Exploring Patents & Citations Using GIS 2008Indiana GIS Conference Indiana Geographic...

Exploring Patents & Citations Using GISExploring Patents & Citations Using GIS20082008 Indiana GIS ConferenceIndiana GIS Conference

Indiana Geographic Information CouncilIndiana Geographic Information Council

Presented byPresented byIndraneel Kumar, AICPIndraneel Kumar, AICP

Eda UnalEda UnalPurdue Center for Regional DevelopmentPurdue Center for Regional Development

Purdue UniversityPurdue University

WhyWhy Study Patents & Citations?Study Patents & Citations?

• Patents are considered “output indicators” Patents are considered “output indicators”

of innovationof innovation

• Inventors are part of human capitalInventors are part of human capital

• Citations are used to study “knowledge flows”; Citations are used to study “knowledge flows”;

spillovers; feedback effectsspillovers; feedback effects

• Knowledge-based assetsKnowledge-based assets

• Innovation & inventors are essential for the Innovation & inventors are essential for the

knowledge economyknowledge economy

OutlineOutline

• National trendsNational trends

• Indiana trendsIndiana trends

• Citations databaseCitations database

• Next steps Next steps

• AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

Top Ten Patents From U.S.Top Ten Patents From U.S.

Patents 1991-1994Patents 1991-1994

Patents 1995-1998Patents 1995-1998

Patents 1999-2002Patents 1999-2002

Patents, 2002Percentile

Distribution

Patents, 2000Percentile

Distribution

Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis

• Percentile distribution of number of patents by states

does not change significantly year-by-year

• From 2000-2002, Illinois lost, Michigan gained

• From 1996-2000, distribution remained almost identical

Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis

Patents per 100,000

population, 2000

Patents per 100,000

population, 2002

• Percentile distribution of number of patents per

100,000 population by states shows a different pattern

• Idaho is leading followed by Minnesota, Vermont, &

Massachusetts during 2000-2002

Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis

Patents per 100,000

Employment, 2000

Patents per 100,000

Employment, 2002

• Percentile distribution of number of patents per

100,000 employment similar to population

• Idaho, Minnesota, Vermont, Massachusetts, &

California

Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis

• Scatter plots between patents,

total employment, professional

and technical services, and

health care and social

assistance employment

• BEA, data suppression issues

Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis

• Does a state with high/low patent counts affect its neighbors?

• Spatial clustering exists or not?

• Do other economic variables affect patents or not?

• Spatial autocorrelation improves after removing

the outliers

Exploratory Spatial Data AnalysisExploratory Spatial Data Analysis

• Patents vs. Spatial Lag variables of Total

Employment and Professional and Technical

Employment in 2002

• Excluding a few outliers, the direction of slope

does change

Patents From IndianaPatents From Indiana

• From Year 1963-2002; 43,485 Utility Patents were

granted

• First Inventor’s home address is Indiana

• At a state level, home and work place address

usually is the same

• Exception is the counties at the “Edge”

neighboring major metropolitan areas (Northeast

Indiana & Chicago; Dearborn County & Cincinnati)

• At a metropolitan level, home and work place

address might match

• At a county level, home and work place address

might not match

• Inter-county commuting is prevalent in Indiana,

particularly within metropolitan areas

• Selection of spatial scale is important !!!

• Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA) reveals

that a sub-state geography might be a useful scale

for study

Patents From IndianaPatents From Indiana

Top Ten Patents From Indiana by ClassTop Ten Patents From Indiana by Class

Determining Patent Citations: Class 514Determining Patent Citations: Class 514

• Class 514 Indiana Patents in 2002

• 102 Patents Cited 917 Patents

• 25 Different States including Indiana

• 30% Cited Patents are from other

countries

Citing-Cited Database (22 million records)

Patents Database(3.4 million records)

Determining Patent Citations: Class 514Determining Patent Citations: Class 514

Determining Patent Citations: Class 514Determining Patent Citations: Class 514

Determining InventorsDetermining Inventors

in progress….

Determining InventorsDetermining Inventors

in progress….

Next StepsNext Steps

• Tests of significance

• County level mapping by different patent

classes

• County level distribution of inventors

• Relationships to regional growth, if any!

AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

• In this presentation, the data was taken from “The

NBER Patent Citations Data File: Lessons, Insights

and Methodological Tools” by Brownyn H. Hall, Adam

B. Jaffe, and Manuel Trajtenberg; University of

California at Berkeley

• Florida International University

•Spatial Analysis Laboratory, GeoDa, UIUC

• ET GeoWizards; Hawths Tools

• ESRI ArcGIS Spatial Statistics Toolbox

Thank You!!Thank You!!

Indraneel Kumar- ikumar@purdue.edu

Eda Unal- unale@purdue.edu