Final EXAM Review - Mr. Hoover's Science...

PSK4U

Final EXAM Review

What is it?

The anatomical position is:

To be in correct anatomical position, the body must

meet 3 criteria:

“the universal accepted starting point used to

describe or analyze anatomical terms or

movement.”

1. Upright, standing position

2. Face and feet pointing forward

3. Arms at the side, palms facing

forward

But how do we use the anatomical position to describe

movement?

Before looking specifically at movement, we first have to

understand how to describe movement. By the end of

this lesson you will be introduced to 3 concepts:

1. Planes

2. Axes

3. Position

You will be learning and expected to use a new language from here on in!

Anatomical Planes

Frontal(Coronal)

-relate to positions in space and found at right angles to each other

-these planes can be positioned on any specific parts of the body

-vertical; splits the

body into front and

back halves

Frontal section of the human face

Anatomical Planes

Frontal(Coronal)

-relate to positions in space and found at right angles to each other

-these planes can be positioned on any specific parts of the body

-vertical; splits the

body into front and

back halves

Sagittal

-vertical; splits the

body into left and

right halves

Sagittal view of the human face

Anatomical Planes

Frontal(Coronal)

-relate to positions in space and found at right angles to each other

-these planes can be positioned on any specific parts of the body

-vertical; splits the

body into front and

back halves

Sagittal

-vertical; splits the

body into left and

right halves

Transverse

-horizontal; splits

the body into upper

and lower halves

Transverse view of the human thigh

The Frontal Plane

The Sagittal Plane

The Transverse Plane

Anatomical Axes

-a lot of our movement occurs via our joints

-axes are used to describe the direction of movement at joints

Antero-posterior

-horizontal;

extends from

front to back

-rotate side to

side

Horizontal

-horizontal; runs from one side of the body to the other

-rotate top to bottom

Longitudinal

-vertical; extends

superior (head) to

inferior (foot)

-rotate around

Body Position Terminology

• The following terms will become like a second language for you. These terms

are used to describe position of the body and will be used extensively when we

talk about muscles and bones

Medial- towards the midline(centre) of the body

Lateral- away from the midline of the body

Proximal- situated closest to the point of attachment

Distal- situated farthest from the point of attachment

Superior- towards the top of the body (cranial)

Inferior- towards the bottom of the body (caudal)

Anterior- towards the front of the body (ventral)

Posterior- towards the back of the body (dorsal)

Superficial- on or close to the surface of the body

Deep- farther away from the surface of the body

Finding Axes and Planes

Axis of rotation is always perpendicular

to the plane of movement

In the anatomical position: all

flexion/extension occurs in the sagittal

plane, all abduction/adduction occurs in

the frontal plane, and all rotation occurs in

the transverse plane

More involved movements usually occur

as a combination of motions from more

than one planeTransverse Plane

Longitudinal Axis

90o

Relationship Between Axes and Planes

Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example

Horizontal (Bilateral) Sagittal Flexion/Extension

Longitudinal (Polar) TransverseRotation of extremities/Axial rotation

Antero-Posterior Frontal Abduction/Adduction

Various Planes of Movement

Stride Jump Antero-Posterior Frontal

Side Bend Antero-Posterior Frontal

Elbow extension Horizontal Sagittal

Nodding head “yes” Horizontal Sagittal

Twirling Longitudinal Transverse

Shaking head “no” Longitudinal Transverse

Let’s apply our knowledge

1. 2.

Using what you have learned today, for each of these movements: 1)cartwheel

and 2) figure skater spin, describe the motion by which plane and axis each

movement occurs

Plane:

Axis:

Plane:

Axis:

Frontal

Anteroposterier

Transverse

Longitudinal

Flexion-Extension

• Usually a sagittal plane movement

• E.g., Biceps curl

– Lifting the weight reduces the angle at the joint = flexion

– Lowering the weight increases the angle at the join = extension

Flexion - reduces the angle

between two bones at a joint

Extension - increases the angle

between two bones at a joint

Flexion

Extension

Dorsiflexion-Plantar flexion

• Modified flexion with

respect to ankle joint

• Dorsiflexion -

bringing the top of the

foot toward the lower

leg or shin

Plantar flexion -

“planting” the foot

Dorsiflexion

Plantar Flexion

Abduction-Adduction

• Frontal plane movement

• E.g., The motions of the

arms and legs during a

jumping jack

• Hint:

– Abduct = “take away” from the

midline

– Adduct = “add” towards the

midline

Abduction

Adduction

Abduction – moving a

segment away from the

midline

Adduction – moving segment

towards the midline of the

body

Circumduction

• A cone of movement that does

not include any rotation

• Occurs when flexion-extension

movements are combined with

abduction-adduction

movements

• E.g. Tracing an imaginary

circle in the air with your index

finger

– The tip of your finger represents

the base of the cone, while your

knuckle forms the apex of this

conical motion

Rotation

• Turning of a bone on its

longitudinal axis

• Medial rotation - rotation

towards the midline

• Lateral rotation - rotation

away from the midline

Pronation-supination

• Movements relative to

the forearm and hand

• Pronation - when the

palm is moved to face

posteriorly

• Supination - when the

palm is moved to face

anteriorly (hint: you can

hold a bowl of soup)

Pronation

Supination

Inversion-Eversion

• Movements relative to the sole of the foot

• Inversion - When the sole is turned inward (as when you "go over" on your ankle)

Eversion

Inversion

Eversion - When the

sole is turned outward or

away from the median

plane of the body

Protraction

Retraction

-moving in an anterior

(forward) direction

-occurs in sagittal plan

-moving in a posterior

(backward) direction

-occurs in sagittal plane

Oppostion

-thumb comes into contact with

another finger

Reposition

-return thumb to anatomical

position

Elevation

-raising up to a more superior position

-occurs in frontal plane

Depression

-pulling down to a more inferior position

-occurs in frontal plane

What is the skeleton?

• made up of bones

-300 at birth 206 by adulthood

-why?

-some fuse over time (ex. Plates in the skull and

lower parts of the vertebral column)

• The main functions of the skeletal system are:

Structural support -support for muscles and

skin

Protection -protects the

sensitive/delicate parts of

body (brain, heart, lungs,etc)

Growth centre for

cells

-red blood cells and platelets

Reservoir for

minerals

-stores calcium and

phosphorus

Movement -contracting muscles pull on

bones for movement

Structure of the Skeleton

• the human skeleton is divided into 2 main sections: the AXIAL and

APPENDICULAR

AXIAL

• from “axis” centreline

• comprised of the vertebral column

(spine), the spinal column and skull

• the “core” of the body

• protects the most important parts of the body:

heart, lungs, spinal cord, brain, etc

• most muscles will originate from parts of the

axial skeleton

APPENDICULAR

• think of appendage

• includes the moveable limbs and the

supporting structures (girdles)

shoulder

pelvis

• plays a key role in allowing movement

There are 5 types of bones you need to be familiar with. . .

Long bone•- greater length than width

•- consist of a shaft and extremities

(ends)

•slightly curved for strength

•consist mostly of compact bone

(dense bone with few spaces) but

also contain considerable amounts

of spongy bone (bone with large

spaces)

Short bones

-commonly found in

wrists

•somewhat cube-shaped

and nearly equal in

length and width

•spongy except at the

surface where there is a

thin layer of compact

bone

Flat bones•generally thin and

composed of two more

or less parallel plates of

compact bone enclosing

a layer of spongy bone

•flat bones afford

considerable protection

and provide extensive

areas for muscle

attachment

Irregular bones•have complex shapes and

cannot be grouped into any

of the other three categories

•they vary in the amount of

spongy and compact bone

Sesamoid bones•are small bones in tendons where

considerable pressure develops, for

instance, the wrist

•their number varies greatly from

person to person

•all people have at least two

sesamoid bones: the patella

(kneecap)

The Anatomy of a Bone

• Bones may look like they are dead, but in fact are very much alive,

growing and changing all the time.

• Before we talk about how bones grow and change, we first need to

understand the various parts of a bone.

• Using figure 2.3 on page 12 in your text, label the picture below, and

using the information on page 12, complete the structure function chart.

