Final Presentation

1Final Presentation

Stephanie Moran, Ryan Rosario, Zachary Stauber, Bethany Tomerlin, Juan Carlos Ybarra

2Goals Achieved

1. Inexpensive

2. High Elongation (>10%)

3. Precision (Error <6%)

3There is a minimum concentration of carbon black required for conductivity.

4Conduction in the composite cannot be explained by tunneling, but can be modeled by Mean Field Theory.

e-e-

4nm

5As the sample elongates, the distance between nearby carbon black particles changes.

6Particle movement affected by the viscoelastic properties of the polymer.

Viscoelastic Model

7Carbon black fillers significantly affect the microstructure of the polymer

Sticky Hard Layer

Glassy Hard Layer

Carbon Black

8Steps to our Final Fabrication Process

15-25 % Carbon Black

9Steps to our Final Fabrication Process

15-25 % Carbon Black

10Steps to our Final Fabrication Process

15-25 % Carbon Black

11Steps to our Final Fabrication Process

Calender

15-25 % Carbon Black

12Steps to our Final Fabrication Process

Calender

20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black15-25 % Carbon Black

13Steps to our Final Fabrication Process

Calendar

20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black15-25 % Carbon Black

14Steps to our Final Fabrication Process

Calender

20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black15-25 % Carbon Black

15Steps to our Final Fabrication Process

Calender

-1hr Monomer-20 Minutes with Monomer and Cross Linking Agent

20% Vol. KetJen Carbon Black15-25 % Carbon Black

16High Shear Seen With Dispersion Blade

17Large Agglomerates Still Seen in Samples with Dispersion Blade

18Characterization of voids using confocal microscopy

Mixed, calendered, and vacuumed Only mixed

19Four-point resistance measurements eliminate errors due to changing contact resistance.

VoltageCurrent

20An automatic data acquisition setup allows for a faster sample rate.

Multimeter

Multimeter

Elongation Voltage Output

Resistance Output

21Cycling of 20% KetJen Sample

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 4500.00E+00

5.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.50E+05

2.00E+05

2.50E+05

3.00E+05

3.50E+05

4.00E+05

4.50E+05

5.00E+05

-0.05

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

Resistance and Extension vs Time

ResistanceExtension

Time (seconds)

Resis

tanc

e (O

hm)

Exte

nsio

n (in

./in

.)

22Hysteresis of 20% KetJen Sample

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.250.00E+00

5.00E+04

1.00E+05

1.50E+05

2.00E+05

2.50E+05

3.00E+05

3.50E+05

4.00E+05

Resistance vs Extension

Cycle 4Cycle 5Cycle 6Cycle 7Cycle 8Cycle 9Cycle 10Cycle 11Cycle 12

Extension (in./in.)

Resis

tanc

e (O

hm)

23Equation used to program Arduino

1.50E+05 2.00E+05 2.50E+05 3.00E+05 3.50E+05 4.00E+050.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

f(x) = 9.39371295481504E-07 x − 0.159460016463656R² = 0.985043935797212

Resistance vs Extension

Cycle 12Linear (Cycle 12)

Resistance (Ohm)

Exte

nsio

n (in

./in

.)

Minimum Goals for Strain Sensor Prototype

Minimum Requirements:MC

Text Output: Strain vs. Resistance

Sensor

1. Characterize sample

2. Create Equation For Samples

3. Calibrate sensor for final design.

Circuit for Strain Measurement Prototype

Microcontroller

MultiplexerAmplifier

Glove for Final Design

Final Design:

MC

Arduino

Output:Dynamic Graphical Representation of Strain vs. Resistance

Multiplexer Amp

Bread Board

Structure of Carbon Black Filled Rubber Composites

MultiplexerAmplifier

Yoshihide Fukahori. Current Topics In Elastomer Research (2008).

Sticky Hard (SH)

Glassy Hard (GH)

Carbon Black

Matrix Cross-LinkedRubber

Super-Network Under Strain

MultiplexerAmplifier

Yoshihide Fukahori

Carbon Black Affects Curing Time

MultiplexerAmplifier

Microstructure and Time Dependence of Conductivity

MultiplexerAmplifier

Observed a decrease in conductivity over time for some samples.

Crosslinking proceeds over time.

Tests for future work:

• Rheometry• Mechanical Testing• Time-dependent environmental effects• NMR• FTIR

31Our System can Complement Traditional MoCap Systems

32Our System can Provide Joint Motion Feed Back LoopsOccupational Therapy

Sports Therapy

Ergonomic Training and Monitoring

33Cost Analysis of the Sensor

Ketjen Carbon Black $25.07 Per Pound

Polyurethane Rubber $5. 38 pound (retail) Assume a standard markup of 100 % = $2.69

pound

.016 pounds carbon black + .43 pounds rubber=25 Sense-on Sensors

Materials Cost of sensors is 6 to 12 cents

Off the Shelf Electronics ( resistors, leads) << $1

34Cost Propagation using an Analogous Industry

http://www.ic.gc.ca/cis-sic/cis-sic.nsf/IDE/cis-sic32621cote.html

35We would Like to Thank…

-Mike and Matt-David Bono-Forest Lau -3.042 Staff

36Any Questions?

37Complete Circuit Design

MC

Normalization of Data

39Bubble Removal with Vacuum

Before Vacuuming

40Bubble Removal with Vacuum

Before Vacuuming During Vacuuming

41Bubble Removal with Vacuum

Before Vacuuming During Vacuuming After Vacuuming

42Comparisons of Processing Techniques

43Comparisons of Processing Techniques

ExtraVolume percent and particle size calculations

Using Ketjen Carbon Black

Surface area: 1400 m^2/gr ≈ 2nm assuming randomly oriented

hemi-spherical particles

Density of graphite ≈ 2.15 g/cm^34.5 g CB / 0.85 cups polymer ≈ 1.04 vol.-%

≈ 5 area-%

45Failure vs. Hole Radius Size

46Increase in Bubble Size Under Vacuum

Porosity Characterization of Carbon Filled Elastomers

MCVoids Seen Under Confocal Microscope

10X 200X

MC

Dispersion Kneader