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ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
FIRES IN MINE WASTE DUMPS AND CONNECTED HAZARD FOR ENVIRONMENT,
POLISH EXPERIENCESPOLISH EXPERIENCES
Zenon Różański
Paweł Wrona
1
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
1. Waste material from coal mines in Poland
2. Fire hazard on coal waste dump
3 Gases emission to the atmosphere3. Gases emission to the atmosphere
4. Prevention and extinguishing
2
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
1. Waste material from coal mines in Poland
3
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Production of coal waste in Poland (GUS)
41 tone of coal around 0,4 tone of waste material
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Coal waste utilization in Poland (GUS)
5
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Until recently there were 136 coal waste dumps inside The Upper Silesia Region and approx. 750mln Mg of waste material were being located therebeing located there. Total area was approx. 3500ha
Coal waste dumps are located mainly in t l t f Th U Sil i C lcentral part of The Upper Silesian Coal
Basin, near the cities: Ruda Śląska, Zabrze, Bytom, Katowice and inside Rybnik Coal Region
The Upper Silesian Coal Basin
Rybnik Coal Region
PIG 2001
6
PIG 2001
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
The coal waste dump “Skalny” of Bolesław SmiałyThe coal waste dump Skalny of Bolesław Smiały Coal Mine in Laziska Gorne
The coal waste dump „Szarlota” of Rydułtowy-Anna Coal Mine – the largest conic dumps in Poland
7
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Mineral composition of mine wastes in Poland, % (Skarżyńska 1997)
Mineral Content, %
Illite 28 - 82
Kaolinite 9 - 65
Mixture of layers:sility-montmorillinite 0 - 5
Chl it 0 10Chlorite 0 - 10
Quartz 3 - 37
Pyrite 0 - 8
Coal substance 15 - 30
8
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Petrography composition of coal wastes in The Upper Silesia (Skarżyńska 1988)
Kind of rock Content, %
Claystones 40 – 98
Mudstones 2 – 40
Carbonaceous shales 2 – 25
Sandstones 0 – 33
Coal 3 – 10
9
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
2. Fire hazard on coal waste dump
10
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Fires exogenous – external heat sources
Fires endogenous – oxidation of coal substance
There are three necessary conditions causing endogenous fire process:
presence of sufficient quantity of a flammable material• presence of sufficient quantity of a flammable material,
• easy air flow to the inside of a dump,
• possibility of heat accumulation in a dump.
11
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
I th f i d i t th ti ith i ifi t h t t t d thIn the presence of air and moisture, the reactions with significant heat output proceed on the surface of coal grains included in wastes :
C + O2 CO2 + Q
2C + O2 2CO + Q
C + 2H2O CO2 + 2H2 + Q
In addition, the other reactions occur :
C + CO2 2CO – Q
C +H2O CO + H2 – Q
C +2H2 CH4 – Q
where: Q - heat
12
where: Q heat
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
And next exothermic reactions :
2CO O 2CO 570 2 kJ/ l2CO + O2 2CO2 + 570,2 kJ/mol
2H2 + O2 2H2O + 231,5 kJ/mol
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + H2O + 890,9 kJ/mol4 2 2 2 ,
CO + H2O CO2 + H2 + 40,4 kJ/mol
Oxidation of pyrite, sulfur and hydrogen sulfide :
2FeS2 + 7O2 + 2H2O 2FeSO4 + 2H2SO4 + Q
S + O2 SO2 + Q
2H2S + 3O2 2H2O + 2SO2 + Q
13
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
3. Gases emission to the atmosphere
14
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Burning surface of coal waste dump – gases emission to the atmosphere
15
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Measurements of gas velocity and of concentration of gases
16
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
CO2 CO H2 CH4 C2H6
Mean concentration Si and values of emission Ei of the basic fire gases from unitary surface (1m2) of thermally active dump
Si % vol. 4,363 1,1765 0,3614 0,27 0,048
Si g/m3 85701,79 14706,25 322,6786 2169,643 642,8571
Ei 10-3 m3/s 0 13521 0 03646 0 0112 0 00837 0 00149Ei 10 m /s 0,13521 0,03646 0,0112 0,00837 0,00149
Ei kg/year 8375,64 1437,24 31,54 212,04 62,83
Considering an assumption that there is hypothetical small dump with area equals 10 ha and intensive
fire is at 5 % of surface (0,5 ha) and intensity of the process is constant, therefore total gases stream
could be 15,5 m3/s = 5580 m3/h.
Emission of selected gases from would be: ECO2 = 41 878,2 Mg/year;
E = 1 060 2 Mg/year;ECH4 = 1 060,2 Mg/year;ECO = 7 186,2 Mg/year;
EH2 = 157,7 Mg/year;
EC2H6 = 314,15 Mg/year.
17
Considering potential emission of CH4 (Global Warming Potential for CH4 is 21 times higher than GWP for CO2) –annual emission of gases influencing and increasing green house effect equals 60 000 MgCO2eq.
