftheabdomene.Spineflexionandrotationtothesameside;compressionoftheabdomen35.Givetheactionoftheexternalabdominaloblique.

a. Spine flexion and rotation to the opposite side; compression of theabdomenb.Extensionofthespine

d.Flexionofthespineandcompressionoftheabdomene.Spineflexionandrotationtothesameside;compressionoftheabdomen36.Givetheactionofthetransverseabdominis.

d.Flexionofthespineandcompressionoftheabdomene.Spineflexionandrotationtothesameside;compressionoftheabdomen37.Givetheactionoftheinternalabdominaloblique.

d.Flexionofthespineandcompressionoftheabdomene.Spineflexionandrotation to the same side; compression of the abdomen 38. The action of theiliacusis:a.Hipflexion,abduction,externalrotationb.Hipflexion,adduction,external rotation c.Hip extension, external rotation, adduction d.Hip flexion,adduction, internalrotatione.Legflexion,abduction,externalrotation39.Theactionofthegluteusmaximusis:a.Hipflexion,abduction,externalrotationb.Hip flexion, adduction, (possible external rotation) c. Hip extension, externalrotation, abduction& adduction d. Hip flexion, adduction, internal rotation e.Legflexion,abduction,externalrotation40.Theactionofthesartoriusis:a.Hipflexion, abduction, external rotation, knee flexion b. Hip flexion, adduction,(possibleexternalrotation)c.Hipextension,externalrotation,adductiond.Hipflexion, adduction, internal rotation, knee flexion e. Hip flexion, abduction,externalrotation,kneeextension41.Theactionofthegracilisis:a.Hipflexion,abduction, external rotation b. Hip flexion, adduction, (possible externalrotation)c.Hipextension,externalrotation,adductiond.Hipflexion,abduction,internalrotatione.Hipflexion,abduction,externalrotation42.Theactionoftheadductor longus is: a.Hip flexion, abduction, external rotation b.Hip flexion,adduction,externalrotationc.Hipextension,externalrotation,adductiond.Hipflexion,adduction, internal rotatione.Leg flexion,abduction,external rotation43.Theactionofthepectineusis:a.Hipflexion,abduction,externalrotationb.Hip flexion, adduction, external rotation c. Hip extension, external rotation,adductiond.Hipflexion,adduction,internalrotatione.Legflexion,abduction,external rotation 44. The action of the tensor fascia lata is: a. Hip flexion,abduction, external rotation b.Hip flexion, adduction, external rotation c.Hipextension, external rotation, adduction d. Hip flexion, adduction, internalrotatione.Hipflexion,abduction,internalrotation45.Theactionofthepsoasis:

a. Hip flexion, abduction, external rotation b. Hip flexion, adduction,external rotation c.Hip extension, external rotation, adduction d.Hip flexion,adduction, internal rotation e.Hip flexion, abduction, internal rotation46.Theoriginofthegluteusmaximusisthe:a.Pectineallineandupperone-thirdofthelinea aspera of the femur b. Post. gluteal line, post. crest of ilium, post/lat.sacrum& coccyx c.Middle one-third of the linea aspera d. Pectineal line offemur

e. Linea aspera, medial epicondylar ridge, adductor tubercle of femur 47.Theoriginofthepsoasisthe:a.Posteriorcrestoftheilium

b.Thesymphysisofthepubicbone

c.Inferiorramusofthepubicbone

d.Iliacfossaof theiliumandadjacentsacrume.Transverseprocessesandbodies of the five lumbar vertebra 48. The action of the gastrocnemius is: a.Plantarflexion

b.Kneeflexion,plantarflexion

c.Kneeextension,plantarflexion

d.Plantarflexion,hipextension

e.Dorsiflexion

49.Identifytheankleevertor.

a.Tibialisanterior

b.Tibialisposterior

c.Extensorhallicuslongus

d.Flexorhallicuslongus

e.Peroneusbrevis

50.Identifytheankledorsiflexors.

a. Extensor hallicus longus and extensor digitorumlongus b. Tibialisposteriorandflexorhallicuslongusc.Soleus

d.Peroneuslongus

e.Peroneusbrevisandtertius

51.Identifytheankleplantarflexors.

a.Flexordigitorumlongus

b.Extensorhallicuslongus

c.Extensordigitorumlongus

d.Tibialisanterior

e.Flexordigitorum

52.Identifytheankleinvertor.

a.Extensordigitorumlongus

b.Flexordigitorumlongus

c.Peroneustertius

d.Peroneuslongus

e.Peroneusbrevis

53.Theactionofthetibialisposterioris:a.Dorsiflexion,eversion

b.Plantarflexion,inversion

c.Plantarflexion,toeflexion

d.Plantarflexion,eversion

e.Toeflexion,eversion

54.Theactionoftheextensordigitorumlongusis:a.Dorsiflexion,eversion

55.Theactionoftheflexordigitorumlongusis:a.Dorsiflexion,eversion,toeflexionb.Plantarflexion,inversion,toeflexionc.Plantarflexion,toeflexion

d.Plantarflexion,eversion,toeflexione.Toeflexion,eversion

56.Theactionoftheperoneuslongusis:a.Dorsiflexion,eversion

57.Theinsertionoftheperoneusbrevis&tertiusis:a.Junctionofthe2nd&3rdmetatarsal,&2nd&3rdcuneiformb.Baseofthefirstmetatarsal,firstcuneiformc.Baseofthefirstmetatarsal

d.Navicular,cuboid

e.Baseofthefifthmetatarsal

58.Theoriginofthelongissimusdorsiisthe:a.Lowertwothoracicvertebraanduppertwolumbarvertebrab.Lumbardorsalfascia

c.Transverseprocessesofupper six thoracicvertebrad.Lowerone-fourthnuchalligament,seventhcervical,firstandsecondthoracicvertebrae.Spinesofthelowerfourcervicalvertebraandupperfourthoracicvertebra59.Theoriginofthespinalisdorsiisthe:a.11th&12thoracicvertebraand1st&2ndlumbarvertebrab.Lumbodorsalfascia

c.Transverseprocessesofupper six thoracicvertebrad.Lowerone-fourthnuchalligament,seventhcervical,firstandsecondthoracicvertebrae.Spinesofthelowerfourcervicalvertebraandupperfourthoracicvertebra60.Theoriginofthelongissimuscervicusisthe:a.Lowertwothoracicvertebraanduppertwolumbarvertebrab.Lumbardorsalfascia

c.Transverseprocessesofupper4-5 thoracicvertebrad.Lowerone-fourthnuchalligament,seventhcervical,firstandsecondthoracicvertebrae.Spinesofthelowerfourcervicalvertebraandupperfourthoracicvertebra61.Theoriginof the spinalis cervicis is the: a. Lower two thoracic vertebra and upper twolumbarvertebrab.Lumbardorsalfascia

