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Finite Element Analysis
in PracticeInstructor Manual
Based on: Autodesk® Algor® SimulationProfessional 2011
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FEA in Practice – Instructor Manual – Autodesk ® Algor ® Simulation Professional 2011 4/30/2010 III
© 2010 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.
Finite Element Analysis in Practice – Instructor Manual
Based on: Autodesk® Algor® Simulation Professional 2011
Except as otherwise permitted by Autodesk, Inc., this publication, or parts thereof, may not be
reproduced in any form, by any method, for any purpose.
Certain materials included in this publication are reprinted with the permission of the copyrightholder.
Trademarks
The following are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., in the USA and othercountries: 3DEC (design/ logo), 3December, 3December.com, 3ds Max, ADI, Alias, Alias (swirldesign/logo), AliasStudio, Alias|Wavefront (design/ logo), Algor, ATC, AUGI, AutoCAD, AutoCADLearning Assistance, AutoCAD LT, AutoCAD Simulator, AutoCAD SQL Extension, AutoCAD SQLInterface, Autodesk, Autodesk Envision, Autodesk Insight, Autodesk Intent, Autodesk Inventor,
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The following are registered trademarks or trademarks of Autodesk Canada Co. in the USAand/or Canada and other countries: Backburner, Multi-Master Editing, River, and Sparks.
Disclaimer
THIS PUBLICATION AND THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN IS MADE AVAILABLE BY AUTODESK, INC. “AS IS.” AUTODESK, INC. DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EITHEREXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OFMERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE REGARDING THESEMATERIALS.
Published by: Autodesk, Inc.111 Mclnnis ParkwaySan Rafael, CA 94903, USA
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FEA in Practice – Instructor Manual – Autodesk ® Algor ® Simulation Professional 2011 4/30/2010 V
COURSE INTRODUCTION:
Overview .....................................................................................................VII
Software Installation, Services, and Support ..............................................VII Installing and Running Autodesk® Algor® Simulation ........................................VII
System Requirements ....................................................................................VIII
Autodesk Algor Simulation Help ...................................................................... IX
Subscription Center ......................................................................................... X
Web Links ........................................................................................................ X
Tutorials .......................................................................................................... XI
Webcasts and Web Courses ........................................................................... XI
How to Receive Technical Support ................................................................. XI
Updates ..........................................................................................................XII
Navigating the User Interface .....................................................................XII Toolbars........................................................................................................ XIV
Using the Keyboard and Mouse ..................................................................... XV
Introduction to the ViewCube ........................................................................ XVI
Additional View Controls .............................................................................. XVII
Legacy View Controls in Autodesk Algor Simulation ................................... XVIII
Notes Concerning the “Steps for Exercises” Section .............................. XVIII
PRESENTATION SLIDESHOW:
Introduction ................................................................................................... 3FEA Overview and Examples using Autodesk® Algor® Simulation ................. 8
Introductory Example .................................................................................. 12
FEA Concepts ............................................................................................. 16
Exercise A - FEA Example by Hand ..............................................................25
Analysis Options ......................................................................................... 30
Element Options ......................................................................................... 36
Meshing and Modeling ................................................................................ 37
Loads and Constraints ................................................................................ 41
Truss Elements ........................................................................................... 49
Exercise B - Truss Frame Model....................................................................50
Beam Elements .......................................................................................... 51
Exercise C - Support Beam Under Gravity .....................................................53
TABLE OF CONTENTS
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2-D Elements .............................................................................................. 54
Exercise D - Axisymmetric Thick-walled Cylinder ...........................................56
Plate/Shell Elements ................................................................................... 56
Exercise E - Plate Under Uniform Pressure ...................................................59
Brick Elements ............................................................................................ 59Exercise F - Cantilever Beam Model ..............................................................60
Comparing Element Types ......................................................................... 61
Exercise G - Comparing Element Types ........................................................61
Mesh Convergence ..................................................................................... 62
Exercise H - Mesh Convergence....................................................................64
Meshing CAD Solid Models ........................................................................ 65
Exercise I - Bracket Model .............................................................................67
Exercise J - Hanger Assembly Model ............................................................69
Combining Element Types .......................................................................... 69
Contact ....................................................................................................... 71
Exercise K - Linear Contact Model .................................................................72
Solving Options ........................................................................................... 73
Results Evaluation ...................................................................................... 74
Presentation of Results ............................................................................... 77
Other Analysis Types .................................................................................. 80
Thermal Analysis ................................................................................... 81
Exercise L - Thermal Model .....................................................................85
Electrostatic Analysis ............................................................................. 86
Fluid Flow Analysis ................................................................................ 89
Mechanical Event Simulation (MES) ..................................................... 92
Exercise M - Nonlinear Material Model .................................................. 101
Combining Analysis Types (Multiphysics) ................................................. 103Material Models ........................................................................................ 105
Exercise N - Mechanical Event Simulation, Geneva Mechanism ................ 107
STEPS FOR EXERCISES .......................................................... SE.1
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FEA in Practice – Instructor Manual – Autodesk ® Algor ® Simulation Professional 2011 4/30/2010 VII
Course Introduction
Overview
This course will introduce the students to the analysis products available within Autodesk®
Algor® Simulation Professional and the proper usage of these tools. The program
capabilities include static stress with linear and nonlinear material models, mechanical event
simulation, heat transfer, fluid flow, linear dynamics, natural frequency (modal) analysis with
nonlinear materials, transient mass transfer, and electrostatics analyses. The course will
utilize hand-built models and those originating from CAD solid modeling programs. The
students will learn basic Finite Element Analysis (FEA) theory, the various meshing options,
available load and constraint options, and how to create results presentations (including
images, animations, and HTML reports). The Finite Element Analysis in Action course
curriculum is organized into three main sections, as follows.
