Faba Beans

Food Security  and Climate Changein Dry Areas

Amman, Jordan1‐4 Feb 2010

FABA BEAN AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO FOOD SECURITY 

IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

J I C b (U i f Có d b )J. I. Cubero (Univ. of Córdoba) Carmen Ávila (IFAPA)Ana Mª Torres (IFAPA)Córdoba, Spain

An increasing populationis the strongest challenge

t d t l f dto produce not only more foodbut also

more plant-derived products

According to FAO, the world agrarian production should duplicate for 2050should duplicate for 2050

to guarantee food for a world population of about9.000 million inhabitants

TO FULFILL THE NEEDS,WE HAVE TO

INCREASE THE PRODUCTIONIN A SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

MAINTAINING THE POTENTIAL OF THEENVIRONMENT AND EVEN IMPROVING IT

IS A MUST

INCREASING FOODINCREASING FOODCHALLENGES

Impact on climatic changeE i t l i t f i ltEnvironmental impacts of agricultureRising cost of food productsFood safetyPublic resistance to chemical usePublic resistance to chemical use

NEW CROPS ARE INDEED NEEDED,

BUT WHY NOT TO START WITHIMPROVING AND EVEN REMODELLING

TRADITIONAL CROPS…?

ESPECIALLY THOSE THATESPECIALLY THOSE THAT DO MAINTAIN AND IMPROVETHE FERTILITY OF THE SOILTHE FERTILITY OF THE SOIL

WHILE PROVIDING FOOD AND FEED

FOR EXAMPLE, PULSES

Pulses: world cultivated areaBUT...

80

90

100

Mill

ones

haSoya NO

60

70

80

GarbanzosHabasGuisantesAlt20

08)  M h CHANGES

Pulses

40

50ha

AltramuzCaupíFrijoles secosGuandúLentejasre

a (200

0‐ Pulses (faba

beans)still are

20

30

LentejasVezaSoja

Cultivated a Common beans (dry) the poor

man food

Other pulses

0

10

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

C

Faba beans2000                                                                                        2008

Other pulses

FAOSTAT, 2009

The reason is a very low research work on pulses

M ha Main crops at world level

250WheatRiceMaize

150

200MaizeSoya (oil crop)Barley Sorghum

100

SorghumMilletCottonB (Ph l )

0

50Beans (Phaseolus)SunflowerSugar cane0Potato

Yields, in general <1t/ha

M haM ha

Yields, in general <1t/ha

25

30

But faba bean >1t/ha

1015

20ha

t

/

0

5

10

beans

chickpea s

cowpea

peas

lentils

Faba bea

lupins

vetch

s ns

WHAT IS REQUIREDWHAT IS REQUIRED

R i t t t

Adaptability

Agronomic performance

Resistance to stresses

Nutritional value

XXth century

2000 BP

>1500 AC

>8000 BP

XXth century

Faba bean problems

Low yields BUT

Lack of improved varieties

BUT

WE WILL SEE THAT

Poor mechanization THERE HAVE BEEN

Biotic and abiotic stresses

N t iti l t i t

ADVANCES IN ALL

THESE FIELDSNutritional constraints THESE FIELDS

TO

SUCCEEDSUCCEED

IS

POSSIBLE

AGRICULTURALAGRICULTURAL REFORMS…

AND BREEDING…AND BREEDING EFFORTS

NEVER FORGET THEIR

ROLE IN THE SOIL ROLE IN THE SOIL:

THE NATURAL nodules

AND UNLIMITED

SOURCE OF NITROGENSOURCE OF NITROGEN N

C

rhizobiumAt f i N

Chickpeas 24‐84

Beans 12‐215

Faba bean 178-251 N (kg/ha/year) rhizobiumAtmosferic‐ N

NH4+

Faba bean 178-251

Peas 174‐196

Lentils 167‐189

N (kg/ha/year)

It can be used as a forage crop

or as a green manure

Forage yield

70000

40000

50000

60000

a Trat 1

10000

20000

30000

40000

kg/h

a Trat 1

Trat 2

Trat 3

0

10000

barbecho habas vezas narbonensisfallow Faba bean vetch narbonensis

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURESUSTAINABLE AGRICULTUREIS IMPOSSIBLE

WITHOUT LEGUMES:WITHOUT LEGUMES:

Faba beans are among the bestgN-fixing crops

Th h b dThere have been many advances…

Traditional (indeterminate) habit Determinate habit

Determinateplusplus

Low tannin content

NEW TYPESNEW TYPES HAVE BEENOBTAINED

91.5 99.6 148.8111

Indeterminate  FCF F50FA FTFF1VM

91.5 99.6 148.811191.8 97.8 108.6Determinate  107.9February April JunePODDING

FCF F50FA FTFF1VM

Rapid maturity allowsRapid maturity allowsto “escape” from

a dry spring

Resistance toOrobanche crenata

(broomrape)(broomrape)