c.Transverseprocessesofupper six thoracicvertebrad.Lowerone-fourthnuchalligament,seventhcervical,firstandsecondthoracicvertebrae.Spinesofthelowerfourcervicalvertebra&upperfourthoracicvertebra62.Theoriginofthespinaliscapitusisthe:a.Lowertwothoracicvertebraanduppertwolumbarvertebrab.Lumbardorsalfascia

c.Transverseprocessesofupper six thoracicvertebrad.Lowerone-fourth

nuchal ligament, seventh cervical, first and second thoracic vertebra e.Transverseprocessesofthelowerfourcervicalanduppersixorseventhoracicvertebra 63. The insertion of the flexor pollicis brevis is the: a. The flexorretinaculumandtrapeziumb.Pisiform

c.Thelateralandmedialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthethumbd.Ulnasideofthefirstmetacarpale.Theflexorretinaculumandhamate64.Theinsertionof theabductordigitiminimi (hand) is the:a.The flexor retinaculumandtrapeziumb.Pisiform

c.Thelateralandmedialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthethumbd.Ulna sideof the firstphalangeof fifth fingere.The flexor retinaculumandhamate 65. The insertion of the abductor pollicis brevis is the: a. The flexorretinaculumandtrapeziumb.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthumb,lateralsidec.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthumb,medialsided.Alloftheradialsideofthefirstmetacarpale.Thelateralandmedialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthethumb66.Theinsertionoftheabductordigitiminimi(foot):a.Tendonsoftheflexordigitorumlongusb.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthelittletoe,lateralsidec.Thelateralandmedialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthelittletoed.Calcaneum

e.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthegreattoe,medialside67.Theinsertionoftheflexorhallicusbrevis:a.Tendonsoftheflexordigitorumlongusb.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthelittletoe,lateralsidec.Thelateralandmedialsideofthebaseofthefirstphalangeofthegreattoed.Calcaneum

e.Baseofthefirstphalangeofthegreattoe,medialside

Quiz14-ScapulaAttachments

Refertothefollowingdrawingsconcerningthefollowingquestionsinthisquizaboutthescapulaattachments.

1.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelAisthe:a.Teresmajorb.Latissimusdorsic.Infraspinatusd.SubScapularise.Teresminor2.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelDisthe:a.Teresmajorb.Latissimusdorsic.Infraspinatusd.SubScapularise.Teresminor3.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelGisthe:a.Teresmajorb.Latissimusdorsic.Infraspinatusd.SubScapularise.Teresminor4.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelFisthe:a.Teresmajorb.Latissimusdorsic.Infraspinatusd.SubScapularise.Teresminor5.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelEisthe:a.Teresmajorb.Latissimusdorsic.Infraspinatusd.SubScapularise.Teresminor6.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelHisthe:a.Supraspinatusb.Bicepsbrachiic.Triceps

d.Latissimusdorsie.Teresminor7.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelCisthe:a.Supraspinatusb.Bicepsbrachiic.Triceps

d.Latissimusdorsie.Teresminor8.Onthedrawingsofthescapula,labelBisthe:a.Supraspinatusb.Bicepsbrachiic.Triceps

d.Latissimusdorsie.Teresminor

Quiz15-HumerusAttachments

Refer to the following drawings concerning thequestions in this quiz abouthumerusattachments.

1.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,whatislabelA?

a.Deltoid

b.Brachialisc.Anconeusd.Triceps

e.Coraobrachialis2.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,whatislabelE?

a.Anconeusb.Brachialisc.Deltoid

d.Triceps

e.Coracobrachialis3.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,whatislabelB?

a.Anconeusb.Brachialis.

c.Deltoid

d.Triceps

e.Coracobrachialis4.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,whatislabelD?

a.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisb.Brachialisc.Flexordigitorumd.Triceps

e.Supinator5.Onthedrawingsofthehumerus,whatislabelC?

a.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisb.Brachialisc.Flexordigitorumd.Triceps

e.Supinator

Quiz16-ForearmAttachments

Refer to the followingdrawingsconcerningquestions#1-12 in thisquizaboutforearmattachments.

1.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatislabelH?

a.Biceps

b.Supinatorc.Brachialisd.Pronatorteres2.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatislabelF?

a.Biceps

b.Supinatorc.Brachialisd.Pronatorteres3.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatislabelE?

a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Pronatorquadratusd.Flexordigitorum4.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatis

labelI?

a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Pronatorquadratusd.Pronator teres5.On thedrawingsof the radius andulna,what islabelG?

a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Pronatorquadratusd.Pronator teres6.On thedrawingsof the radius andulna,what islabelJ?

a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Pronatorquadratusd.Pronator teres7.On thedrawingsof the radius andulna,what islabelK?

a.Triceps

b.Brachioradialisc.Anconeus

d. Pronator quadratus 8. On the drawings of the radius and ulna, what islabelL?

a.Triceps

d. Pronator quadratus 9. On the drawings of the radius and ulna, what islabelA?

a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Brachialisd.Pronatorteres10.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatislabelB?

a.Biceps

b.Brachialisc.Pronatorquadratusd.Pronatorteres11.Onthedrawingsoftheradiusandulna,whatislabelC?

a.Triceps

d.Pronator quadratus12.On thedrawingsof the radius andulna,what islabelD?

a.Triceps

d.PronatorquadratusRefertothefollowingdrawingsconcerningquestions#13-17inthisquizaboutforearmattachments.

13.Onthedrawingsoftheforearmandhand,whatislabelB?

a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Extensordigitorumd.Pronatorquadratuse.Flexordigitorum14.Onthedrawingsoftheforearmandhand,whatislabelA?

a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Extensordigitorumd.Pronatorquadratuse.Flexordigitorum15.Onthedrawingsoftheforearmandhand,whatislabelC?

a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Extensordigitorumd.Pronatorquadratuse.Flexordigitorum16.Onthedrawingsoftheforearmandhand,whatislabelD?

a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Extensordigitorumd.Pronatorquadratuse.Flexordigitorum17.Onthedrawingsoftheforearmandhand,whatislabelE?

a.Flexordigitorumprofundusb.Flexordigitorumsuperficialisc.Extensordigitorumd.Pronatorquadratuse.Flexordigitorum

Quiz17-InnominateAttachments

Refertothefollowingdrawings(#1and#2)concerningthequestionsinthisquizaboutinnominateattachments.