• This Course Introduction section contains necessary prerequisite information concerningsoftware installation and configuration, how to obtain updates and technical support, and
basics concerning the user interface. The program emulates the view orientations and
mouse actions of many popular CAD packages. However, the procedures detailed within
this course are all based on the default Algor Simulation settings for the views and mouse
functions. Please ensure that all student workstations are set up accordingly so that the
software behavior will be consistent with the text.
• The Presentation Slideshow is provided in two forms. Within the second section of this Instructor Manual, the slides are presented in handout fashion, two per page. In addition, a
separate Microsoft® PowerPoint® presentation is included for classroom projection.
• The Steps for Exercises section includes descriptions of all of the exercises included
within the slideshow presentation along with keystroke-specific procedures for correctlycompleting the exercises.
Software Installation, Services, and Support
Installing and Running Autodesk® Algor® Simulation
The simulation software is distributed on DVDs with the exception of software for the Linux
platform, which is distributed on CDs. In addition, the software may be downloaded from the
Autodesk website. When you place the software DVD into a DVD-ROM drive, a launch
dialog having four options will appear. If you want to set up the software on a client
workstation, whether you will be using a license locked to a single computer or a networklicense, press the "Install Products" button. If using a network license, you must already
have the license server software installed to a computer on the network. If you wish to create
pre-configured deployments for installing the product on multiple client workstations, choose
the "Create Deployments" command. If you want to set up the computer as a license server
to control the number of concurrent users through a network, or, if you wish to install optional
reporting tools, press the "Install Tools and Utilities" command. Finally, a fourth command
on the launch screen, "Read the Documentation," leads to a screen from which you can
access a ReadMe file and other installation and licensing guides.
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During the product installation process, you will need to specify your name, the name of your
organization. You will also need to enter the product serial number and the product key.
Otherwise, you will be limited to a 30-day trial period. To customize the installation location
on your computer, the components to be installed, and/or to specify a network license server,
you will have to press the "Configuration" button that appears on one of the screens during
the installation process. Then, follow the prompts, provide the required information, and click
the "Configuration Complete" button to continue the installation process.
Any time after the installation, you will be able to start the software by using the available
shortcut found in the "Start" menu folder, "All Programs: Autodesk: Autodesk Algor
Simulation." The version number is included in the start menu folder name and shortcut.
The name of the shortcut will depend upon which package has been purchased ("Simulation,"
"…Simulation MES," "…Simulation CFD," or "…Simulation Professional" ). In the dialog
that appears when the program is launched, you will be able to open an existing model or
begin a new model. The simulation software will be used to create, analyze, and review the
results of an analysis within a single user interface, regardless of the analysis type.
System Requirements
We recommend the following system specifications for a Microsoft Windows® platformrunning Autodesk Algor Simulation. These specifications will allow you to achieve the best
performance for large models and advanced analysis types.
32-Bit
• Dual Core or Dual Processor Intel® 64 orAMD 64, 3 GHz or higher
64-Bit *
• 2 GB RAM or higher (3 GB for MES andCFD applications)
• 30 GB of free disk space or higher
• 256 MB or higher OpenGL acceleratedgraphics card
• DVD-ROM drive
• Dual Core or Dual Processor Intel 64or AMD 64, 3 GHz or higher
• 8 GB RAM or higher
• 100 GB of free disk space or higher
• 512 MB or higher OpenGL
accelerated graphics card
• DVD-ROM drive
Supported Operating Systems:
• Microsoft Windows 7 (32-bit and 64-bit editions)
• Microsoft Vista™ (32-bit and 64-bit editions)
• Microsoft Windows Server 2003 and Windows Server 2008
• Microsoft Windows XP (32-bit and 64-bit editions)
• Linux **
Other Requirements (All Platforms):
• Mouse or pointing device
• Sound card and speakers ***
• Internet connection ***
• Web browser with Adobe Flash Player 10 (or higher) plug-in ***
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Notes Concerning System Requirements:
* We recommend usage of a 64-bit version of the operating system to run large models of any
analysis type and for Mechanical Event Simulation, CFD, and Multiphysics analyses.
While a 32-bit machine can be configured for larger system memory sizes, architectural
issues of the operating system limit the benefit of the additional memory.
** Linux may be used as a platform for running the solution phase of the analysis only. It
may be used for a distributed processing (or clustering) platform. However, pre- and
post-processing is done in the graphical user interface, which must be installed and run
on a Microsoft Windows platform.