“Baraca”Rebaya 40 x F 216

F 402 EgyptF 402 Egypt

F 402 (Vf 1071) x ‘Alameda’

Spain

‘Baraca’

RUSTRUSTASCOCHYTABOTRYTIS:

Genes for resistanceare knownare known

Pathogen Stress factor

Antinutr. factor

Genotype with favourable trait

(examples) Findings Contact

Orobanche 2 QTL: Oc2 (OPAC06 )

Eufaba findingsOrobanche

crenata Giza402; Baraka; Vf136 2 QTL: Oc2 (OPAC06342), Oc3(OPAA07807)

Botrytis fabae BPL710, B261 In progress Monogenic ge2ruozd@uco es

2N52 Monogenic

hypersensitivity Uvf-1(OPI20900) Uromyces fabae

B261 Slow rusting, quantitative resistance; in progress

ge2ruozd@uco.es anam.torres.romero@jun-

tadeandalucia.es resistance; in progress

Vf6 2 QTL; Af1(OPAB071026), Af2(OPE171272) Ascochyta fabae

29H 2 QTL; Af3(OPG041131), Af4(OPJ18655)Af4(OPJ18655)

Drought ILB938/2 Winter frost Côte d’Or, Hiverna

Quantitative genetic traits with heterosis; in progress

H.Khan6@wlv.ac.uk wlink@gwdg.de

Monogenic recessive lowVicin, Convicin Mélodie, Disco

Monogenic recessive low content vc-; white seed

hilum at < 10cM distance

Tannin Gloria, DiscoMonogenic recessive zero content “zt1”, “zt2”; white

duc@epoisses.inra.fr anam.torres.romero@jun-

tadeandalucia.es

24

, , ;flower at 0,0 cM

Source: W.Link, 2006

Advances…

The availability of model species:Medicago truncatula y Lotus japonicus

Mapping and DNA sequenciation of the M. truncatula genome

Progress in MAS (marker-assisted selection)

Although still in the first steps:

Active work on sinteny, Studies on gene expressionChromosome “walking”gIdentification of candidate genes

And even…

In vitro regeneration

and

Transformation

Agrobacterium – Mediated transformation  of Vicia faba embryo axes

Agrobacterium

g f y

S d T1 f b

Embryonic axes explants

DirectTransformation(Particle GUN PDS1000 Helium)

Seeds, T1 after abouttotal 10-11 months

Selection on 2 mg/l PPT and Agrobacterium elimination

by timienteny

In vitro grafting

(Hanafy et al. 2005)

H.Kiesecker, Cordoba Oct. 2006

Shooting on MS medium + B5 vit.+4.5 mg/l BAP + 0.1mg/l NAAunder selection pressure (6 months)

Limitations of genetic engineering in d f b bpea and faba bean

Low transformation efficiency between 0,3 and 0,6%

MAB for transformability

Expression instability of transgenes

•Enhancement of transformation efficiency•Co‐expression of silencing suppressors

H.Kiesecker, Cordoba Oct. 2006

STILL UNEXPLORED VARIABILITYSTILL UNEXPLORED VARIABILITY

Ana Mª Torres

Carmen Ávila

31MBead

30

31

%)

r=-0.03

Gobo

Pistache

Increasing the seed protein content:

29

ent (

NIR

S,

Styria

Gloria

P l

MusicMars

Just the motivation to do the breeding job is

missing. 28

otei

n co

nte Scirocco

Maya AlfredKarna

Pelep

Troy

27

Seed

pro

L2(Min. x CEx.)L1(Min. x CEx.)

HFreyaVictor

261 2 3 4 5 6 7

Yield performance (t/ha)

Merkur

32

Yield performance (t/ha)

Zeid et al., 2004Source: W.Link, 2006

77

HETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY

6

7

6

7

sr = 0.85**

5

6

5

62

cros

se

Zeid et al.,2002Heterosis

HYBRIDS

4

5

4

5

eld

of 6

2

Faba bean data4 i 2 4

Heterosis

33

Hyb

rid y

ie 4 environm. r = 2-46m² plot size

Heterosis

22

H

2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 02 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 02.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.02.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0Parental means of 62 crosses

Source: W.Link, 2006

HETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY

SYNTHETICS

Fouad Maalouf

52

HETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY

46

48

50

40

42

44

(q/h

a) SYNTHETICS

36

38

40

Yiel

d (

32

34

Syn 0P Syn 1 Syn 2 Syn 3 Syn 4

Synthetic generation

Superiority of synthetic populations over their homozygous t (St lli t l 1994)components (Stelling et al., 1994)

Source: W.Link, 2006

Nutritional value  “Vikinga” 

(from Amcor x ZT)

White hilum

White flower (low t i t t)tannin content)

High yieldAmcor

Closed flowers

Wild type Wild type flowers

WHAT ABOUT DROUGHT TOLERANCE?