1.Ondrawing#1oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelI?

a.Sartoriusb.Gluteusmaximusc.Gracilis

d.Adductormagnuse.Adductorlongus2.Ondrawing#1oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelE?

d.Adductormagnuse.Adductorlongus3.Ondrawing#1oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelC?

d.Adductormagnuse.Adductorlongus4.Ondrawing#1oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelA?

d.Adductormagnuse.Adductorlongus5.Ondrawing#1oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelB?

a.Tensorfascialatab.Pectineusc.Adductorlongusd.Iliacus

e.Adductorbrevis6.Ondrawing#1of the innominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelH?

e.Adductorbrevis7.Ondrawing#1of the innominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelF?

e.Adductorbrevis8.Ondrawing#1of the innominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?

e.Adductorbrevis9.Ondrawing#1of the innominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelG?

e.AdductormagnusInnominateBone–#2

10.Ondrawing#2oftheinnominatebone,whatmuscle(s)hasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?

a.Biceps femoris b.Semitendinosis c.Semimembranosis d.Hamstrings e.Alloftheabove11.Ondrawing#2oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelC?

a.Bicepsfemorisb.Semitendinosisc.Semimembranosisd.Rectusfemorise.Vastus intermedius12.Ondrawing#2of the innominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelA?

a.Bicepsfemorisb.Semitendinosisc.Semimembranosisd.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius13.Ondrawing#2oftheinnominatebone,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelB?

a. Biceps femoris b. Gluteus minimus c. Semimembranosis d. Rectusfemorise.Vastusintermedius

Quiz18-FemurAttachments

Refertothefollowingdrawings(#1and#2)concerningthequestionsinthisquizaboutfemurattachments.

1.Ondrawing#1ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?

a.Adductormagnusb.Adductorbrevisc.Iliacus

d.Gluteusmaximuse.Adductorlongus2.Ondrawing#1ofthefemur,whatisatlabelA?

d.Gluteusmaximuse.Adductorlongus3.Ondrawing#1ofthefemur,whatisatlabelC?

d.Gluteusmaximuse.Adductorlongus4.Ondrawing#1ofthefemur,what

isatlabelB?

a.Adductormagnusb.Adductorbrevisc.Pectineus

d.Gluteusmaximuse.Adductorlongus5.Ondrawing#1ofthefemur,whatmuscleisatlabelE?

d.Gluteusmaximuse.AdductorlongusFemur–#2

6.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelA?

a.Vastuslateralisb.Vastusmedialisc.Vastusintermediusd.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius7.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?

a.Vastuslateralisb.Vastusmedialisc.Vastusintermediusd.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius8.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelC?

a.Vastuslateralisb.Vastusmedialisc.Vastusintermediusd.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius9.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelB?

a.Vastuslateralisb.Vastusmedialisc.Vastusintermediusd.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius10.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelE?

a.Vastuslateralisb.Vastusmedialisc.Plantaris

d.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius11.Ondrawing#2ofthefemur,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelF?

a.Vastuslateralisb.Gastrocnemiusc.Plantaris

d.Rectusfemorise.Gluteusmedius

Quiz19-TibiaandFibulaAttachments

Refer to the following drawings (#1 and #2) concerning the questions in thisquizaboutthetibiaandfibulaattachments.

1.Ondrawing#1ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?

a.Bicepsfemorisb.Semitendinosisc.Semimembranosisd.Rectusfemorise.Adductormagnus2.Ondrawing#1ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelB?

a.Bicepsfemorisb.Semitendinosisc.Semimembranosisd.Rectusfemorise.Adductormagnus3.Ondrawing#1ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelC?

a.Bicepsfemorisb.Semitendinosisc.Semimembranosisd.Rectusfemorise.AdductormagnusTibiaandFibula–#2

4.Ondrawing#2ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelD?

a. Tibialis anterior b. Tibialis posterior c. Extensor digitorum longus d.Flexordigitorumlonguse.Soleus

5.Ondrawing#2ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelB?

6.Ondrawing#2ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelC?

7.Ondrawing#2ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelE?

8.Ondrawing#2ofthetibiaandfibula,whatmusclehasitsoriginorinsertionatlabelA?

Quiz20-ExerciseandActivityAnalysis

Forthefollowingquestions,selectthemostcorrectanswerfromthoselisted.

1.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-1.

a.Kneeextensors,hipflexors

b.Kneeflexors,hipFlexors

c.Kneeextensors,hipextensors

d.Spineextensors,hipextensors

e.Hipflexors,kneeextensors,dorsiflexorsFigure20-1

a.Shoulderabductors,wristflexors

b.Armabductors

c.Shoulderabductors,elbowflexors

d.Shoulderabductors,hipflexors

e.Armabductors,shoulderoutwardrotatorsFigure20-2

a.Kneeflexors

b.Plantarflexors

c.Elbowextensors

d.Hipflexors

e.Kneeextensors

Figure20-3

a.Elbowextensors,shoulderabductorsb.Shoulderabductors

c.Elbowflexors,armabductors/flexorsd.Spineextensors,armextensors

e.Armadductors/extensors,elbowflexorsFigure20-4

5.NamethePrimeMoversinFigure20-5.

a.Elbowextensors

b.Shoulderflexors

c. Elbow extensors, arm abductors/flexors d. Spine extensors, elbowextensors

e.Armadductors/extensors,elbowflexorsFigure20-5

a.Kneeflexors

b.Kneeflexors,hipextensors

c.Spineextensors

d.Hipextensors

e.Hipflexors

Figure20-6

a.Elbowextensors,shoulderflexors

b.Elbowextensors,shoulderextensorsc.Elbowflexors,shoulderflexors

d.Elbowflexors,scapulaadductors

e.Elbowflexors,shoulderextensors

Figure20-7

a.Elbowextensors

b.Elbowflexors

c.Shoulderflexors

d.Wristflexors

e.Finger,wristflexors

Figure20-8

a.Spineextensors

b.Trunkflexors

c.Hipextensors

d.Hipflexors

e.Spineandneckextensors

Figure20-9

a.Armhorizontalabductors

b.Shoulderadductors

c.Elbowflexors

d.Wristextensors

e.Armexternalrotators

Figure20-10

a.Legabductors,kneeextensors

b.Hipadductors,kneeflexors

c.Hipabductors,andlegadductors

d.Hipabductors

e.Spineextensors

Figure20-11

12.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-12(pull-u).

Figure20-12

13.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-13fortheupwardmovement.

Figure20-13

14.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-13forthedownwardmovement.

a.Hipadductors

b.Legabductors

c.Kneeextensors

d.Trunklateralflexors

e.Hipflexors

Figure20-14

16.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-15forthesitting-upmovement.

a.Hipflexors

b.Hipextensors

c.Hipflexors,spineflexors

d.Hipflexors,kneeflexors

e.Spineflexors,neckflexors

Figure20-15

17.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-15forthecurling-downmovement.

a.Hipflexors

b.Hipextensor

c.Hipflexors,spineflexors

d.Hipflexors,kneeflexors

e.Spineflexors,neckflexors

18.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-16fortheupmovement.