Articular cartilage Periosteum

Cancellous bone Medullary cavity Compact bone

Epiphyseal plate

Epiphysis Diaphysis (shaft) Epiphysis

(head)

Structure Function

Articular cartilage

Cancellous bone

Epiphyseal plate

Medullary cavity

Periosteum

Compact bone

Epiphysis

Diaphysis

-covers/protects ends of bones; allows smooth

movement of joints; no blood/nerve endings

-spongy, marrow-filled; will strengthen

with resistance training

-cartilage at each end of bone (growth

plate); allows longitudinal bone growth

-inside shaft; contains red and yellow

marrow; production of red blood cells

-outer connective tissue;covers length of

bone; connects bone to bone or muscle

-most dense bone; structural integrity

happiest

-ends of bone; compact; articulates with

another bone

-thickest part of bone; shaft

a) Calvaria

Frontal BoneParietal Bone

Temporal Bone

Occipital Bone

Calvaria Cont.

• May be fractured in blows to the skull (e.g., in hockey, being checked and hitting the skull on the ice)

• Temporal bone:

– more fragile of the calvaria bones

– overlies one of the major blood vessels

– if fractured and displaced internally = medical emergency (picture)

b) Facial Bones

Lacrimal Bone

Nasal Bone

Maxilla Bone

Mandible Bone

Zygomatic Bone

Vertebral Column

Sacrum (mid-line region of buttocks)

Coccyx (4 or 5 fused vertebrae of the tail bone)

7 Cervical Vertebrae (of the neck)

12 Thoracic Vertebrae (of the chest)

5 Lumbar Vertebrae (of the lower back)

Lumbar vertebra,

lateral view

Lumbar vertebra,

superior view

Vertebral Column

• Vertebrae are arranged in a cylindrical column interspersed with fibrocartilaginous (intervertebral) discs

• Function:

– provides a strong and flexible support for the body and the ability to keep the body erect

– the point of attachment for the muscles of the back.

– protect the spinal cord and nerves

– absorbs shock through the intervertebral discs without causing damage to other vertebrae

Ribs

• Twelve pairs

• Made up of :

– bone

– cartilage which strengthen the chest cage and

permit it to expand.

Curved and slightly twisted making it

ideal to protect the chest area

Ribs Cont’d• All 12 pairs of ribs articulate with the twelve

thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

• Classified into three groups based on anterior attachment: (picture)

– true ribs

• 1-7

• attach to both the vertebrae and the sternum

– false ribs

• 8-10

• attach only to the sternum indirectly, through 7th rib

– floating ribs

• 11 and 12

• only attach to the vertebral column

The Ribs

Manubrium

Sternal Body

Xiphoid Process

Costal Cartilages

True Ribs

(1-7)

False Ribs

(8-10)

Floating Ribs

(11-12)

Sternum

• Mid-line breast bone

• The clavicles and ribs one to seven

articulate with the sternum

Sternum – comprised of

the manubrium, sternal

body and xiphoid process

Consists of:

1. The pectoral gridle (chest)

2. Pelvic girdle (hip)

3. The upper limbs

4. The lower limbs

Appendicular skeleton

1.Pectoral Girdle

Consists of:

– Scapula (shoulder blade)

– Clavicle (collar bone)

Allows the upper limb great mobility

The sternoclavicular joint is the only point of

attachment between the axial skeleton and the

pectoral girdle

Scapula

Clavicle

2. Pelvic Girdle

• Formed by pair of os coxae (hip bones)

• supports the bladder and abdominal contents

• Attachment:

– Posteriorly – join with the sacrum

– Anteriorly - join to each other anteriorly

– Laterally – join to the head of thigh bone through a cup-shaped acetabulum

3. Upper Limb

• Humerus

– The arm bone

– shoulder to elbow

• Radius and Ulna

– The forearm bones

– elbow to wrist

– the radius being located on the thumb side of the hand

– when you pronate the forearm, the radius is actually crossing over the ulna - try it yourself

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Upper Limb Cont.