2000

2500

3000

Córdoba 

Drought tolerance

0

500

1000

1500

kg/h

a (S. Spain)

0

w ithout glyphosate w ith glyphosate

A hi h

Logroño

A very high

GxE interactionEUFABA trial in Spain: the same cultivars

kg/ha

300035004000

g

(N. Spain)

0500

10001500200025003000

0

Drought Stress Trial 2005 at GöttingenDrought tolerance

500

stre

ssMediterr. cvs.ICARDACondor x ILB938German genotypes

Yield (g/plot)

Th400

drou

ght German genotypes There are

possibilitiesof maintaining

200

300

ot u

nder

MélodieFuego

CI15

Alameda

B k

BA712

CI37 CI41Lobo

of maintaining the potential

under dry

100

200

d pe

r plo Condor/1

r=0 65

Fr.xEnantia CI15

CI29

ILB938ILB2282/1

Enantia

Barakay

conditions

0

Yie

ld

0 100 200 300 400 500

ILB2282/2 r 0.65

LSD(5%)

0 100 200 300 400 500Yield per plot with irrigation

Source: W.Link, 2006

Advances…

MOLECULAR METHODS ARE AVAILABLE(INCLUDING MICROCHIPS),

ALTHOUGH NOT IN SUCH A STANDARD ALTHOUGH NOT IN SUCH A STANDARD WAY AS IN OTHER CROPS:

THERE ARE ONLY A FEW TEAMS...

PROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysisPROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysis

TANNIN CONTENT VICINE-CONVICINE

L H L H M L H M

OPB9

OPH1

Fig. 1 DNA patterns for primers OPP17

OPP17 OPU2

OPH1

gand OPU2. Polymorphic bands withincontrasted bulks for tannin content (L:low; H: high), are indicated by arrows.

M: molecular-weight marker φx174/Hae III.

Fig. 2 DNA patterns for primers OPB9 and OPH1 in the 7 F2individuals of each contrasted bulk. RAPD markers linked tohigh (H) vicine-convicine content are indicated by arrows.M: molecular weight marker φx174/Hae III

EUFABA- Córdoba, 6-7 March 2003 Partner 2: UCOEUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCOEUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCO

M: molecular-weight marker φx174/Hae III.

PROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysisPROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysis

A ti t iti l f t t i d i i i iAntinutritional factors: tannins and vicine-convicine Cross 6 x zt2

- 39 polymorphic markers identified in the pools (white vs normal flower)- Test for consistent detection and subsequent analysis on the individuals- Test for consistent detection and subsequent analysis on the individuals

that formed each bulk

Cross 6 x zvc

- 48 RAPD markers present in only one of the pools8 a e s p ese t o y o e o t e poo s- Up to now, 4 of them displayed consistent detection in each of the F2

individuals of the bulk

EUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCOEUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCO-

Previous results from QTL analysis (F )Previous results from QTL analysis (F )

WP 5 DNA marker analysisWP 5 DNA marker analysis

Previous results from QTL analysis (F2)Previous results from QTL analysis (F2)- Orobanche crenata

3 QTLs identified (Or1, Or2 and Or3; R2 = 74%)Roman et al. (2002). Genome 45:1057-1063

- Ascochyta fabae6 136 Af1 (Ch 3 R2 25%)6x136 Af1 (Chrom. 3, R2 = 25%)

Af2 (Chrom. 2; R2 = 21%)

29H X 136 Af1 (Chrom. 3, R2 = 20%)Af2 (Chrom. ?; R2 = 22%)

Roman et al. (2003). Australian J. Agric. Res. 54:85-90Avila CM, (2002) PhD. Thesis Distance (cM) Marker name

5 RAPDs linked to Uvf-1Monogenic traits: rust resistanceMonogenic traits: rust resistance

OPR07930

OPP021172

OPD13736

OPL181032

1.6

2.8

0.0

7.1

EUFABA- Córdoba, 6-7 March 2003 Partner 2: UCO

Avila CM et al. (2003). TAG 107: 353-358 OPI20900

Uvf 10.0

EUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCOEUFABA- Prague, September 2003 Partner 2: UCO