*** These requirements are due to the use of multimedia in our product line and the
availability of distance learning webcasts, software demos, and related media.
Minimum system requirements and additional recommendations for Linux platforms may be
found on the Autodesk website. To navigate to the Autodesk Algor Simulation web page,
access the HELP pull-down menu within the user interface, select the "Web Links" pull-out
menu, and choose the "Autodesk Algor Simulation" link.
Autodesk Algor Simulation Help, often referred to as the Help files or user’s guide, contains
the following information:
Autodesk Algor Simulation Help
• Documentation for all of the model creation options within the user interface• Documentation for all of the Autodesk Algor Simulation analysis types• Documentation for all of the result options available within the user interface• Step-by-step examples that illustrate many modeling and analysis options
How to Access the Help Files
• From the user interface, access the HELP pull-down menu and select the "Contents" command. The Autodesk Algor Simulation Help title page of will appear.
• You can navigate through the user's guide via the table of contents to the left or by usingthe "Search" or "Index" tabs.
Features of the Help Files
• Autodesk Algor Simulation Help is a set of compiled help files that are installed with thesoftware but are also accessible from the Autodesk website.
• Hyperlinks and a table of contents make it easy to move quickly from topic to topic.
• The Help window contains a standard Internet browser toolbar, so you can move forwardand backward and print with ease.
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Figure 1: Autodesk Algor Simulation User’s Guide
Search the Help Files using Keywords
• All of the pages in the Help files can be searched based on keywords.
• The keywords are entered at the top of the "Search" tab on the left side of the User’sGuide screen. Topics that match the search criteria are listed below.
• Keywords are used to search the Help files. You may use single or multiple keywords.
• Boolean operators (AND, OR, NEAR, and NOT) are available to enhance the search utility.Also, phrases may be enclosed in quotes to search only for a specific series of words.
Subscription Center
Along with your Autodesk Algor Simulation software purchase, you have the option of
purchasing various levels of Subscription Center access and support. The Subscription Center
is accessible via the " key" icon near the right end of the program title bar and also via the
"Help: Web Links" menu.
Through the Subscription Center, you can download software updates, service packs, and add-
on applications. You can access training media, such as topical webcasts. Finally, you can
also submit technical support requests via the Subscription Center.
Web LinksWithin the HELP pull-down menu of the Autodesk Algor Simulation user interface, there is a
"Web Links" pull-out menu. The following content can be accessed via the web links within
this menu:
• Autodesk Algor Simulation product page• Subscription Center • Services and Support information
• Discussion Group
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• Training course information• Autodesk Labs – where you may obtain free tools and explore developing technologies
• Manufacturing Community
Tutorials
Tutorials are available that demonstrate many of the capabilities of the Autodesk AlgorSimulation software. Each analysis is presented through step-by-step instructions with
illustrations to assist the user. The tutorials are accessed from the "Help: Tutorials"
command and the associated model files are in the "\Tutorials\Models" subdirectory within
the program installation folder. The tutorials will appear next to the user interface. You will
be able to follow the steps using the software without switching between the two windows.
Webcasts and Web Courses
Webcasts focus on the capabilities and features of the software, on new functionality, on
accuracy verification examples, and on interoperability with various CAD solid modeling
packages. These streaming media presentations are available for on-demand viewing from
the Subscription Center via your web browser. Similarly, web courses are also available for
on-demand viewing. Web courses are typically longer in duration than webcasts and focus onmore in-depth training regarding the effective usage of your simulation software. The topics
cover a wide variety of application scenarios.
For a list of available webcasts and web courses, follow the "Training" link from the home
page of the Subscription Center. Choose the "Autodesk Algor Simulation" product in the
"Browse the Catalog" list. This leads to the Autodesk Algor Simulation e-Learning page, in
which the available webcasts and web courses are listed according to topic.
How to Receive Technical Support
Technical support is reachable through several contact methods. The means you can use may
depend upon the level of support that was purchased. For example, customers with "Silver"
support must obtain their technical support from the reseller that sold them the software.
"Gold" subscription customers may obtain support directly from Autodesk.
Five ways to contact Technical Support:
• Reseller: Obtain phone, fax, and/or e-mail information from your reseller.
• Subscription Center: Access the Subscription Center from the link provided in the programinterface. Click the Tech Support link on the left side of the page
and then click on the "Request Support" link.
• Autodesk Phone: (412) 967-2700 [or in USA/Canada: (800) 482-5467]
• Autodesk Fax: (412) 967-2781
• Autodesk E-mail: service.algor@autodesk.com
When contacting Technical Support:
• Have your contract number ready before contacting Technical Support.
• Know the current version number of your software.
• Have specific questions ready.
• Remember, Technical Support personnel cannot perform, comment on, or make judgments regarding the validity of engineering work.
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Updates
The software is updated with new functionality on a continual basis. The following threetypes of releases are provided:
1. A major version: Indicated by the four-digit year of the software release (based upon
the Autodesk fiscal year, not the calendar year)2. A "subscription" version: Customers with a current maintenance subscription are
eligible for additional releases that may be made available between major product versionreleases. These are designated by the addition of the word "Subscription" after the major
version number.
