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Arthropods are different from all other animals because they are eucoelomates with a hard, segmented body. The phylum Arthropoda (jointed-foot) consists of most of the known animals and many are enormously abundant as individuals. The general characteristics of the arthropods include a hard exoskeleton called a cuticle made up of chitin and proteins. This hard exoskeleton gives the organism’s segmented body protection and a place for muscle attachment. Arthropods also have jointed appendages that allow for specialized functions. They have an organ system level or organization and they are triploblastic. There are five subphyla: Trilobita, Checlicerata, Crustacea, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda.
Subphylum: Trilobita
This subphylum (like other
arthropods) have paired
appendages.
They are segmented
without any specialization.
This subphylum are all
extinct (Permian era –
250 mya)
Subphylum: Cheliceriformes
Cheliceriformes all have 6 pairs of
appendages. The first pair is modified into
chelicerae. The next pair are modified into
pedipalps. The last 4 pairs are walking
legs. These animals have one or two body
regions (cephalothorax and abdomen).
These animals do not have a mandible or
any antennae.
Class: Eurypterids
The Eurypterids
or water
scorpions are
animals that are
now extinct. They
were normally
marine and
freshwater
predators.
Class: Merostomata
These organisms
(horseshoe crabs) are
found in shallow coastal
waters. The first pair of
appendages are modified
into chelicerae but the
second pair is not
modified into pedipalps
like other cheliceriformes.
The Horseshow crab’s
larvae look similar to the
extinct trilobites.
Class: Pycnogonida
These organisms (sea
spiders) are usually found
in shallow coastal waters
and many polar oceans.
These animals often have
eight legs (like true
spiders) but may have
extra legs from their
segments being
duplicated.
These organisms include spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. Spiders contain modified chelicerae which are used as fangs to inject poison. They also have a special gland that can produce silk used for webs, eggs, escape, and courtship. Scorpions are the first terrestrial invertebrates. Their pedipalps are modified into pinchers and their tail is modified into a stinger. Ticks and mites are parasitic.
Class: Arachnida
Subphylum: Crustacea
Crustacea have two pair of antennae.
Each appendage is biramous (two main
branches). They have mandibles. These
animals have two or three body regions
(cephalothorax and abdomen or head,
thorax, and abdomen). These animals are
mostly marine.
Isopoda
The isopods are the
most diverse
crustaceans. These
animals are found in
terrestrial, freshwater,
and saltwater
habitats.
Copepoda
The copepods are
animals that are
among the most
numerous members
of the marine and
freshwater plankton
community.
Cirrepedia
Barnicles are animals
that are exclusively
marine, and tend to
live in shallow and
tidal waters, typically
in erosive settings.
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Myriapods all have appendages that are
uniramous (one main branch). The body is
long with a distinct head. The have one
pair of antennae. These animals also have
a mandible.
Class: Chilopoda
These organisms are
centipedes. They
have one pair of
jointed legs per
segment. They have
poison claws and are
predators.
Class: Diplopoda
These organisms are
millipedes. They have
two pair or jointed
legs per segment.
(Two segments have
fused together). They
are herbivores.
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Hexapods all have 6 appendages, each
pair are attached to a segment of the
thorax. The body consists of a distinct
head, thorax, and abdomen. They have
one pair of antennae. These animals also
have a mandible.
Class: Insecta
Insects are the most diverse of all arthropods. They may have been the cause of angiosperm diversity. Know the orders that are demonstrated here.
Arthropoda Level of Organization Organ-system
Tissue Layers Triploblastic
Digestive System Alimentary Canal with
modified mouth parts
Excretory System Nephridia
Circulatory System Open system with heart
Respiratory System Skin, gills, tracheae or book
lungs
Nervous System Dorsal brain with ring
connected to ventral cords
Body Cavity True
Asexual Reproduction Budding in some
Sexual Reproduction Usually Dioecious
Phylum: Echinodermata
The word Echinodermata means “spiny skin”.