Distance (cM) Marker name

MAPPINGDistance (cM) Marker name

OPR07930

OPP021172

OPD13736

1.6

2.8

0.0

OPL181032

OPI20900

Uvf 1

7.1

0.0

GENE EXPRESSION

New UsesNew Uses

Legumes (other than soya)Legumes (other than soya) 

Nutritional value:

Chickpeas (0.69)

Peas (0 67)Peas (0.67)

Faba beans (0.65)

Lentils (0.52)

Whole wheat – legum. flour (0.85)g ( )

Not only

ProteinsMoisture

nutritionbut

Minerals

NEW USES:

Lipid PrebioticsNutraceuticals

Carbohydrate

Nutraceuticals

ADDED VALUE

OTHER PULSES DID IT…

Pea Protein 

Food Ingredients distribution of... 

Pea Starch Pea Fiber Bamboo Fiber Natural and GMO free ingredientsNatural and GMO free ingredients Natural Fibers Micronized Products Low Carbohydrate Formulations Low Fat Formulations Custom Blends Natural Flavor Enhancers Probiotic and Prebiotic Ingredients Probiotic and Prebiotic IngredientsSeasoning Blends

N b C I PO B 766 Will hb OH 44096Norben Company, Inc. • P.O. Box 766 • Willoughby, OH 44096

Source: J. I Boye, 2008

Protein isolate/concentrate alternatives

Proteins of 

soy/pea/ricesoy/pea/rice

Protein shakes

Protein powders

(just add water)

Protein powders

Source: J. I Boye, 2008

Gel/Film

WHY NOT FROM

FABA BEANS?

Designed to heal the wounds  Pea starch

… Cliff Hedley and colleagues from JIC have developed a processfor producing a range of novel film materials from pea starch that may be suitable for use in wound dressing applications… 

Patent Reference: International Patent Publication No. WO 05/118729 E‐contact: adam@pbltechnology.com Source: J. I Boye, 2008

Our pea and bean products are all non‐GMO, gluten‐free,low allergenic, lactose free, natural and very functional. Our pea starch, pea fibre and pea protein concentrates are available in Organic as well

HERE THEY ARE…!available in Organic as well.

Prestige ProteinPropel Protein

Field Pea protein (50%)Yellow field pea (44% )p

Fababean ProteinProgress Protein

Great Northern ProteinB l P t i

Yellow field pea (44% )

Yellow or green field pea (56%)

Barley Protein

THIS IS ADDED VALUESource: J. I Boye, 2008

THIS IS ADDED VALUE

BUT VERY LITTLE CAN BE ACHIEVED

WORKING IN ISOLATION

THE GREATER SUCCESS ON FABA BEAN IN THE PAST

WAS POSSIBLE WITHINWAS POSSIBLE WITHIN

INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS

0 80’ C ( ) CIN THE 70-80’s: EEC (=EU) and ICARDA

SINCE LATE 70s: NILE VALLEY PROJECTSINCE LATE 70s: NILE VALLEY PROJECT

LATE IN THE 80s-90s: EU projectsLATE IN THE 80s 90s: EU projects

CAMAR (coord. Univ. Córdoba)TRANSLEG (coord. Univ. Berlín)EUFABA (coord. IAS, España)GLIP (coord JIC Norwich GB)GLIP (coord. JIC, Norwich, GB)

ALL THESE PROGRAMS PRODUCED

NEW MATERIALSNEW MATERIALS,NEW GENES,

NEW KNOWLEDGENEW KNOWLEDGE,NEW METHODS…

…AND THE FEELING OFBELONGING TO BELONGING TO

ONE SINGLE BUT GREAT TEAM

A good example of collaboration

3 QTLs (Torres et al., 2006)

59

Orobanche crenataF.A. Lohmüller, 2005

Zeid, Ghazy and Link, 2006

AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Development of faba bean productivity and production in the Nile Valley, Red Sea and sub-Saharan region

Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009

Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009

Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009

COLLABORATION… IT CAN BE DONE…

Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009

WHAT FABA BEAN CAN DO FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?

PRODUCING A NATURAL N FERTILIZERPRODUCING A NATURAL N-FERTILIZER

INCREASING THE ORGANIC MATTER IN THE SOIL

ROTATIONS, CROP DIVERSIFICATION

SUSTAINABLE FARMING

FOOD AND FEED DRY AND GREENFOOD AND FEED, DRY AND GREEN

GREATER NUTRITIONAL VALUE ALONE OR BLENDED

NEW FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS

TO SUM UP: AGRICULTURAL AND HEALTH BENEFITS

BUT TO ACHIEVE THESE GOALS,

THE MAGICAL WORD IS…

COOPERATION

THANK YOUTHANK YOUFOR YOUR ATTENTION