Figure20-16

20.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-17fortheoutwardmovement.

a.Kneeextensors,hipextensors

b.Kneeflexors,hipflexors

c.Kneeextensors,hipflexors

d.Kneeflexors,hipextensors

e.Kneeextensors,plantarflexors

Figure20-17

21.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-17fortheinwardmovement.

Figure20-18

a.Kneeextensors

b.Kneeflexors

c.Hipflexors

d.Hipextensors

e.Dorsiflexors

Figure20-19

24.Nametheprimemoversusedduringtheupwardstepwhenstanding

andsteppingupontoabench.

25.Nametheprimemoversusedduringthedownwardstepwhenstandingonabenchandsteppingdownbackwards.

26.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-20fortheswimmersracingdive.

a.Knee extensors, hip extensors, plantar flexors, shoulder flexors b.Kneeflexors,hipflexors,dorsiflexors,shoulderflexionc.Kneeextensors,hipflexors,plantarflexors,shoulderflexorsd.Kneeflexors,hipextensors,plantarflexors,shoulder flexors e. Knee extensors, plantar flexors, shoulder extensors, hipextensorsFigure20-20

27.Inrecreationalcycling,theprimemoversforthelegdown-strokeare:a.Kneeextensors,hipextensors

28.Inracingcycling(usingtoeclips),theprimemoversforthelegup-strokeare:a.Kneeextensors,hipextensors

29.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-21forthelowerextremity.

Figure20-21

30.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-22forthebutterflypulloftheupperextremity.

a.Shoulderextensors

b.Shoulderflexors

c.Armflexors

d.Elbowflexors

e.Headextensors

Figure20-22

31.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-23forthevolleyballserveoftheupperextremity.

a. Shoulder extensors and elbow extensors b. Shoulder flexors and elbowflexors

c.Armflexors

d.Elbowflexors

e.Headextensors

Figure20-23

32.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-24forthekayakpaddlefortheleftarm.

c.Armflexorsandelbowflexors

d. Elbow flexors and shoulder extensors e. Elbow extensors and shoulderflexorsFigure20-24

33.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-25fortheunderhandsoftballpitchofthepitchingarm.

a.Shoulderextensors

b.Shoulderflexors

c.Armextensors

d.Elbowflexors

e.Elbowextensors

Figure20-25

34.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-26fortheforwardpassinfootballofthethrowingarm.

c.Armflexorsandelbowflexors

d. Elbow flexors and shoulder extensors e. Elbow extensors and shoulderflexorsFigure20-26

35.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-27forthebasketballfreethrowofthearms.

a.shoulderextensors,elbowextensors,andwristflexorsb.shoulderflexors,elbow flexors, and wrist flexors c. Arm flexors, elbow flexors, and wristextensors d. Elbow flexors, shoulder extensors, and wrist flexors e. Elbowextensors,shoulderflexors,andwristflexorsFigure20-27

a. Hip extensors, spine flexors, and neck extensors b. Hip flexors, spineflexors,andneckflexorsc.Hipextensors,spineextensors,andneckextensorsd.Hipextensors,spineextensors,andneckflexorse.Hipflexors,spineextensors,andneckextensorsFigure20-28

37.Inthetracksprintingstart(fromblocks),theprimemoversare:a.Hipextensors,spineextensorsandneckextensorsb.Hipflexors,kneeflexorsanddorsiflexorsc.Hipextensors,kneeextensorsandplantarflexorsd.Hipextensors,kneeextensorsanddorsiflexorse.Hipflexors,kneeflexorsandplantarflexors38.Indownhillskiing,theprimemoversinthelowerextremityare:a.Eccentricandconcentriccontractionofthehipandkneeextensorsb.Concentriccontractionofthehipandkneeflexorsc.Staticcontractionofthehipandkneeextensorsandthedorsiflexorsd.Eccentric

contractionofthehipandkneeflexorsandtheplantarflexorse.Staticcontractionofthehipandkneeextensorsandtheplantaranddorsiflexors39.Inthefootballpuntkick,theprimemoversofthekickinglegare:a.Hipextensors,kneeextensors,anddorsiflexorsb.Hipflexors,kneeflexors,anddorsiflexorsc.Hipextensors,kneeextensors,andplantarflexorsd.Hipflexors,kneeextensors,andplantarflexorse.Hipflexors,kneeflexors,andplantarflexors40.Inthebasketballdouble-handchestpass,theprimemoversoftheupperextremityare:a.Shoulderextensors,elbowextensors,andwristflexorsb.Shoulderflexors,elbowextensors,andwristflexorsc.Armflexors,elbowflexors,andwristextensorsd.Elbowflexors,shoulderextensors,andwristflexorse.Elbowextensors,shoulderextensors,andwristextensors41.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-29.

a.Supinators

b.Wristflexors

c.Pronators

d.Wristextensors

e.Wristhyperextensors

Figure20-29

a.Legadductors

b.Hiplateralflexors

c.Kneeabductors

d.Hipadductors

e.Hipabductors

Figure20-30

a.Shoulderflexors

b.Armextensors

c.Elbowextensors

d.Spineextensors

e.Wristflexors

Figure20-31

a.Wristflexors

b.Supinators

c.Radialflexors

d.Pronators

e.Ulnaflexors

Figure20-32

45.NamethePrimeMoversinFigure20-33.

a.Neckflexors

b.Headlateralflexors

c.Neckextensors

d.Headprotraction

e.Headhyperextensors

Figure20-33

a.Shoulderflexors

b.Armextensors

c.Elbowextensors

d.Shoulderabductors

e.Wristflexors

Figure20-34

47.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-35ofthejavelin-throwingarm.

a. Elbow flexors and shoulder extensors b. Elbow extensors and shoulderflexors c. Elbow extensors and shoulder extensors d. Shoulder extensors andelbowflexorse.Elbowextensorsandarmflexors

Figure20-35

48.NametheprimemoversinFigure20-36oftheshotputtingarm.

a.Elbowflexorsandtrunkrotators

b. Elbow extensors, shoulder flexors, and spine flexors c. Elbow flexors,shoulderextensors,andtrunkrotatorsd.Elbowflexors,armextensors,andtrunkrotatorse.Elbowextensorsandtrunkrotators

Figure20-36

Quiz20Answers

Quiz1-PlanesandActions

1b,2b,3a,4d,5a,6a,7a,8e,9d,10b,11b,12d,13b,14b,15a,16c,17c,18d,19a,20eQuiz2-TheSkull