These animals demonstrate secondary radial
symmetry as adults (evolved from bilateral
symmetry back to radial symmetry) while the
larvae stage still exhibits bilateral symmetry.
They are probably more closely related to the
vertebrates because of their deuterostome
development. Unique to echinoderms is the
water vascular system used for locomotion,
feeding and food exchange.
Echinoderm Structures
(P 126 Figure 7.100)
Oral Side: Side with mouth
Arboral Side: side without mouth
Madreporite: opening into water vascular system
Ambulacral Grooves: Radiating grooves that contain tube feet
Pedicellariae: pincer-like organs on surface (see compound microscope)
Papillae: skin gills
Echinodermata Classes Class Characteristics Examples
Asteroidea Pentaradial
symmetry Sea stars
Ophiuroidea Pentaradial
symmetry Brittle stars
Echinoidea Disk-shaped, no
arms, spines Sea urchin
Holothuroidea Cucumber-
shaped, no arms,
no spines
Sea cucumbers
Crinoidea Sessile, arms
used for filter-
feeding
Sea lillies
Class: Asteroidea
Sea stars have five
arms that radiate from
a central disc. They
have an open
ambulacral groove.
The madreporite is on
the aboral side. They
contain both
pedicellariae and
dermal branchiae.
Class: Ophiuroidea
They have five thin
arms radiating from a
central disc. They
have a closed
ambulacral groove.
The madreporite is on
the oral side. They do
not have pedicellariae
or dermal branchiae.
The Sea urchins have no
arms but have five rows
of tube feet. They contain
moveable spines. They
have closed ambulacral
grooves. They
madreporite is on the
aboral side. They contain
pedicellariae and dermal
branchiae. They have
specialized jaw-like
structures called an
Aristotle’s lantern.
Class:
Echinoidea
Class:
Holothuroidea Sea cucumbers are
soft bodied animals
with ambulacral areas
with tube feet. They
have an internal
madreporite. They
have no pedicellariae
or dermal branchiae.
The sea lilies are
attached to the
substrate with
many branched
arms. They have
open ambulacral
grooves. They
have no
madreporite,
pedicellariae or
dermal branchiae.
Class:
Crinoidea
Bipinnaria Larvae
The larvae form is
evidence that this
phyla has evolved
radial symmetry from
a bilateral ancestor.
The larvae form is
used for dispersal.
Echinodermata Level of Organization Organ-system
Tissue Layers Triploblastic
Digestive System Alimentary canal
Excretory System Absent
Circulatory System Reduced if at all
Respiratory System Dermal branchiae, tube
feet, respiratory tree
Nervous System No brain, nerve ring with
radial nerves
Body Cavity True
Asexual Reproduction Regeneration
Sexual Reproduction Dioecious
Phylum: Chordata
The Phylum Chordata
include animals that sometime in their life cycle have a notochord (for muscle attachment), a hollow dorsal nerve cord (to send nervous signals), pharyngeal slits (various functions) and a post-anal tail (movement). The three subphyla are Urochordata, Cephalochordata, and Vertebrata.
29
Subphylum: Urochordata
The Tunicates or
Sea Squirts contain
only the pharyngeal
slits as an adult.
They are usually
sessile and use the
pharynx for filter
feeding.
30
Subphylum: Cephalochordata
The Lancelets contain
all four chordate
characteristics as an
adult. They are usually
found buried in the
sand off our coast.
They are considered to
be the closest relative
to vertebrates.
31
Subphylum: Vertebrata
The Vertebrates are
animals with
backbones. They
contain all four
chordate
characteristics as an
adult with some
modifications. They
are free-living.
32
What is a Fish?
Fish are aquatic vertebrates that are not a mammal, bird, or reptile (It isn’t a monophyletic group).
There are the five major living groups of fish:
Hagfish (jawless)
Lamprey (jawless)
Cartilaginous Fish
Lobe-finned Fish
Ray-finned Fish
33
Superclass: Agnatha
The agnatha are animals without jaws and most lack paired appendages. Hagfishes may also lack eyes and a stomach. They are scavengers that enter natural openings on living and dead fish and mammals. Hagfish find their prey by a sense of smell. Hagfish can secrete large quantities of slime or mucus and can tie themselves into a knot which can also help release the slime.