3. A service pack: Incorporates minor improvements to a major or subscription release andis indicated by the letters "SP" and a service pack number after the major or subscriptionversion number.
How to Determine the Software Version
Access the HELP pull-down menu in the user interface and select the "About" command.This dialog will display the version that you are using. In addition, the program title bar and
the splash screen that appears at each program launch will indicate the major version numberof the software. However, as with the start menu group name and program shortcut, it willnot indicate the subscription and service pack variants.
How to Obtain an Update
Update notifications are provided via the "Communication Center" within the user interface.The Communication Center icon is located at the right end of the program window title bar.The state of the Communication Center icon changes whenever new information is available.The Communication Center provides up-to-date product support information, software patches, subscription announcements, articles, and other product information through a
connection to the Internet. Users may specify how frequently the Live Update informationwill be polled—on-demand, daily, weekly, or monthly. When a program update notification
is received, the user will be given the option of downloading and installing it.
Navigating the User Interface
In this section, we will introduce you to the Autodesk Algor Simulation user interface. Thisinterface is the same for each of the available packages, including the foundational Algor
Simulation product and the Algor Simulation CFD, MES, and Professional products. Theonly difference will be with regard to which advanced features or capabilities are enabled.
We will begin with an overview of the major components of the graphical user interface.Then, we will discuss the toolbars, keyboard, mouse, ViewCube, and additional viewcontrols. Please note that the behavior of the keyboard, mouse, and ViewCube – as discussed
within this manual – are based on the default program settings for a clean installation of the product. Many of the features to be discussed are customizable via tabs and settings withinthe "Options" dialog, reachable via the "Tools: Options" pull-down menu command.
Figure 2 on the next page, along with the legend that follows it, introduces the majorcomponents of the user interface. This manual is based on Autodesk Algor Simulation
Professional 2011. Users of other versions may encounter differences between their versionand the interface described herein.
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Figure 2: Autodesk Algor Simulation User Interface
Interface Legend:
A. Title Bar: The title bar displays the program name and version as well as providing links to theAutodesk Subscription Center and Communication Center.
B. Menu Bar: The menu bar is located just below the title bar and contains the pull-down menus.
C. Toolbars: The toolbars provide the user with quick access to many commands.
D. Tree View: The tree view has unique contents for each environment of the user interface. For the
FEA Editor, it shows the parts list and the units, various properties, and loads that will be used for
the analysis. In the Results environment, you will see a list of results presentations and other post-
processing-specific content. The components of the analysis report will be listed in the tree view
within the Report environment.
E. ViewCube and Additional View Controls: These tools are used to manipulate the model display
position, rotation, zoom, display pivot point, and so on. There is also an optional Compass feature
that can be activated, providing a compass heading ring around the base of the ViewCube.
F. Display Area: The display area is where the modeling activity takes place. The title bar of thewindow displays the current environment and the model name. The FEA Editor environment is used to
create the model, add the loads and constraints and perform the analysis. The Results environment is
used to view results and to create images, graphs, and animations. The Report environment will be
used to produce a formal report of the analysis, including desired results presentations.
G. Miniaxis and Scale Ruler: The miniaxis shows your viewpoint with respect to the three-
dimensional working area. The scale ruler gives you a sense of the model size,
H. Status Bar: The status bar displays important messages.
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Toolbars
Autodesk Algor Simulation accesses program functions through pull-down menus, context
menus, and toolbars. The available toolbars and menus vary for each program environment
(FEA Editor, Results, and Report). By default, the toolbars are positioned at the top of the
screen, just under the pull-down menus. As is true for the menus, commands are logically
grouped into a number of different toolbars. For example, one toolbar includes predefinedview orientations, another includes various selection tools, still another includes structured
meshing tools, and so on. These may be displayed, hidden, or repositioned as desired.
Most of the toolbars and pull-down menus will not appear until an existing model is opened
or a new model is created. To see the toolbars of the FEA Editor at this time, start the
program. Dismiss the "What's New" screen if it appears, select the "New" icon in the initial
dialog ("Open" / "New"), and click the "New" button. Navigate to a working folder, type in
the name of your choice in the "File name:" field, and click the "Save" button.
How to Display or Hide Specific Toolbars
To display or hide toolbars or to adjust the icon size or style, access the TOOLS pull-down
menu and select the "View Toolbars..." command. To display another toolbar activate thecheckbox for that toolbar. Deactivate the checkbox for each toolbar that you prefer to hide.
Additional checkboxes are provided for the toolbar size and style options. Press the "Close"
button to exit the "Toolbars" screen.
How to Dock Toolbars
Toolbars can be docked on the top, bottom, and/or sides of the display area. To dock a
toolbar, first click on the title bar and drag it toward one of the edges of the display area.
Once you reach the edge, the shape will change to signify that you are at a location where the
toolbar may be docked. Release the mouse and the toolbar will dock at the location of the
mouse. That is, it will snap to the docked position and the title bar will disappear. This is
illustrated in the following images.
