Fig. 7-15, p.182

Fig. 7-15, p.182

Single cell model: simple but not good enough, e.g., our surface winds do not flow N-S.

We really do need to include Earth’s rotation and land masses in a more complex model

sun

Unequal heating of surface by the Sun (the beginning of ALL weather).

Uneven energy input is redistributed by atmosphere and oceans

convective cell

convective cell

Fig. 7-16, p.183

Three cell model: much better, but not perfect.

Here we “allow” rotation, but still have ocean-covered planet.

Land masses obscure this predicted three-cell pattern.

Must be an odd number of cells: what goes up at beginning of first cell must be “balanced” by what comes down at end of last cell.

Could be 1, 3, 5, etc. Three on Earth dictated by rotation speed. On Venus, where rotation is very slow, only one cell develops.

Predicted surface winds after PGF and CF included

Fig. 7-15b, p.182

Minot, N. Dakota (48 N)

Tucson, Arizona (32 N)

easterlies

westerlies

Fig. 7-17a, p.184

Subtropical high

Subtropical high

Subpolar low

(shows up as a trough, as predicted)

Subpolar low

Equatorial low

Fig. 7-17b, p.185

Pacific H has moved N. and W. allowing sinking, warming air to subside along Pacific coast

Bermuda H. has moved S. and W. driving air to thermal low over AZ and setting up conditions for monsoons

For more about the monsoon see http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/twc/monsoon/monsoon.php

Fig. 7-18, p.186

Fig. 7-19, p.187

Elevated inversion due to sinking air from Ferrel cell, which warms as it compresses on the way down to the surface (see Fig. 12.12).

Fig. 7-20, p.187

During summer, the eastern edge of the Pacific High is well situated to force sinking warming air down over Los Angeles causing a strong elevated inversion that prevents convection and clouds/rain (see Fig. 7.17b).

Fig. 7-21, p.187

Polar low

Fig. 7-22, p.188

Fig. 7-23, p.189

Fig. 7-24, p.190

For us, the following are the most important ocean currents:1) Gulf Stream2) North Atlantic Drift3) Newfoundland Current9) South Equatorial Current16) California Current17) Peru (Humbolt) Current

Table 7-2, p.190

Fig. 7-25, p.191

If the CA current brings cold water down from Alaska then why is the coldest water halfway down the coast and not further north?

Answer – upwelling.

Cold CA current

Fig. 7-26, p.191

Upwelling of very cold water from the bottom of the Pacific is evident off San Francisco

Coriolis “force” causes ocean current to deflect to the right, i.e., offshore

Fig. 7-27, p.193

ENSO = El Nino/Southern Oscillation (in atmospheric pressure and wind direction)

Fig. 7-28, p.194

Current sea surface temperature animation:http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_update/sstanim.html

97/98 El Nino animation:http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/map/clim/sst_olr/old_sst/sst_9798_anim.shtml

“Temperature anomaly” scale

Fig. 7-29, p.195

Very weak ENSO this winter: warmer/wetter conditions to SE AZ

Table 7-1, p.168