Carpals

Phalanges

Metacarpals

Proximal

Phalanx

Middle

PhalanxDistal

Phalanx

4. Lower Limb

• Femur

– thigh bone

– from hip to knee

• Patella

– knee cap

– sesamoid bone in the

tendon of the quadriceps

muscles (thigh)

Femur

Patella

Lower Limb Cont’d

• Tibia and Fibula

– leg bones

– From knee to ankle

– Tibia is medial and fibula is lateral

• Medial malleolus and Lateral malleolus

– The distal ends of the tibia and fibula, respectively

– commonly referred to as the "ankle bones"

– can be easily palpated

Fibula

Tibia

Lat. malleolus

Med. malleolus

Lower Limb Cont’d

• Tarsals

– ankle bones

– calcaneus or the heel bone

– talus

• Metatarsals

– 5 bones of the foot

– unite with the toes

• Phalanges

– toe bones

– three per toe except the big toe - proximal, middle and distal

Calcaneus

Talus

Phalanges

Metatarsals

Tarsals

MUSCLE

Major Functions of Muscles

Movement (connected to bone)

Includes: breathing, running, walking, eating,

and the beating of our hearts

Act as cables which pull on bones and make

motion possible

Muscles work in pairs-one to pull and one to

put back

Support-organs and skeletal system

Posture and protection

Heat production-during muscle

contraction

There are over 600 muscles in the human

body.

Three Types of Muscle Tissue

-collection of cells that shorten during contraction creating tension that

results in movement

Skeletal muscles:

Voluntary (brain controls), striated

Attach to bones by tendons (tough

connective tissue) and other tissue

Fast and slow twitch fibers

Cardiac muscles:

Involuntary (ANS control)

Striated

Found in one place – the heart (thick

walls)

Smooth muscles:

Involuntary

Non-striated

Surround the body’s internal organs

Contracts more slowly than skeletal but stays contracted longer

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Properties of Muscle Fibre

Irritability Refers to muscle responding to stimuli

Contractibility Refers to muscle shortening in length

ElasticityRefers to muscle stretching and returning to normal

position

Extensibility Refers to muscle extending in length

Conductivity Refers to muscle transmitting nerve impulses

Neuromuscular System

• Complex linkage between the muscular system and nervous system (system of nervous impulses originating in the brain and spinal cord)

• Constant use and regular practice will improve the quality and efficiency of

these 2 systems

• Nerve transmits impulses in waves to ensure smooth movements

– MUSCLE TWITCH

• Single nerve impulse and the corresponding muscle contraction

• Latent period, contraction and period of relaxtion

• Junction between the muscular system and nervous system

– NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION

Neuromuscular Junction

Sarcolemma

Axon

Receptor

Neurotransmitter

acetylcholine (Ach)

Axon Terminal

Synaptic Cleft

•Electrical impulse

travel along the nerve

path until contact

point

•Impulse signals the

release of chemical

“neurotransmitter”

•Receptors on surface

of the muscle detect

the chemical

•This causes the

muscles to contract

•Electrical energy is

converted to chemical

energy which is then

converted to

mechanical work

The Motor Unit

-motor neuron, its axon and the muscle fibres it stimulates

Dendrites

Neuron cell body

Muscle

fibres

Neuromuscular junction

Terminal branches

Axon hillock

Myelin sheath

Neurolemma

Motor neuron

Direction of action

potential

Motor end plate

Motor Units

• Motor Units • Small motor unit-usually slow twitch fibres

– Few muscle fibres that it stimulates

– Responsible for fine motor (muscle) movement

» Motor unit of the eye

• Large motor unit-usually fast twitch fibres

– Many muscle fibres stimulated

– Produce large motor movement

» Single motor unit in quadriceps may stimulate 300-800

muscle fibres

» In order to generate max force in large muscles, all motor

units must be recruited in unison

All or None Principle

• Rule for motor units

– When a motor unit is stimulated to contract it will

do so to its fullest potential

• More specifically if a motor unit is activated all of the

muscle fibres in that given motor unit will contract

maximally (or not at all)

©Thompson Educational Publishing,

Inc. 2003. All material is copyright

protected. It is illegal to copy any of

©Thompson Educational Publishing, Inc. 2003. All material is copyright protected. It is illegal to copy

any of this material.