Figure 3: Steps to Dock a Toolbar
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Using the Keyboard and Mouse
The keyboard and mouse will both be used to operate within the user interface. The keyboard
will be used to enter the required data for loads, constraints, material properties, and so on. It
will also be used to modify the behavior of particular mouse operations. That is, certain
keyboard keys, when held down, will change the behavior of the mouse.
The software supports a number of different mouse configurations. This document assumes
that the default template for a new installation is in effect. However, user settings, or those
retained from a prior Autodesk Algor Simulation installation, may cause the behavior to differ
from that described herein. To ensure that your mouse actions follow the descriptions in this
book, access the "Tools: Options: Mouse Options" dialog and choose the "Algor
Simulation" template.
The left mouse button will be used to select items. How items are selected will depend upon
the selection mode chosen in the "Selection: Shape" pull-out menu or toolbar. The type of
objects that are selected (such as lines, vertices, surfaces, parts, edges, or elements) will
depend upon the selection mode chosen in the "Selection: Select" pull-out menu or toolbar.
Hold down the key while left-clicking an object to toggle the selection state of theclicked object. That is, unselected objects will be added to the selection set and previously
selected items will be removed from the selection set. Holding down the key while
left-clicking will only add clicked objects to the selection set (this will have no effect on
already selected items). Finally, holding both and while left-clicking will
only remove clicked objects from the selection set (this will have no effect on items that are
not already part of the current selection set).
Pressing the right mouse button with the cursor hovering over items in the tree view will
access a context menu with commands relevant to the item under the cursor. When items are
currently selected, either within the tree view or display area, the right-click context menu
will display commands and options that are specifically relevant to the selected items. For
example, if a surface is selected, only surface-based commands will appear in the context
menu. You may right-click anywhere in the display area when items are selected to access
the context menu. However, to access the context menu within the tree view area, you must
right-click with the cursor positioned on one of the selected headings.
If a mouse has a wheel, rolling the wheel will zoom in or out on the model. Holding down the
middle mouse button or wheel and dragging the mouse will rotate the model. Press the
key while holding the middle button and dragging the mouse to pan the model,
moving it within the display area. Press the key while dragging the mouse with the
middle button down to zoom in and out, making the model larger as the mouse is moved
upward and smaller as it is moved downward. You will likely find the use of the middle
mouse button and wheel to be more convenient than choosing a command like "Rotate" or
"Pan," clicking and dragging the mouse, and then pressing to exit the command.
Finally, the X, Y, or Z key on the keyboard may be held down while dragging the mouse with
the middle button held down. Doing so will rotate the model, as before, but constraining the
rotation to be only about the corresponding X, Y, or Z global axis direction. You may also
use the left and right cursor keys on the keyboard while holding down X, Y, or Z to rotate
about these axes in fixed increments (15 degrees by default). The rotation increment is
customizable via the "Tools: Options: Graphics: Miscellaneous" dialog.
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Introduction to the ViewCube
As is true for the mouse, the software also supports a number of different view configurations.
This document assumes that the default view options template and view navigation settings
for a new installation are in effect. However, user settings, or settings retained from a prior
Autodesk Algor Simulation installation, may cause the view orientations and behavior to
differ from those described throughout this document. To ensure that your view commandsfollow the descriptions in this book, access the "Tools: Options: Views Options" dialog and
choose the "Algor Simulation" template.
Next, access the "Graphics" tab of the same "Options" dialog, select "Navigation Tools" from
the items listed on the left side of the dialog, and click on the "View Cube" button. Click the
"Restore Defaults" button followed by “OK” to exit the "ViewCube Properties" dialog.
Finally, click the "Steering Wheel" button. Click the "Restore Defaults" button followed by
“OK” to exit the "SteeringWheels Properties" dialog. Click “OK” to exit the "Options" dialog.
The ViewCube will be located in the upper right corner of the display by default but may be
relocated. The appearance will change depending upon whether the view is aligned with a
global plane and whether the cursor is near the cube or not. The ViewCube, in its variousappearances, is shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: ViewCube Appearance
The six standard view names, as labeled on the cube faces, are the Top, Bottom, Front, Back,
Left, and Right. These may be selected by clicking near visible face names on the cube, as
shown in Figure 4 (b) or by clicking the triangular arrows pointing towards the adjacent faces, as
shown in Figure 4 (c), which shows the cursor pointing to the arrow for the Bottom view.
In addition, there are clickable zones at each corner and along each edge of the ViewCube.
Clicking on a corner will produce an isometric view in which that particular corner is
positioned near the center and towards you. Clicking an edge will produce an oblique view,
rotated 45 degrees, half-way between the views represented by the two adjacent faces.
When the cursor is near the ViewCube, a "Home" icon will appear above it and to the left,
providing easy access to the home view. This is an isometric view having the corner betweenthe Front, Right, and Top Faces centrally positioned and towards you by default. The home
view may be redefined by right-clicking the Home icon and choosing the "Set Current View
as Home" command while viewing the model positioned as desired.