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Waste material temperature in examined area85°C
65°C
151°Csurface
65 C165°C
242°Cdepth 0,25 m
250°C
242 C200°C
93°C
depth 0,25 m
250°C
400°C 130°C463°C 492°Cdepth 1,0 m
18
400 C460°C
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
High temperature and limited oxygen access
low temperature carbonization or even coking during which coal is under thermal decomposition (pyrolisys)
Dark stains at the surface – it’s the effect of coal pyrolisys and condensation of its products
• sulfur dioxide SO2
Other gas productswhich may be emmited :
• nitrogen dioxide NO2• aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons• hydrogen sulfide H2S• coal disulfide CS2
Smell discomfort
19
Smell discomfort
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Dusting during operating process of the dump
20
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
4. Prevention and extinguishing
21
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Monitoring - quick detection of the dumps thermal activity
Methods of the thermal state estimation:
Monitoring - quick detection of the dumps thermal activity
Methods of the thermal state estimation:
• Observation of external symptoms of self-heating process,
• Control of the interior atmosphere of the dump, mainly the tests of CO, CO2 contents as well as oxygen concentration drop,
• Waste material temperature measurement on the dump surface or/and inside it.
22
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
External symptoms of self-heating process
23
Flames, steam and fume emission of the dump surface
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
External symptoms of self-heating process
Disappearing of snow cover during winter time
24
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
External symptoms of self-heating process
Dark stains on the surface
25Sulphur efflorescence
at the fume emission places
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Control of the interior atmosphere of the dump -mainly the tests of CO, CO2 and O2 contentsy 2 2
26
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Measurement of waste material temperature
Infrared Pyrometer – measurements ofsurface temperature
IR mapping (Thermovision) as a way to controlIR mapping (Thermovision) as a way to control thermal activity of a dump
27Phot. www.testo.pl
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Measurement of waste material temperature
Measurement inside the dump
Thermometers with special temperature sensors (thermocouples)(thermocouples)
28
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Extinguishing and prevention of spontaneous fires l t don coal waste dumps
Prevention consists in reduce one of three conditions necessary to endogenous fire process In practice it’s realized by:endogenous fire process. In practice it s realized by:
- reduction of flammable components in waste material,- cut off or limitation of oxygen accesscut off or limitation of oxygen access,- limitation of heat accumulation possibility.
There are many methods used on Polish coal waste dumps with better or worse effects.It isresult of many years of experiences of research institutes, coal mines and companies dealingwith land reclamation (Central Mining Institute, Institute of Mining SUT, Barosz-Gwimet andothers)
29
others).
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
High pressure injection of water-ash mixtures into a dump
Hole with perforated pipe
po¿arfire
materia³ odpadowy
stanowisko przygotownia pulpy popio³owo-wodnejwater-ash mixturepreparation stand
waste material
30
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
High pressure injection of water-ash mixtures into a dump
po¿arfire
materia³ odpadowy
stanowisko przygotownia pulpy popio³owo-wodnejwater-ash mixturepreparation stand
waste material
31
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
High pressure injection of water-ash mixtures into a dump
po¿arfire
Air-tight zone
materia³ odpadowy
stanowisko przygotownia pulpy popio³owo-wodnejwater-ash mixturepreparation stand
waste material
32
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Building of absorptive trenches and filling them up with ash-water suspensionand filling them up with ash water suspension
Waste materialfire
33
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Building of absorptive trenches and filling them up with ash-water suspensionand filling them up with ash water suspension
Waste materialfire
34
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Building of absorptive trenches and filling them up with ash-water suspensionand filling them up with ash water suspension
Waste materialfire
35
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Building of absorptive trenches and filling them up with ash-water suspensionand filling them up with ash water suspension
Waste materialfire
36
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Building of absorptive trenches and filling them up with ash-water suspensionand filling them up with ash water suspension
37
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Forming of thickened reclamation embankment around the dump and filling the area between the dump
and embankment with ash water suspensionand embankment with ash-water suspension
insulation trench
coal waste dump
reclamation embankment
fireWaste material
38
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Forming of thickened reclamation embankment around the dump and filling the area between the dump
and embankment with ash water suspensionand embankment with ash-water suspension
39
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Forming of thickened reclamation embankment around the dump and filling the area between the dump
and embankment with ash water suspensionand embankment with ash-water suspension
40
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Enclosure of a dump with compacted waste material and with special chimneys left (chimney should be made from coarse grained material)- (chimney should be made from coarse-grained material)
coal waste dump
reclamation
coarse-grained material
embankment
Waste material
41
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Exploitation of burning material and its simultaneous cooling out
42
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Extinguishing and cooling down the dump with inert gas (carbon dioxide)
43
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Cooling and heat recovery from the thermal active coal waste dumps
by vertical concentric heat exchangersby vertical concentric heat exchangers
0 3m
insulating layer
w
waste material fire
warm water
cold water
0 3m
440 3m
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Reclamation of coal waste dumps
Reclamation of areas devastated by the industry (including coal waste dumps) is divided into four stages:
- preparation (documentation),
- basic (technical),
- detailed (biological),
- land development.