1a, 2d, 3c, 4e, 5c, 6e, 7c, 8e, 9d, 10a, 11b, 12a, 13c,14e, 15c Quiz 3 - TheScapula

1e, 2c, 3a, 4c, 5b, 6a, 7c, 8a, 9c, 10e, 11a, 12d, 13c,14d, 15c Quiz 4 - TheHumerus

1e,2a,3c,4b,5d,6e,7b,8a,9c,10d,11e,12c,13d,14a,15b,16dQuiz5-TheRadiusandUlna1a,2b,3c,4d,5e,6c,7a,8b,9d,10eQuiz6-TheHand

1a,2b,3c,4d,5e,6a,7c,8b,9d,10eQuiz7-TheVertebra

1c,2a,3d,4e,5b,6c,7d,8a,9b,10e,11c,12d,13b,14c,15a,16b,17e,18a,19d,20c,21d,22c,23b,24e,25aQuiz8-TheInnominateBone1c,2d,3b,4e,5a,6c,7b,8d,9e,10a,11b,12e,13c,14d,15a,16c,17b,18d,19a,20eQuiz9 -TheFemur

1c,2a,3d,4e,5b,6d,7b,8a,9e,10c,11a,12b,13c,14d,15eQuiz10-TheTibiaandFibula1d,2e,3b,4c,5a,6c,7a,8d,9e,10dQuiz11-TheFoot

1c,2a,3d,4b,5e,6e,7d,8c,9a,10bQuiz12-MusclesandMovers1e,2a,3c,4e,5a,6a,7b,8d,9b,10aQuiz13-Insertions,Origins,andActions1d,2d,3c,4d,5d,6d,7e,8b,9d,10e,11d,12e,13a,14a,15d,16c,17e,18a,19d,20b,21a,22a, 23c, 24e,25c, 26c, 27a, 28b, 29b, 30b, 31c, 32e, 33d, 34d, 35a,36c, 37e,38b,39c,40a,41b,42b,43b,44e,45b,46b,47e,48b,49e,50a,51a,52b,53b,54a,55b,56d,57e,58b,59a,60c,61d,62e,63c,64d,65b,66b,67eQuiz14 -

Scapula Attachments 1d, 2e, 3b, 4a, 5c, 6a, 7c, 8b Quiz 15 - HumerusAttachments1d,2a,3b,4e,5a

Quiz16-ForearmAttachments1d,2b,3b,4a,5d,6c,7d,8b,9c,10a,11c,12a,13c,14b,15a,16a,17cQuiz17-InnominateAttachments1c,2e,3a,4b,5a,6d,7e,8b,9e,10e,11d,12e,13bQuiz18-FemurAttachments

1e, 2c, 3b, 4d, 5a, 6a, 7b, 8c, 9e, 10c, 11b Quiz 19 - Tibia and FibulaAttachments 1b, 2c, 3a, 4c, 5a, 6b, 7d, 8eQuiz 20 - Exercise and ActivityAnalysis1c,2b,3e,4a,5a,6d,7e,8b,9c,10a,11d,12e,13a,14a,15b,16e,17e,18a, 19a, 20a, 21a, 22a, 23b, 24a,25a, 26a, 27a, 28b, 29a, 30a, 31a, 32a, 33b,34a,35a,36c,37c,38a,39d,40b,41a,42e,43b,44c,45a,46d,47c,48e

APPENDIXB•BLANKDRAWINGS

This appendix includes blank skeletal sketches so that muscles and bonymarkings can be drawn on them. On the skeleton, the muscle can be drawnclearlyshowingtheoriginandinsertion.Suchadrawingcouldbedoneusingareferencecolor,e.g.,greenorigin(O)andblueinsertion(I),andthenthemusclecouldbeoutlinedinred.Thereasonseveralskeletaldrawingsareincludedissothatadrawingofonemusclewillnotoverlapothermuscles,therebyhidingtheoriginorinsertionofanothermuscle.Therefore,thetotalmusclecanbeseenandreviewedat aglance.Whilemostmuscle charts that appear in anatomybooksshow the surfacemuscles, the origin and insertion of thesemuscles is usuallyhiddenbyothermuscles.Bydrawingthemuscles,auniquereferenceforallthemuscles is provided that can be seen by just looking at the drawing. In otherwords,thesedrawingsshouldbethoughtofasasortof“musclecoloringbook.”

The individual bone drawings can be used to identify where a muscleattaches to that bone (either origin or insertion).Again, these reference pointscouldbecolor-coded.As such, thesedrawingswill tell theuserexactlywhereeachmuscle attaches to the bone. The belly of the muscle is not drawn, justwhereitattaches.Thisapproachprovidesausefulmethodofidentifyingwhetherthe individual doing the drawings knows the exact origin or insertion of aparticularmuscle.

Theindividualbonedrawingscanalsobeusedtoshowthelocationof thevariousbonymarkings.Rememberthatthebonymarkingareusuallytheoriginorinsertionofamuscle.Therefore,byknowingthebonymarkings,youarealsolearningtheoriginsandinsertions.

ThedrawingsinthisappendixcanalsobeprintedfromthecompanionCD

softwarethataccompaniesthisbook.Keepinmindthatoneoftheeasiestwaysoflearningthemusclesistodrawthemonablankdrawing.

Anotherlearningbenefitthatcanbegainedbyeffectivelyutilizingtheblankdrawings presented in this appendix involves muscle actions. Instead of rotememorizationoftheactionofeachspecificmuscle,youshouldbeabletofigureoutaparticularmuscle’sactionfromwhereitstartsandwhereitgoes.Imagineamusclebeingastretchedrubberband,stretchingfromtheorigintotheinsertion.If theoriginwasheldstableandtherubberbandwasallowedtoshorten,whatwouldhappentotheinsertion?Thatwouldbetheactionofthatmuscle.

ANTERIORUPPERSKELETON

POSTERIORUPPERSKELETON

POSTERIORUPPERSKELETON(NOSCAPULA)

LATERALUPPERSKELETON

ANTERIORLOWERSKELETON

POSTERIORLOWERSKELETON

LATERALLOWERSKELETON

ANTERIOR,POSTERIORFOREARM

HUMERUS

SCAPULA

RADIUSANDULNA

INNOMINATE

TIBIAANDFIBULA

VERTEBRA

APPENDIXC•COMPANIONCD-ROMINSTALLATION

INSTRUCTIONS

The companion CD-ROM provides a Special Edition of Exercise Explorermade for this book.ExerciseExplorer includes completemuscle anatomy thatmirrorsthecontentinthetext,anditanalyzesthebook’sexercisesandactivitiesindetail.Inaddition,thereviewquestionsattheendofeachchapterinthebookcanbe taken as an electronicquiz inExerciseExplorer, and skeletal drawingscan be printed. The Exercise Explorer software must be installed on yourcomputerbeforeitcanbeused.