When one of the six standard views is active and the cursor is near the ViewCube, two curved
arrows will appear above and to the right of the cube, as seen in Figure 4 (c). These are used
to rotate the model to one of the four possible variants of the particular standard view. Each
click of an arrow will rotate the model 90 degrees in the selected direction.
(a) Cursor not near the
ViewCube
(b) Cursor on ViewCube
(view not aligned to a
standard face)
(c) Cursor on ViewCube
(standard face view)
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When the face being viewed is changed via the ViewCube, the model may move to the
selected view in the manner that requires the least amount of motion. For example, say we
are first looking at the Right view, with the word "Right" positioned upright (that is in the
normal reading position). Now, if we click the downward arrow above the cube, the model
will rotate 90 degrees to reveal the top face. The Top view will be rotated 90 degrees
clockwise from the upright orientation (that is, the word "Top" will read in the vertically
downward direction). Activating the "Keep scene upright" option will cause the Front,Back, Left, and Right views to automatically be oriented in the upright position (Top above,
Bottom below) when changing to any of these views. You may, however, rotate the view
after initial selection, if desired. Go to "Tools: Options: Graphics: Navigation Tools:
View Cube" to locate the "Keep scene upright" setting. It is activated by default.
The point of this discussion is that whenever a new face is selected using the ViewCube, the
resultant view rotation may differ, depending upon the prior position of the model. If the resultant
orientation is not what is desired, simply click one of the curved arrows to rotate the view.
Additional View Controls
Immediately below the ViewCube is a pallet of additional view controls. This
consists of seven tools, each of which may be individually enabled or disabled.All are on by default. Figure 5 shows the view control pallet.
From top to bottom, the seven tools are as follows:
• SteeringWheels• Pan• Zoom• Orbit• Center• Previous View• Next View
Each of these icons, except for the Previous and Next commands, function as a
toggle—clicking it once to activate a command and again to deactivate it.
Several of these tools, such as Pan, Previous, and Next are self-explanatory.
The "Zoom" tool includes a fly-out menu allowing the choice of one of four different zooming
modes—Zoom, Zoom (Fit All), Zoom (Selected), and Zoom (Window). The first of these
causes the model to become larger as the cursor is moved upward in the display area and smaller
when it is moved downward. The Fit (All) mode encloses the extents of the whole model. After
selecting objects in the display area, the Zoom (Selected) tool fits the selected items into the
display area. Finally, after selecting the Zoom (Window) tool, you can click and drag the mouse
to draw a window defining the area you wish to expand to fill the display area.
The "Orbit" tool has two variants, selectable via a fly-out menu—Orbit, and Orbit(Constrained). The former allows the model to be rotated freely in any direction. The
Constrained option causes the model to rotate only about the global Z-axis, similar to pressing
the Z key while dragging the mouse with the middle button depressed.
The "Center" tool is used to center a point on the model within the display area. Click with
the mouse to specify the desired center point after selecting the Center command. This point
also becomes the display pivot point, about which the model pivots when being rotated.
F i g u r e 5 : A d d i t i o n a l V i e w C
o n t r o l s P a l l e t
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The "SteeringWheels" tool is customizable and, in its default setting, produces the Full
Navigation Wheel shown in Figure 6. The full navigation wheel floats above the model view,
following the cursor position. It provides an additional access method for several functions
found elsewhere on the view tools pallet as well as a few additional functions.
Figure 6: Full Navigation Wheel
The "Rewind" button on the navigation wheel presents a timeline of thumbnails representing
various views that have been used during the modeling session. Simply release the mouse
button with the cursor positioned at the thumbnail representing the view to which you wish to
jump. This is more convenient than pressing the previous or next view buttons multiple times.
For additional information concerning these view controls, consult the User's Guide.
Legacy View Controls in Autodesk Algor Simulation
Traditional view controls and options are also provided via the pull-down menus and toolbars
at the top of the user interface window. Options for displaying or hiding the mesh or model
shading may be found here as well as eight pre-defined, standard view orientations. The
orientations will depend upon the currently active views options template (previously
discussed in the "Introduction to the ViewCube" section of this introduction).
There is also a "User-defined Views" dialog that may be used to save, modify, or restore
custom views. Additional capabilities include a local zoom feature and display toggles for thescale ruler, miniaxis, and perspective mode.
The "Local Zoom" feature displays a small rectangle that represents the area to be
magnified. A larger rectangle shows an overlay of the magnified region. You may click on
and drag the local zoom window to position it anywhere on the model within the display area.
The size of the local zoom area and magnified overlay and also the zoom level can be
customized via the "Tools: Options: Graphics: Local Zoom" dialog.
For additional information concerning the legacy view controls, consult the Help files.
Notes Concerning the ”Steps for Exercises” Section
Exercise descriptions and step-by-step solutions are provided in a separate section at the back
of this Instructor Manual. Excerpts from the Steps for Exercises section may be printed and
distributed to the students as desired.
In addition, please refer to the Forward portion of the Steps for Exercises section for detailed
information regarding the necessary program setup parameters. Using the specified
configuration at each workstation will ensure the expected software behavior for instructor
and student alike.
