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Feedstuff Analysis
Chris Ellason
Feedstuff Analysis
Feed Sampling Proximate Analysis
– Dry matter– Ash– Crude Protein– Ether Extract– Crude Fiber– NFE
Detergent Method
NDF - cell wall components– cellulose– hemicellulose– lignin– silica– heat damaged protein
Detergent Method
ADF - Acid Detergent Fiber– lignocellulose
NDF used to predict gut fill and intake ADF used to predict digestibility ADIN - acid detergent insoluble nitrogen
Know the Form of the Numbers
Dry Matter Basis As-fed Basis Air-dry Basis
Energy Measurements
Gross Energy - GE – total potential energy of a feedstuff– determined by bomb calorimeter
Fecal Energy - FE– Energy from undigested feed and other
components of feces– Determined by bomb calorimeter
Energy Measurements
Digestible Energy - DE– GE - FE
Gaseous Products of Digestion - GPD– combustible gasses that escape during digestion
– mainly methane, traces of H, CO, H2S
Urinary Energy - UE– loss of spent metabolites and energy through
urine
Energy Measures
Metabolizable Energy - ME– referred to as usable portion of ingested energy– DE - UE - GPD = ME
Heat Increment - HI– heat derived from metabolism or fermentation
of feedstuffs
Detergent Method
Energy– NEm
– NEg
– NEl
These values are calculated from ADF and NDF
Net Energy - NE
Net Energy computed by ME - HI Includes the amount of energy used for
maintenance plus some production component
NEM
– amount of energy expended to maintain energy equilibrium
Net Energy
NEM
– basal metabolism– energy of voluntary activity– warming of body– cooling of body
Net Energy for some production function
Energy Measurements
Common Feeds
Carbonaceous Concentrates– High in Energy– Low in fiber– Low in Protein– Variable in protein quality– fair in P– low in Ca
Concentrates
Corn– high energy– 8 - 9 % CP– Low in Lysine
Sorghum Grain– Must be processed– lower in energy than corn– higher in CP than corn
Concentrates
Oats– 75 - 85% energy of corn– very palatable– higher in fiber than corn
Beet Pulp Molasses
Concentrates
Citrus Pulp Animal Fat Cookie Meal
Protein Feeds
Soybean meal– low in Ca– most complete in energy and protein
Cottonseed meal Peanut Meal
High Moisture Feedstuffs
Green Chop - forage chopped in the field and fed without further processing
Silage - forage cut wet and put through controlled fermentation
Vitamins and Minerals
Add Vitamins to assure adequate amounts Mineral supplementation
– all minerals are not created equal– greater absorption of sulfates over oxides– example CuS vs CuO
Feed Additives
Antibiotics– Chlortetracycline– AS700
Growth Stimulants– ionophores - Bovatec, Rumensin
Others– MGA - used to stop heat
Problems Associated with Grain Feeding
Non Ruminants
Enteritis– Characterized by inflammation of stomach and
possibly SI– Antibiotics in starter rations can control this to
some degree Dietary changes, erratic feed intake and
weaning stress Also grain overload or highly fermentable
feeds
Non Ruminants
Laminitis (founder) Inflammation of the laminae Typically a result of poor grain/fiber
balance Excessive grain consumption results in
excessive lactic acid production
Ruminants
Enterotoxemia – over eating disease– Increase in clostridial organisms
Severe kidney damage and pin-point hemorrhages in intestine
Clostridial vaccination
Ruminants
Lactic acidosis – grain overload Overgrowth of bacteria which prefer lower
pH environment These are the starch digesting bacteria As they increase pH drops further Primarily due to their production of lactic
acid
Ruminants
If unchecked acids can be absorbed into the bloodstream resulting in metabolic acidosis
Endotoxins and histamine can result in founder
Liver abcesses Acidosis can occur in either acute or
chronic form
Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)
Primarily caused by over eating grain Organism in grain causes ruminal
production of Thiaminase Causes an acute thiamin deficiency Other PEMs can occur by intakes of high
sulfate water or feed – This type is not responsive to thiamin treatment
What to watch for
Dairies – low butterfat Humping of back Kicking at stomach Altered intake Fever
What to watch for
Gut sounds and motility Rumen pH Cud chewing Feed sorting Hoof problems (softening, white line, sole
abcesses) General unhealthy appearance (eyes, ears
etc.)
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