34
Superclass: Agnatha The agnatha are animals
without jaws and most lack
paired appendages. The
adult lamprey feeds by
attaching its mouth to a fish,
secreting an anticoagulant
into the host, and feeding
on the blood and tissues of
the host.
Lamprey swim upstream to
spawn. They are called
ammocoetes as larva and
are found in burrows. The
larva must go through a
metamorphosis to become
adults where the entire
digestive system must be
restructured.
35
Superclass: Gnathostomata
This superclass contains jaws which evolved
from skeletal supports of the pharyngeal
slits.
36
Class: Chondrichthyes
The class chondrichthyes all lack true bone and have a skeleton made of cartilage which is not a primitive characteristic. Their tough skin is covered with placoid scales. Males have a structure called claspers which aren’t seen in females.
The two subclasses in this class are Elasmobranchii (the sharks, skates, and rays) and the Holocehphali (the ratfish)
37
Shark Reproduction
Male and female sharks can easily be told apart. Male sharks have claspers which are extensions of the pelvic fins used to transfer sperm. There is also three different types of shark egg development. They are:
Viviparity: the mother feeds the “babies” by a placenta
Oviparity: the mother deposits eggs in the ocean
Ovoviviparity: the eggs are retained in mom but without any nourishment from the mother.
38
Order: Selachiformes
Great White Sharks The Great White Shark
measures up to 20 feet and can weigh up to 4200 lbs. They usually eat large bony fish, smaller sharks, dolphins, seals, and sea lions. They are found in almost all coastal and offshore waters between 54 to 75 degrees F. The Great White has been labeled a “man eater” but in the last 100 years more people have been killed by dogs in the U.S. than this shark. 39
Order: Selachiformes
Leopard Sharks The Leopard Shark
measures up to 6.5 feet and can weigh up to 40 lbs. They usually eat bony fish, crustaceans, worms, and clams. They are found along the coast from Oregon to Baja California. The leopard shark is spotted as a juvenile in the shallows but usually lose their spots as they get larger and move to deeper water.
40
Order: Selachiformes
Whale Sharks The Whale Shark is the
largest fish in the ocean and measures up to 66 feet and can weigh up to 7500 lbs. They usually are filter feeders eating enormous amounts of plankton. They are found in along the coast from Oregon to Baja California. The Whale shark can filter 6000 liters of water an hour.
41
Order: Selachiformes
Hammerhead Shark The Hammerhead shark
measures up to 18 feet and can weigh up to 1000 lbs. They usually eat fish, rays, other sharks, cephalopods and crustaceans. They are found in tropical and subtropical waters along the shorelines. The shape of the head is thought to spread their receptors across a larger area making them 10 times more likely to detect prey.
42
Order: Batiformes
Skates and Rays Both skates and rays are
flat bottom-dwelling organisms.
Skates have a tiny caudal fin with no stinging spines, each pelvic fin is divided into two lobes and lay egg cases.
Rays have a slender whip-like tail with stinging spines, each pelvic fin contains one lobe and give live birth.
43
Broad Skate
The broad skate is known to grow to be just under a meter in length. It is a deep-water skate found in the central and northern Pacific ocean. They feed on mollusks, crustaceans and fishes.
44
Manta Ray
The manta ray is the largest of the rays, with the largest known specimen having been about 7.6 m (about 25 ft) across. It ranges throughout all tropical waters of the world, typically
around coral reefs. Manta rays are believed by some to have evolved from bottom-feeding ancestry, but have adapted to become filter feeders in the open ocean
45
Guitarfish
The guitarfish are mainly found in tropical and temperate waters, traveling in large schools. Most adult guitarfishes reach five or six feet in length. These fish are bottom feeders, preferring small crustaceans.