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© 2010 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.
NOTE: For details concerning beam element
orientation, access the “Contents” tab of
the Help files, go to “ Autodesk Algor
Simulation: Setting Up and Performing
the Analysis: Setting Up Part 1: Linear:
Element Types and Parameters: BeamElements.” Scroll down the resultant page,
and click on the “ Beam Element
Orientation” heading.
Beam Elements (continued)
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© 2010 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thermal
Analyses
Other Analysis Types
Slide 158:
© 2010 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thermal Analyses
• Steady-State Heat Transfer
• Transient Heat Transfer
The follow ing two types of thermal analysis
are available:
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© 2010 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thermal Elements
• Thermal elements are geometricallyidentical to the corresponding structural
elements. The available types are:
– Rod (this is a line element) – 2-D – Plate – Brick
Slide 160:
© 2010 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thermal Nodal Loads
• Initial Temperature – Specify the temperature of a node(s) at the
beginning of the analysis (transient analysis).
• Applied Temperature
– Specify a temperature at which a node(s) will beheld during the analysis. A stiffness value specifiesthe amount of thermal energy (heat source or heat
sink) available for maintaining the temperature.
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© 2010 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thermal Surface Loads
• Convection – Assign a convection coefficient and the ambient
temperature.
• Radiation – Assign the radiation function and the ambient
temperature.
• Heat Flux – Assign the amount of heat added or removed perunit area.
Slide 162:
© 2010 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.
Thermal Element Loads
• Heat Generation – Enter the amount of volumetric heat generated in a
given part.
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Body-to-Body Radiation
• Define the surfaces that wi ll exchange heatthrough radiation and assign emissivity
values.
• Define body-to-body radiation enclosures(i.e., groups of surfaces that wil l radiate
to/from each other).
• The processor wil l automatically calculatethe view factors between elements.
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Thermal Contact
• Used to simulate imperfect thermal conductionbetween two parts or the resistance of a
substance that is not modeled (such as epoxy)
between two parts.
• Define contact pairs in the FEA Editorenvironment.
• Define the resistance value between thesurfaces.
• Applicable to 3D CAD, hand-built, and 2-Dmodels.
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Thermal Results
• Temperature• Heat flux (energy / time / length2)• Heat rate of face (energy / time)
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Exercise L - Thermal Model
• Objective: Analyzethe thermal effects of a material containinghot and cold water passages. Use a meshsize of 80% of default.
• Material: Steel (ASTM - A514)
• Loads: – Largest Hole: Convection coefficient = 1.4
Ambient temperature= 65°F
– Second Largest Hole: Convection coefficient = 2.8 Ambient temperature = 180°F
Fsecin
lbsin2 °
Fsecin
lbsin2 °
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Electrostatic
Analyses
Other Analysis Types
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Electrostatic Analyses
• Electrostatic Field Strength and Voltage
• Electrostatic Current and Coltage
The following two types of electrostatic
analysis are available:
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Electrostatic Elements
• Electrostatic 2-D and brick elements aregeometrically identical to the analogous
structural elements.
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Electrostatic Nodal Loads
• Applied Voltages – Specify a certain voltage at which a node(s) will
be held, due to a voltage source.
• Temperatures – Specify the temperature of a node(s) to influence
the electrostatic results when temperature-
dependent material properties are being used.
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Electrostatic Results• Voltage (Volts or mV)• Current (Amps or mA / length2)• Current Rate of Face (Amps or mA)• Electric field (voltage/length)• Displacement field (force/voltage * length)
•Electrostatic force
• Electrostatic charge (current * time)
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Electrostatic Analysis Exercise
Refer to the software’s “ Help: Tutorials” menu
command. Follow the “ Radial Comb Motor
Electrostatic Analysis” tutorial listed under
“ Analyzing and Evaluating Results Tutorials”
for further information on performing anelectrostatic analysis.
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Fluid Flow
Analyses
Other Analysis Types
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Fluid Flow Analyses
• Steady Fluid Flow• Unsteady Fluid Flow
• Flow Through Porous Media• Open Channel Flow
The following four types of fluid flow analysis
are available:
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Fluid Flow Elements
• The fluid flow 2-D and brick elements aregeometrically identical to the analogous
structural elements.
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Fluid Flow Loads
• Prescribed Veloci ty – Can be used to specify an inlet velocity or zero
velocity along a wall.
• Surface Prescr ibed Inlet/Outlet• Fan Curves
– Can be used to model flow generated by intake,exhaust or internal fans.
• Rotating Frames of Reference – Can be used to model flow in rotating machinery.
• Gravity
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Fluid Flow Loads (continued)
• Pressure/Traction – Applied normal to the edge of 2-D elements (selected
as surfaces since the edges represent surfaces).
– Applied normal to the face of 3-D elements. – Applied in a specified vector direction to the edge
surface of 2-D elements or the face of 3-D elements.
• Buoyancy Force – Apply thermal results from a steady-state heat
transfer analysis to a steady fluid flow analysis.
