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Lateral Oblique Projection
• The film is placed against the side of the patient’s face
• X-ray beam is directed postero-anteriorly from the opposite side
A. Coronoid Process
B. Condyle
C. Sigmoid notch
D. Zygomatic arch
E. Mandibular foramen
F. Hyoid bone
A. Maxillary tuberosityB. Lower border of
mandible (side away from film)
C. Mental foramenD. Superior border of
tongueE. Styloid processF. Mandibular canal
A. Zygomatic process of maxilla
B. Vertrebral column
C. Lower border of mandible (side closer to film)
D. Zygoma
E. Zygomatic arch
Lateral Skull
• Midsagittal plane of the patient’s head is parallel to the film
• X-ray beam is perpendicular to the film
• A= Frontal sinus• B= Floor of the anterior cranial fossa• C= Anterior clinoid process• D= Posterior clinoid process• E= Pituitary fossa
• A= Nasal bone• B= Zygomatic process of the maxilla closer to the film• C= Ethmoid sinus• D= Pterygomaxillary fissure
• A= Orbital plates of frontal bone• B= Orbit• C= Sphenoid sinus• D= Cross section of the greater wing of the sphenoid (ant. wall
of middle cranial fossa)
• A= Zygomatic process of the maxilla closer to the film• B= Zygomatic process of the maxilla further to the film • C= Dorsal border of tongue• D= Pterygoid plate complex• E= Soft palate
PA Skull Projection
• Midsagittal plane of the head is perpendicular to the film
• Forehead and the nose touch the film
• X-ray beam is perpendicular to the film
• A= Lesser wing of sphenoid• B= Ethmoid sinus• C= Middle nasal meatus• D= Oblique orbital line• E= Floor of posterior cranial fossa
• A= Lacrimal canal• B= Middle nasal concha• C= Vomer• D= Mastoid air cells• E= Atlas-occipital condyle articulation
• A= Zygomatic process of maxilla• B= Anterior border of ascending ramus• C= Coronoid process• D= Odontoid process of axis• E= Maxillary tuberosity
• A= Wall of nasal fossa• B= Angle of the mandible• C= Body of the mandible• D= Maxillary sinus• E= Nasal septum
Waters’ Projection
• Midsagittal plane of the head is perpendicular to the film
• chin touches the film• X-ray beam is perpendicular to the
film
• A= Inferior aspect of the base of skull• B= Odontoid process of axis• C= Inferior border of body of mandible
• A= Common nasal meatus• B= Inferior nasal concha• C= Hard palate• D= Superior border of the tongue
A. Articular eminenceB. Sigmoid notchC. Shadow of contralateral mandibleD. Glenoid fossaE. Posterior border of ramusF. Inferior border of mandible
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