Coal waste dump of Rydultowy-Anna Coal Mine –
45
one of several reclaimed objects - recreational direction with sport objects
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
ConclusionsTwo major directions:
Basing on foreign experiences – necessity of reclamation and waste dumps management -significant outlay is required.
Taking advantages from nowadays road engineering works – profits for Coal Companies d l dand land recovery.
46Alpine Center on coal waste dump in Bottrop
(phot. MGG)Constuction of A1 highway near Gliwice
(phot. A. Grygiel)
Silesian University of Technology, Silesian University of Technology, DepartmentDepartment of Mining and Geology, of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Institute of Mining, PolandPoland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
Thank you for your attention
47
Silesian University of Technology, Department of Mining and Geology, Institute of Mining, Poland
ICCFR 2 Berlin 2010
References
Barosz, S., Tabor, A. 2004. Nowe sposoby ograniczania pozarów w zwałowiskach odpadów górniczcyh na przykładzie doświadczeń z obiektów kopalń„Anna”, „Rydułtowy”, „Marcel” i „Chwałowice”. 9th Scientifically-Technical Conference proceedings: Działania proekologiczne samomorządówterytorialnych oraz zakładów przemysłowych subregionu zachodniego województwa śląskiego po wstąpieniu do UE. NOT SITG, Jastrzębie Zdrój, 20October 2004, 333-338(in Polish).Buchwald, P., Korski, J. 2006. Zastosowanie ciekłego CO2 do profilaktyki i zwalczania ognisk pozarowych składowisk odpadów pogórniczych. Proceedingsof Conference 4 Szkola Aerologii Górniczej, Krakow, 2006 (in Polish).COOL’S 2009. Project in frame of the Innovative Economy Programme of European Funds "System zarzadzania likwidacja emisji CO2 ze zwałowiskodpadów powęglowych" Central Mining Institute & The Silesian University of Technology, Poland 2009, http://cools.gig.euKorski, J., Henslok, P., Friede, R. 2005: Uwagi o przyczynach powstawania pozarow skladowisk odpadow gorniczych, zwalczaniu pozarow i profilaktyceprzeciwpozarowej. Seminarium Instytutu Mechaniki Gorotworu Krakow: PAN (in Polish)Molka, M. 1999. Czy zwałowiska górnicze musza się palić? Ekoprofit, no. 9 (in Polish).Rocznik statystyczny przemysłu. Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa 1984-2009 (in Polish).Rozanski Z., 2009. The potential gas emission from a thermally active coal waste dump. Kwartalnik Górnictwo i Geologia. T. 4, z. 3. Wyd. PolitechnikiiŚląskiej. Gliwice 2009, 103-109.Saranczuk, W. I. 1978. Borba s gorienijem parodnych otwalow. Kijow: Naukowa Dumka (in Russian).Sikorska-Mayakowska, M., Barszcz, A., Grabowski, D., Lewandowski, P., Strzelecki R., 2001. Waloryzacja środowiska przyrodniczego i identyfikacja jegozagrożeń na terenie województwa śląskiego. Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Urząd Marszałkowski Województwa Śląskiego, Warsaw (in Polish).Skarzynska, K.M., Kozielska-Sroka E., Setmajer J., 1988. Charakterystyka petrograficzna odpadów powęglowych w aspekcie ich wykorzystania wbudownictwie hydrotechnicznym. Przegląd Górniczy no 3, 1988 (in Polish).Skarzynska, K.M., 1997. Odpady powęglowe i ich zastosowanie w inżynierii lądowej i wodnej. Krakow: Wyd. Akad. Roln (in Polish).Stochlak J., Szczerbinski J., 1981. Własności chemiczne i fizyczne skal przywęgłowych i odpadów przeróbczych Lubelskiego Zagłębia Węglowego.Przegląd Górniczy No. 5 (in Polish).Sulkowski, J., Drenda, J., Rozanski, Z., Wrona, P. 2008. Noticed in mining areas, environmental hazard connected with outflow of gases from abandonedmines and with spontaneous ignition of coal waste dumps. Proceedings of 21st World Mining Congress. 7-11 September 2008. Gospodarka SurowcamiMineralnymi. t. 24, z. 3/1, Wydaw. IGSMiE PAN, Krakow 2008 , 319-333Szafer, M. 1985. Nowe metody prewencji pożarowej i rekultywacji technicznej zwałów odpadów kopalnianych. Przegląd Górniczy no 9. Katowice: Wyd.SITG (in Polish)Szczepanska, J., 1987. Zwałowiska odpadów węgla kamiennego jako ogniska zanieczyszczeń środowiska wodnego. Zeszyty Naukowe AGH, Geologia nr35 (in Polish).Urbanski H., 1983. Rekultywacja techniczna usypisk odpadów kopalnianych ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem zwalczania pożarów. Training proceedingsSITG. Wyd. SITG, Katowice 1983 (in Polish).
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