SystemRequirements

The software is designed to run in aWindows environment only. About 250megabytesofharddiskspaceareneeded,andspeakerswillallowyoutoheartheinformative videos and muscle name pronunciations. Most Windowsenvironmentswillworkwellwiththesoftware.

Installation

The installation of the companion software requires that several system

components are installed as well as the Exercise Explorer software. Thecomponents needed include Microsoft Data Access Objects (DAO) and theQuickTime®videoviewerapplication.Theinstallationprocedureisautomated,andshouldstartautomaticallywhentheCDisinsertedinthedrive.PleasewaitafewsecondsafterinsertingtheCDfortheinstallertoinitialize.

If the installer does not start automatically, then the installation can bestartedmanuallybyrunningtheSetupprogramontheinstallCD.TorunSetup,click on the Windows Start button, select Run…, and enter “D:\setup.exe”(where“D”isthedriveletteroftheCD-ROMdrive),thenclickOK.Or,youcanopenMyComputer;rightclickontheCDdrivethathastheExerciseExplorerCD in it, andselectOpen.Thecontentsof theCDwillbedisplayed.Find theSetup.exeapplicationanddoubleclickonittoinstallthesoftware.

1.Whentheinstallerstarts,theWelcomeScreenisdisplayed.ClicktheViewProfessionalDemobuttontoreviewademooftheProfessionalEditionofExercise Explorer, or click Next to continue and install the AcademicEditionofthesoftware.

2.TheEndUserLicenseAgreementscreenisdisplayed.Readtheagreement

and check the “I accept the license agreement” radio button, then clickNexttocontinue.

3.TheUser Information screen is displayed.Enter yourname, company ifappropriate, and installation serial number.This serial number is locatedinsidethebackcoverofthebook.Theserialnumbermustbevalid.Makesureitisenteredcorrectly.ClickNexttocontinue.

4.TheDestinationFolderscreenisdisplayed.Thedefaultlocationtoinstallthesoftwareisdisplayed.Youmaychangethedefaultlocation;however,it is recommended that you keep the default setting. Click the Browsebutton to change the folder. If security issues are a problem, choosing apublicfoldertoinstalltomaybeasolution.ClickNexttocontinue.

5.TheQuickTimeinstallationscreenisdisplayed.Select the“QuickTime4or higher already installed” radio button to skip the QuickTimeinstallation. If you do notalready have QuickTime installed on yourcomputer, it is recommended that you install the latest version from theApplewebsiteaftertheExerciseExplorerinstallationiscomplete.Ifyouprefer to install QuickTime from the CD-ROM, select the “InstallQuickTime 4” radio button. The installer will start after the ExerciseExplorer files have been installed. Click Next to continue. Refer to theInstallingQuickTime section in this appendix formoredetails about theQuickTimeinstallation.

6.TheReadytoInstallscreenisdisplayed.Thesoftwareisreadytoinstall.Click theNextbutton tobegin installationandcopyingof files,orpresstheBackbuttontomakeanychanges.

7. The Updating System screen displays the files being copied and theestimated time remaining until complete. This operation can take a fewminutes.

8. After the files are copied, the QuickTime installation will be started ifselected,andwhencomplete,thefinishedscreenwillbedisplayed.Itmaytake an additional minute for the final screento be displayed, so pleasewaitalittlewhile.ClickFinishandtheinstallerwillclose.

AniconnamedExerciseExplorerAcademicshouldappearonyourdesktop.Thisiconisashortcuttotheprogram.Theeasiestwaytorunthesoftwareistodouble click the icon on the desktop. Exercise Explorer can also be run byclicking on the Windows Start button, selecting Programs…E2 Systems, andselecting Exercise Explorer Academic. Use the Windows Add/RemovePrograms application in the Windows Control Panel to uninstall ExerciseExplorer.

InstallingQuickTimefromtheCD-ROM

Note:ItisrecommendedthatyouvisittheApplewebsitetodownloadandinstallthe latest version of QuickTime, instead of installing it from the CD-ROM,especiallyifyouarehavinganytroubleplayingvideos.

The QuickTime installation is a product of Apple Computer and isdistributed under license. You are not required to register or enter anyinformation.

Eight screens will be displayedwhen installingQuickTime from the CD-ROM.Onthefirstscreen,clickNext tocontinue.Select thedefaultbuttonsasNext,Agree,thenNextuntilthefilesinstall.NoinformationneedstobeenteredtoinstallQuickTime.ItisrecommendedthatyouinstallQuickTimewithallthedefaultsettings.

After clicking through the screens,QuickTime fileswill install.When theinstallationiscomplete,youwillbeaskedtopreviewthereadmefileandplayasamplemovie.UncheckbothboxesandclickNext.

The QuickTime installer will exit, and the folder for QuickTime will bedisplayed. This window can be closed to return to the Exercise ExplorerInstallationscreen.

QuickTimeVideoSettings

ThevideosinthesoftwareareformattedtoplaywiththeQuickTimeplayer.Onsomesystems,thevideosmaynotplayproperlyorcouldcausetheprogramtostop.Changing the followingsetting for theQuickTimeplayerwillusually fixthese problems (Note: Depending on the version of QuickTime installed, thisprocessmaybeslightlydifferentthandescribed):

•Exitthesoftware,ifrunning.•OpentheWindowsControlPanel.•FindtheQuickTimeitem,andopenit.ThisitemissometimesintheOtherControlPanelOptionsarea.SwitchingtoClassicViewmakesiteasiertofind.

•Selecttheoption“Safemode(GDIonly).”ThisoptionisusuallyfoundontheAdvancedtabintheVideosection,orrelatedtotheVideoDisplay.

•PresstheOKbutton,andclosetheControlPanel.

Whentheprogramstartsagain,problemswiththevideosshouldberesolved.Ifnot, recheck theQuickTimesetting in theControlPanel, andpossiblymakeotherchangesinsettingsparticulartoyoursystem.

DisplayProblems

TheWindowsdefaultfontDPImustbesetto96DPIfortheprogramscreenstodisplaycorrectly.96DPI is standard inallWindows systems. If thedisplay isjumbled,thencheckthissettingintheWindowsControlPanel.ChooseDisplayProperties, Settings tab,Advanced button. TheGeneral tab should display theDPIsettingas:Normalsize(96DPI).Changingthesettingwillfixthisdisplayproblem.TheDisplayPropertiesAppearancetabalsohasfontsizesettingsthatmayaffectthesoftwarescreens.