This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health

The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Muscle fibre (basic unit of skeletal muscle) from

the outside

Epimysium

Sheath enveloping entire muscle

Extends beyond muscle and becomes one

with tendon

Perimysium

Fibrous connective tissue that binds

muscle fibres together

Perimysium

Muscle fibre

Epimysium

Endomysium

Muscle belly

Tendon

The Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle

Muscle fibre looking inward:

Endomysium

Sheath of connective tissue surrounding

muscle fibre

Sarcolemma

Beneath endomysium

Contains cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

Myofibrils

Thread like structure that run the length

Contain thick protein filament (myosin)

and thin proteinilament (actin)

Sarcomeres

Contains myosin and actin

Endomysium

Muscle Fibre

Z lineSarcomere

Sarcoplasmic reticulumSarcolemma

Tendon

Thin filamentThick filament

Muscle belly

Muscle

Fibre

Sarcomere

Epimysium

Perimysium

Z line

Myofibril

Muscle

Fibre

Protein Filaments• Actin and myosin are contained within compartments

(sarcomere)

• Myosin

– Head and a tail

– Looks like golf club

– Head has an attachment site for actin

• Actin

– Two binding sites for other protein that work together to

control myosin binding to action

• Troponin-which binds calcium

• Tropomysoin-covers the binding site on actin

• During contraction these two proteins interact allowing them to

slide past each other (sarcomere shortens)

• Sliding is synchronized across the muscles

How Muscles Are Named

Action/Function Flexion/Extension

Direction of Fibres Rectus/Transversus

Location Anterior/Posterior

Number of Divisions/Heads Number of heads

Shape Deltoid/Trapezius

Points of Attachment Sternum/Clavicle/Mastoid process

Examples

• Adductor

– Squeeze limbs in towards the median line of the

body

• Abductor

– Push out from the median line of the body

• Extensor-

– extend limbs and increase the angle

• Flexor

– Withdraw limbs and decrease angle

How Muscles Attach to Bone

Indirect attachment:

Epimysium extends past muscle as

a tendon

Attaches to periosteum of bone

Direct attachment:

Epimysium adheres to and fuses

with the periosteum

Point of attachment

Antagonistic Pairs

• Skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing

pairs

• Agonist muscle

– Responsible for primary movement

• Antagonist Muscle

– Counteracts the agonist

– Lengths when agonist contracts

Antagonistic Pairs-Opposing Pairs

ExamplesAgonist (Prime Mover) Antagonist

(Counteracts)

Elbow flexion Biceps brachii Triceps brachii

Shoulder abduction Deltoid Latissimus dorsi

Medial shoulder

rotation

Pectoralis major Infraspinatus

Knee extension Quadriceps Hamstrings

Wrist flexion Flexor carpi radialis Extensor carpi radialis

Dorsi flexion Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius

Trunk flexion Rectus abdominis Erector spinae group

Hip flexion Iliopsoas Gluteus maximus

Origin, Insertion, and Function

Origin:

Proximal attachment

Where muscle attaches to the least

moveable area of the bones of the axial

skeleton

Insertion:

Distal attachment

Where muscle attaches to the bone that is

moved most

Function:

Action/motion

What the muscle does when activated

Origin

Insertion

Types of Muscle Contraction

Concentric:

Muscle fibres shorten

Eccentric:

Muscle fibres lengthen

Isometric:

Muscle fibres do not change in

length

Muscle Contraction During Exercise

Isotonic exercise

Controlled shortening

(concentric contraction) and

lengthening (eccentric) of the

muscle

As the weight is lifted

throughout the range of motion,

the muscle shortens.

Isometric exercise

No motion – muscle fibres

maintain a constant length

throughout contraction

Isokinetic exercise

Use machines to control speed

of contractions

Combines best features

of both isotonic and isometric

training

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Sarcomere

Smallest contractile unit of a muscle fibre

Lined up the length of every myofibril

Between 2 Z discs (mid point of I band)

I band

A band

H zone

M line

Events at the Neuromuscular

Junction

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and T-Tubules of the

Myofibril Sarcolemma

Outer vessicle of

sarcoplasmic reticulum

(Terminal cisternae)

Transverse tubule

(T-tubule)

A band

Myofibrils

Longitudinal

tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum

I band

Triad

Z line

H zone

Terminal cisternaeTransverse tubuleTerminal cisternae

Excitation and Contraction

Coupling

The Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the

thin filaments):

Attach, rotate, detach, and reattach in rapid succession

Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments

Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)

Known as the sliding filament theory

The Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridges (small “bridges” on the thick filaments that extend to the

thin filaments)

The Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridges

Attach, rotate, detach, and re-attach in rapid succession

The Sliding Filament Theory

Myosin crossbridges

Results in the sliding or overlap of the actin and myosin filaments

Causes sarcomere to contract (muscle contraction)

Cross Bridge Cycle

At the Molecular Level

The sliding filament theory at the molecular level:

Nerve impulse transmitted through the muscle fibre and releases calcium

ions

Calcium (in presence of troponin and tropomyosin) facilitates the

interaction of myosin and actin molecules

Calcium binds to troponin and removes the blocking action of

tropomyosin

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the energy source behind the release of

calcium

ATP detaches myosin from the actin molecule

ATP must be replaced through food metabolism for process to

continue

Anterior Muscles

Posterior Muscles

Muscles of the Neck

Semispinalis capitis

Splenius

Scalenus medius

Scalenus anterior

Sternocleidomastoid

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

Occipital bone

Mastoid processNuchal line

Spinalis

Longissimus

Iliocostalis

Erector spinae

group

Muscles of Respiration

Internal intercostals

Internal thoracic

artery and vein

Sternum

Transversus thoracis

Diaphragm (thoracic)

Transversus

abdominis

Muscles of the Abdomen

Rectus abdominis

External oblique

Quadratus lumborum (deep)

Clavicular head of

pectoralis major

Sterncostal head of

pectoralis major

Muscles of the Shoulder

Muscles of the Shoulder – cont’d

Latissimus dorsi

InfraspinatusInfraspinatus

Supraspinatus

Muscles of the Rotator Cuff

Supraspinatus

Teres minor

Infraspinatus

Muscles of the Rotator Cuff – cont’d

Subscapularis

Levator scapulae

Rhomboid minor

Rhomboid major

Trapezius

Teres major

Muscles that Act on the Scapula

Muscles that Act on the Scapula – cont’d

Teres major

Muscles that Move the Humerus

Deltoid (anterior and lateral

heads)

Coracobrachialis

Muscles that Move the Humerus – cont’d

Pectoralis minor

Coracobrachialis

Serratus anterior

Elbow Flexors / Extensors – Anterior

Biceps brachii

Pronator teres

Brachialis

Brachioradialis

Elbow Flexors / Extensors – Posterior

Triceps brachii

(short head)

Triceps brachii

(long head)

Muscles of the Forearm – Anterior

Biceps brachii

Pronator teres

Brachioradialis

Pronator quadratus

(deep)

Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior

Brachioradialis

Triceps brachii

(lateral head)

Anconeus

Muscles of the Forearm – Posterior (deep)

Supinator

Extrinsic Hand Muscles – Anterior

Flexor carpi radialis

Palmaris longus

Flexor carpi ulnarisFlexor digitorum

superficialis

Extrinsic Hand Muscles – Posterior

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Extensor digitorumExtensor carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Extensor digit minimi

Intrinsic Hand Muscles

Thenar eminence

Hypothenar eminence

Muscles of the Hip – Anterior

Psoas minor

Psoas major

Iliacus

Iliopsoas

Tensor fasciae latae

Pectineus

Sartorius

Gracilis

Rectus femoris

Iliotibial tract (band)

Muscles of the Hip – Posterior

Gluteus medius

Gluteus minimusGluteus maximus

(cut)

Gracilis

Muscles of the Hip – Anterior (adductors)

Pectineus (cut)

Adductor brevis

Adductor

longus

Adductor

magnus

Adductor

group

Muscles of the Thigh – Anterior

Rectus femoris

Vastus intermedius

(underneath)Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis

Quadriceps

femoris group

Muscles of the Thigh – Posterior

Semitendinosus

Biceps femoris

Semimembranosus

Hamstring muscle

group

Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Anterior

Extensor digitorum longus

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis

longus

Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior

Calcaneal tendon

(Achilles tendon)

Gastrocnemius

(medial and lateral

heads)

Soleus

Extrinsic Foot Muscles – Posterior (deep)

Popliteus

Tibialis posterior

Fibularis

(Peroneus) longus

Flexor hallucis longus

Fibularis (Peroneus)

brevis

Flexor digitorum

longus

Intrinsic Foot Muscles – Superficial

Flexor digitorum

brevis

Intrinsic Foot Muscles – Intermediate

Quadratus plantae

Intrinsic Foot Muscles – Deep

Flexor hallucis brevis