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Exploration, Absolutism, & Enlightenment!
Age of Exploration!
Effects of the Renaissance
•More ideas called into question•People want a greater understanding of
their world•Ideas most commonly called into
question:▫Religion – caused the Reformation▫Known world – caused the Age of
Exploration▫Understanding the world – caused the
Scientific Revolution
Age of Exploration•Trade and curiosity spark exploration•Governments used to sponsor most voyages
▫Government leaders desired land, resources, trade routes, etc.
•Governments sponsoring exploratory voyages:▫Portuguese▫Spanish▫French▫English▫Dutch
Signed the Treaty of Tordesillas (divided world in half to eliminate conflicts
Main Explorations & Explorers• Bartolomeu Dias (1488)
▫Reached Indian Ocean via African coast• Christopher Columbus (1492)
▫Pretty well known• Vasco da Gama (1498)
▫Sailed around Africa to India• Hernán Cortés (1519)
▫Fought Aztecs in South America• Fransisco Pizarro (1522)
▫Fought Incans in South America• Ferdinand Magellan (1522)
▫Circumnavigated the world
Results of Exploration• Positives
▫ Columbian Exchange Unique products traded
between hemispheres▫ Mercantilism
Export more than you import
▫ Increase in capitalism People pooling money to
form larger corporations (joint stock companies)
▫ New products▫ New colonies
• Negatives▫ Slave trade
Middle passage of Triangle Trade
▫ Imperialism▫ Diseases to indigenous
people
Absolutism!
Absolutism
•Use your resources to define absolutism.•How can a government demonstrate
absolutism?•What historical examples of absolutism
are you aware of?
Examples of Absolutism: France• Louis the XIV
▫Became king at 23 after riots▫Weakened the power of the nobles/strengthened
intendants (civil servants of France)▫Increased mercantilism, fur trade, factories = $$$
$$▫Palace at Versailles ($2 billion)
2000 rooms, 15,000 acres of gardens, 1400 fountains
Extravagant meals Control of nobles
▫“I am the State.”
Palace at Versailles
•Phillip II▫Son of Charles V, takes control of Spain▫Gains Portugal in 1580
Gains control of areas in Africa, India, & West Indies
▫Begins gaining incredible wealth through gold & silver Gold: 339,000 pounds ($5.97+ billion) Silver: 32,000,000 pounds ($8.40+ billion)
▫El Escorial
Examples of Absolutism: Spain
Examples of Absolutism: Hapsburgs•Family ruled Austria, Holy Roman Empire, &
Spain•Fought Thirty Years War
▫Catholics vs. Protestants primarily, but also over internal politics
▫French Catholics join Swedish Lutherans against the Catholic Hapsburgs
▫Peace of Westphalia: strengthened French monarchy by expanding lands German princes independent of HRE Weakened Hapsburgs in Spain & Austria
•Despite weakened state, power continued to grow
•Austria▫Strong Catholic state▫United various German groups through
negotiations and violence▫Maria Theresa
First female ruler Persuaded Hungarians to support Austrians
against Prussian control
Examples of Absolutism: Hapsburgs
• Prussia▫New Protestant power▫Peace of Westphalia allowed Prussian states to be
organized under Hohenzollern family▫Took power away from nobles (Junkers)▫Military state under Frederick William I
Junkers given military and government positions
▫Frederick II Forced to watch friend’s beheading Sparked War of the Austrian Succession w/Maria Theresa
Examples of Absolutism: Hapsburgs
Enlightenment!
Enlightenment Ideas
•Renaissance & Scientific Revolution expanded knowledge base in Europe & the way people looked at the world.
•Human reason leads to the question of natural laws (laws that govern human nature)
•Use of reason could solve problems or answer questions in every area
Enlightenment Ideas
•Social Contract: people give up natural rights for an organized society▫Thomas Hobbes
People cannot be trusted Absolute monarchy
▫John Locke People inherently good Government must be
accepted by the people
Enlightenment Ideas
•Montesquieu▫Studied every government possible▫Separation of powers
Limited monarchy of Britain protected against tyranny, but he misunderstood their organization
Idea stuck though•Philosophes (“lovers of wisdom”)
▫Use of reason could be used to change government, law, & society
Philosophes• Voltaire
▫ Spoke out against corruption in government
▫ Wrote against inequality, injustice, slave trade, religious prejudice, etc.
• Rousseau▫ People good, but
corrupted▫ Minimal controls needed
by elected government▫ Good of community over
good of the individual
• Diderot▫ Wrote articles to improve
general knowledge & thinking
▫ Compiled in Encyclopedia▫ Not accepted by French
government or the Pope
Enlightenment Ideas Spread!• Economics
▫ Rejection of mercantilism▫ Laissez Faire
“hands off” Little to no government
interference in the economy
▫ Adam Smith The Wealth of Nations Market should regulate
business Supply & demand drove
economics
• Enlightened despots▫ Frederick the Great of
Prussia▫ Catherine the Great of
Russia▫ Joseph II of Austria
• Revolutions▫ American Revolution▫ French Revolution▫ Industrial Revolution
Indirectly, but the result of changing the accepted ways of doing things
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