ExerciseExplorerSoftwareUpdates

TocheckforanddownloadupdatestotheExerciseExplorersoftware,itneedstobeinstalled,running,anddisplayingtheMainscreen,andyourcomputerneedsto be connected to the Internet. In Exercise Explorer, press the SystemMenubutton (the left most of the four small buttons at the top right corner of thescreen)andselectCheckForUpdatestogotothewebsiteupgradepage.

Activityexamples:

archery.................................184

baseballbatting.....................184,185

baseballthrowing....................186,187

basketballshooting...................187,188

footballkicking...........................188

gardening...............................189

golfdrive............................189,190

paintingwalls............................190

racquetballforehand.................190,191

shoveling—snoworsand..............191,192

swimmingfreestyle...................192,193

tennisserve..........................193,194

Alimentarysystem............................7

Amphiarthrosisjoints.........................27

Anatomicalterminology:

anatomicalposition........................9

bonymarkings............................13

descriptiveterms..........................11

direction.................................10

planesandaxes...........................9

regions...................................11

Angiology....................................7

Arthrology................................7,27

classificationofjoints.......................27

Bodyactions.........................28-34,177

bodypartsthatadductandabduct......28,32

bodypartsthatflexandextend.............28

bodypartsthatflex,extend,andhyperextend.......................28,30

bodypartsthatlaterallyflex................28

bodypartsthatrotate..................28,33

miscellaneousbodyactions..............28,34

scapulaactions........................28,31

Bodyplanes.................................10

Bones:

functions.................................13

markings...............................13-26

types:

flat...................................13

long..................................13

short..................................13

Bonymarkings..........................8,13-26

bonesofthearm..........................15

bonesofthechest,thorax,anduppertrunk...14

bonesofthehead.........................14

bonesoftheleg...........................15

Cardiorespiratorysystem......................7

Centralnervoussystem(CNS).................7

Circulatorysystem............................7

CompanionCD-ROM...........8,28,177,253-255

Diarthrosis

joints..........................27-28

ballandsocketjoint.......................28

condyloidjoint............................28

glidingjoint...............................27

hingejoint................................27

pivotjoint................................27

saddlejoint...............................28

Endocrinesystem.............................7

Exerciseexamples:

benchpress(barbell).....................178

bentoverlateralraise—reversefly(dumbbells)...........................179

bentoverrow(barbell)....................180

bicephammercurl(dumbbells)............179

deadlift(barbell).........................180

dumbbellfly(supineonbench)............177

lateralraise(dumbbells)...................181

lunge(dumbbells)........................178

pull-up..................................183

push-up,full.............................182

sideplank(hipraise)......................181

squat...................................182

uprightrow(barbell)......................183

Integumentarysystem.........................7

Jointactions.................................8

referalsotobodyactions..................28

illustrations.............................30-34

types....................................29

Lymphaticsystem.............................7

Movementanalysis......................172-194

activityexamples.....................184-194

exerciseexamples....................177-183

musclesforeachbodyaction..........172-177

abdomencompressors................172

ankledorsiflexors......................173

ankleeverters........................173

ankleinverters........................173

ankleplantarflexors...................173

armabductors........................173

armadductors........................173

armextensors.....................172,173

armflexors........................172-173

armhorizontalabductors...............173

armhorizontaladductors...............173

armhyperextensors....................173

arminternalrotators...................173

armexternalrotators..................173

elbowextensors...................172,173

elbowflexors................8,36,172,173

fingerabductors......................173

fingeradductors......................173

fingerextensors.......................174

fingerflexors..........................174

fingerhyperextensors..................174

forearmpronators.....................174

forearmsupinators................172,174

headextensors.......................174

headflexors..........................174

headhyperextensors..................174

headlateralflexors....................174

headrotators.........................174

hip-legabductors.....................174

hip-legadductors.....................174

hip-legextensors....................8,174

hip-legflexors.....................172,174

hip-leghyperextensors.................175

hip-leginternalrotators................175

hip-legexternalrotators................175

kneeextensors......................8,175

kneeflexors..........................175

ribdepressors........................175

ribelevators..........................175

scapulaabductors....................175

scapulaadductors....................175

scapuladepressors....................175

scapulaelevators.....................175

scapuladownwardrotators............175

scapulaupwardrotators...............175

spineextensors........................175

spineflexors......................172,175

spinehyperextensors...................176

spinelateralflexors....................176

spinerotators.........................176

thumbabductors.....................176

thumbadductors.....................176

thumbextensors......................176

thumbflexors.........................176

thumb-fingeropposers.................176

toeabductors........................176

toeadductors........................176

toeextensors.........................176

toeflexors............................176

toehyperextensors....................176

wristextensors........................176

wristflexors...........................176

wristhyperextensors...................177

wristradialflexors......................177

wristulnarflexors......................177

roleofmusclesinmovement...............172

Muscleanatomy:

muscleclassification.......................35

muscledetailsandillustrations...........39-171

muscleproperties.........................36

musclesinthehumanbody:

abdominal.........................40-45

ankleandtoes(anterior).............46-49

ankleandtoes(lateral)...............50-51

ankleandtoes(posterior).............52-57

elbowandradioulnar................58-65

foot................................66-76

hand..............................77-86

hip................................87-97

hipandknee.......................98-99

hiprotator........................100-105

knee................................106

knee-hamstrings...................107-109

knee-quadriceps..................110-113

neck(anterior)....................114-115

neck(lateral).....................116-117

neck(posterior)...................118-119

shoulder..........................120-130

shouldergirdle....................131-136

spine(deep)......................137-141

spine(superficial)..................142-150

thorax............................151-156

wristandfingers(deepextensors)....157-160

wristandfingers(deepflexors)......161-162

wristandfingers(superficialextensors)..163-167

wristandfingers(superficialflexors)..168-171

typesofcontraction.......................36

Muscleclassifications:

cardiac...............................35-36

involuntary...............................36

skeletal................................35-36

smooth................................35-36

striated................................35-36

syncytium(branchstriated)..............35-36

visceral................................35-36

voluntary..............................35-36

voluntary/involuntary......................36

Muscledetailsandillustrations:

abductordigitiminimi......................77

abductordigitiminimi(quinti)...............66

abductorhallucis..........................67

abductorpollicisbrevis.....................78

abductorpollicislongus...................157

adductorbrevis...........................87

adductorhallucis..........................68

adductorlongus..........................88

adductormagnus.........................89

adductorpollicis..........................79

anconeus................................58

bicepsbrachii....................7,8,59,172

bicepsfemoris(hamstrings)................107

brachialis...............................8,60

brachioradialis..........................8,61

coracobrachialis.....................120,177

deltoid(anterior).....................121,177

deltoid(middle)........................8,122

deltoid(posterior)........................123

dorsalinterossei(foot)......................69

dorsalinterossei(hand).....................80

extensorcarpiradialisbrevis...............163

extensorcarpiradialislongus...............164

extensorcarpiulnaris......................165

extensordigitiminimi......................166

extensordigitorum........................167

extensordigitorumbrevis...................70

extensordigitorumlongus...................46

extensorhallucislongus....................47

extensorindicis...........................158

extensorpollicisbrevis.....................159

extensorpollicislongus....................160

externalintercostals.......................151

externalobliqueabdominal................40

flexorcarpiradialis........................168

flexorcarpiulnaris........................169

flexordigitiminimibrevis....................81

flexordigitiminimi(quinti)brevis.............71

flexordigitorumbrevis......................72

flexordigitorumlongus.....................52

flexordigitorumprofundus.................161

flexordigitorumsuperficialis................170

flexorhallucisbrevis........................73

flexorhallucislongus.......................53

flexorpollicisbrevis........................82

flexorpollicislongus.......................162

gastrocnemius............................54

gemellusinferior..........................100

gemellussuperior.........................101

gluteusmaximus..........................90

gluteusmedius............................91

gluteusminimus...........................92

gracilis...................................98

iliacus....................................93

iliocostaliscervicis........................142

iliocostalislumborum......................143

iliocostalisthoracis........................144

infraspinatus.............................124

internalintercostals.......................151

internalobliqueabdominal.................41

interspinalis..............................137

intertransversarii..........................137

latissimusdorsi.......................125,177

levatorcostarum.........................152

levatorscapulae.........................131

longissimuscapitis........................145

longissimuscervicis.......................146

longissimusthoracis.......................147

longuscapitus...........................114

longuscolli(inferioroblique)...............138

longuscolli(superioroblique)..............138

longuscolli(vertical)......................139

lumbricals(foot)...........................74

lumbricals(hand)..........................83

multifidus................................139

obliquuscapitisinferior....................117

obliquuscapitissuperior...................117

obturatorexternus........................102

obturatorinternus........................103

opponensdigitiminimi.....................84

opponenspollicis..........................85

palmarinterossei..........................86

palmarislongus..........................171

pectineus................................94

pectoralismajor......................126,177

pectoralisminor..........................132

peroneusbrevis...........................50

peroneuslongus...........................51

peroneustertius...........................48

piriformis................................104

plantarinterossei..........................75

plantaris..................................55

popliteus................................106

pronatorquadratus........................62

pronatorteres...........................8,63

psoasmajor..............................95

psoasminor..............................96

pyramidalis...............................42

quadratusfemoris........................105

quadratuslumborum.......................43

quadratusplantae........................76

rectusabdominis..........................44

rectuscapitisanterior.....................114

rectuscapitislateralis.....................115

rectuscapitisposterior(major).............118

rectuscapitisposterior(minor)..............118

rectusfemoris(quads)....................110

rhomboidmajorandminor................133

rotatores................................140

sartorius..................................99

scalenusanterior.........................152

scalenusmedius..........................153

scalenusposterior........................153

semimembranosus(hamstrings).............108

semispinaliscervicis.......................140

semispinalisthoracis.......................141

semitendinosus(hamstrings)................109

serratusanterior..........................134

serratusposterior(inferior)..................154

serratusposterior(superior).................155

soleus....................................56

spinaliscapitis............................148

spinaliscervicis...........................149

spinalisthoracis..........................150

spleniuscapitis...........................119

spleniuscervicis..........................119

sternocleidomastoid......................116

subclavius...............................135

subcostales..............................156

subscapularis............................127

supinator...............................8,64

supraspinatus............................128

tensorfasciaelatae.......................97

teresmajor..............................129

teresminor..............................130

tibialisanterior............................49

tibialisposterior............................57

transversusabdominis......................45

transversusthoracis.......................156

trapezius................................136

tricepsbrachii.............................65

vastusintermedius(quads).................111

vastuslateralis(quads)....................112

vastusmedialis(quads)....................113

Muscleproperties:

contractibility.............................36

elasticity.................................36

extensibility...............................36

tonicity...................................36

Muscularcontraction,typesof:

concentric.................36-37,172,177-194

eccentric......................36-37,177-194

isometric...................36-37,172,177-194

isotonic................................36-37

static..................................36-37

Myology.....................................7

Nautilus......................................7

Neurology....................................7

Neutralizers(muscle).......................172

Osteology....................................7

Peripheralnervoussystem(PNS)...............7

Primemovers(muscle)......................172

Stabilizers(muscle).........................172

Synarthrosisjoints...........................27

Urogenitalsystem.............................7

ABOUTTHEAUTHORS

LawrenceA.Golding,Ph.D.,FACSM,hasbeenaprofessionalinthefieldofkinesiology and physical education for the past 50 years. He has been acontinuousmember of theAmericanAlliance for Health, Physical Education,Recreation,andDance(AAHPERD)since1955,andoftheAmericanCollegeofSportsMedicinesince1961.HeisaFellowofbothorganizationsandholdsthehighest certifications from the ACSM — Program Director and Health andFitness Director. Currently, Dr. Golding is a Distinguished Professor at theUniversityofNevada,LasVegas—a rankheldbyonly sixother faculty.Dr.GoldingisthechairoftheplanningcommitteefortheACSMHealthandFitnessSummit and Exposition, and was the Southwest Regional Chapter ACSMExecutiveDirectorfor8years.In1996,hewasappointedEditor-in-ChiefforthenewACSMHealth&FitnessJournal.Dr.Goldingwas,for4years,thechairoftheMedicalCommitteeoftheIFBB(InternationalFederationofBodybuilders)and attended theMr.Universe contest held throughout theworld during thoseyears.In1993,Dr.Goldingreceivedthe“HealthyAmericanAward”,anawardthe President’s Council on Physical Fitness and Sports bestowed on 10individualswhohaddonethemostforthehealthofthenation.Hehasconductedadult fitness classes, workshops, and certifications for the last 40 years, hascertifiedover6,000YMCAPhysicalFitnessSpecialists,andcurrentlyconsultsatsixfitnessspecialistworkshopseachyear.

ScottM.Golding,MS, hasbeen aprofessional in the software and computertechnology industry for the past 25 years. He has been vice president ofengineering and technology with several companies that develop specializedproductionequipment and software. In2000,he foundedE2Systems, Inc., an

organizationthatfocusesonthedevelopmentofexercise-relatedsoftware.

Fitness Professionals' Guide to Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Human Movement

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