• Surface Prescribed Turbulence Condition• Surface Prescribed Wall Roughness
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Fluid Flow Results
• Velocity (length/time)• Pressure (force/length2)• Stress tensors (force/length2)
• Reaction forces
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Fluid Flow Analysis
Refer to the software’s “ Help: Tutorials” menu
command. Follow the “ Ball Valve Fluid Flow
Analysis” tutorial l isted under “ Analyzing and
Evaluating Results Tutorials” for further
information on performing a fluid flow analysis.
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Mechanical
Event
Simulation(MES)
Other Analysis Types
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Mechanical Event Simulation (MES)
MES overcomes many limitations of static stress
analysis by account ing for…
• Geometric nonlinearity (large deformations that changethe load and/or constraint posit ions and directions)
• Acceleration/inertia• Damping• Motion-enabled contact or impact (that is, surface-to-
surface contact that changes over time due to motion orcomponent deformation)
• Nonlinear material behavior (such as plastic deformationdue to exceeding the material yield st rength).
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Mechanical Event Simulation (MES)(continued)
Other MES characteristics:
• Loads and results are time-dependent, providingmany instantaneous results “ snapshots” over auser-defined period of time.
• Load curves are used to define how the givenloads vary over time.
• Multiple results t ime steps are provided for post-processing.
• Results may be graphed versus time. The integraland first or second derivative of the results mayalso be graphed.
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Comparison of Linear Static Stress and MES
{f} = [K] {d}
Where: {f} = force vector, [K] = stiffness matrix, {d} = displacement vector
Previously, we introduced the following governing
equation for static stress analysis:
For MES, additional terms are included, resulting
in the following equation:
{ } [ ]{ } [ ]{ } }]{[ dmdcdKf ++=Where: [c] = damping matrix, [m] = mass matrix,
= velocity vector (first derivative of displacement),
= acceleration vector (second derivative of displacement)
{ }dd
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© 2010 Autodesk, Inc. All rights reserved.
MES – Shell Elements
• MES shell elements are similar tolinear plate elements. They are
triangular or quadrilateral, are
planar (or nearly planar), and have
three or four corner nodes.
• There are several availableformulations (consult the Help f ilesfor more information).
• Composites are a subset of shellelements in MES, rather than a
separate element type.
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MES – Kinematic Elements
• Kinematic elements can be either 2-D or3-D elements.
• Kinematic elements do not experience strainsand do not report stresses. Otherwise, these
elements behave just like flexible brick
elements.
• They have an advantage over conventionalbrick elements because of their smallcontribution to the size of the global stiffness
matrix. This results in faster run times.
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MES – Contact Elements
• Contact elements can havedifferent sti ffness values in
compression and tension.
• These elements can also have abreaking stress at which point
the stif fness will be zero.
• These elements can be used tosimulate cables.
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MES – Coupling Elements
• Coupling elements aid in thesimulation of parts that "couple"
at a known length.
• This coupling is modeled byintroducing a stiffness when it
reaches this length. This
stiffness is calculated using the
modulus of elasticity, a couplingarea, and the length of the
element.
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MES – Dashpot Elements
• Dashpot elements can be usedto apply local damping to a
model.
• You can specify a dampingcoefficient that will control howmuch these elements affect
motion.
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MES – Actuator Elements
• Actuator elements are lineelements whose lengths can
change over t ime.
• They are used to simulatedefined movement of a part
(such as hydraulic cylinders orsolenoids).
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MES – Slider Elements
• A slider element consists of twocollinear lines connected at one
node.
• The node in the middle will beallowed to move along the linedefined by the other two points,
letting the node “ slide” such as
if it were in a guide or slot.
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MES – Pulley Elements
• Pulley elements consistof three nodes: driver,pivot, and slack.
• As the driver nodemoves toward or awayfrom the pivot , the slacknode will move in the
opposite direction by aset relationship.
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MES – Pipe Elements
• Pipe elements allow you tomodel piping systems under
internal pressure loads.
• The pipe elements can be eitherstraight sections or bends.
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MES – Hydrodynamic Elements
• Hydrodynamic elementscan be either 2-D or 3-D
elements.
• These elements allow forthe simulation of the
interaction of f luids with
solids without consideringthe details of the flow.
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MES – Impact Planes
• Specify a wall, floor, or ceiling parallel tothe global X, Y and Z axes.
• Objects will not be able to pass through thisplane.
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MES – Surface-to-Surface Contact• Specify two or more surfaces that may come
into contact during the event duration.
• Can include static and dynamic fr iction effects.• A “ slide, no bounce” option is available to
prevent objects from separating once they’ve
come into contact.
• Consult the Help f iles for more informationconcerning the various surface contact options
and parameters.
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Mechanical Event Simulation Example
For an introductory level mechanical event
simulation (MES) example, refer to the
software’s “ Help: Tutorials” menu command.
Follow the “ Piston Mechanical Event
Simulation” tutorial listed under “ Analyzing
and Evaluating Results Tutorials.”
Also, refer to “ Example M” (next slide) for a
more complex and challenging MES example
involv ing surface number reassignment and
surface-to-surface contact.
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