46
Order: Chimaeriformes
Chimaeras Chimaeras differ from sharks in
that their upper jaws are fused with their skulls; they have separate anal and urogenital openings; and they lack the many sharp and replaceable teeth of sharks, having instead a few large permanent grinding tooth plates. They are often called ratfish or rabbit fish. They are found in cold water often at great depths. The diet consists primarily of benthic invertebrates. The tooth plates are used to crush hard-bodied prey such as crabs, clams, and echinoderms.
47
Osteichthyes The “Osteichthyes” all have a
skeleton made of true bone. Their skin is covered with ctenoid scales. They also have an operculum (a hard covering over the gills), which helps them breathe without having to swim. They also have a swim bladder which helps the body create a neutral balance between sinking and floating. There are two classes in this group: the Class: Sarcopterygii, the Lobe-finned fish and the Class: Actinopterygii the Ray-finned Fish
48
Sarcopterygii – Lobe-finned Fish
Subclass: Coelacanthimorpha Coelocanths are lobe-finned fish
with the pectoral and anal fins on fleshy stalks supported by bones, and the tail is divided into three lobes. Coelacanths also have a special electroreceptive device called a rostral organ in the front of the skull, which probably helps in prey detection.
Coelacanth populations have been found near Indonesia and South Africa. Coelacanths are opportunistic feeders, hunting cuttlefish, squid, snipe eels, small sharks, and other fish.
49
Sarcopterygii – Lobe-finned Fish
Subclass: Dipnoi Lungfish are fresh water lobe-
finned fish. Lungfish are best-known for retaining primitive characteristics, including the ability to breathe air, Today, they live only in Africa, South America, and Australia. African and South American lungfish are capable of surviving seasonal desiccation of habitats by burrowing into mud and estivating throughout the dry season. They have a diet of fish, insects, mollusks, worms, crustaceans, and plant material.
50
Infraclass:
Holosteri
In this infraclass, all of the fish are considered to be primitive fish. They are found in brackish conditions. They can use their swim bladders to obtain extra oxygen
51
Infraclass: Holosteri
Order: Lepisoteriformes Gars inhabit fresh, brackish, and
occasionally marine, waters of eastern North America, Central America, and the Caribbean islands. They have a swim bladder that opens to the pharynx that can function as a lung and most gars surface periodically to take a gulp of air, doing so more frequently in stagnant or warm water when the concentration of oxygen in the water is low
52
Infraclass: Holosteri
Order: Amiiformes Amia's are also called Bowfin or
Dog fish. Amia’s distribution is restricted to eastern North America. Amia's swim bladder functions much like a lung, allowing this fish to gulp air when dissolved oxygen levels become dangerously low in the weed beds where it lives.
They are primarily fish eaters, although crayfish can make up a substantial proportion of the diet, and frogs are also consumed.
53
Infraclass: Teleostei
In this infraclass, all of the fish are considered to be the ray-finned fish. They have a movable maxilla and premaxilla and modified muscles that allow them to have a protrusable mouth.
54
Infraclass: Teleostei
• Superorder: Osteoglossomorpha
– Bony Tongued fish
• Superorder: Elopomorpha
– Snake-like scale-less fish
• Superorder: Clupeomorpha
– Physostomes, which means that the gas bladder
has a pneumatic duct connecting it to the gut.
They typically lack a lateral line
• Superorder: Ostariphysi
– Their first few vertebrates are used to pass sound
from the swim bladder to the inner ear for acute
hearing
55
Infraclass: Teleostei
• Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
– These are fish that lack specialization
• Superorder: Stenopterygii
– Deep water fish. Bioluminescent
• Superorder: Scopelomorpha
– Deep water fish. Bioluminescent. They have
large eyes and adipose fins.
• Superorder: Acanthopterygii
– They usually have a Pelvic fin spine present.
56
Superorder:Osteroglossomorpha
Order: Osteoglossiformes Arowana are freshwater
bony fish. They have a unique structure called a “bony tongue”. This is actually derived from a toothed bone on the floor of the mouth and bite against teeth on the roof of the mouth. They can obtain oxygen from the air by sucking it into the swim bladder which is lined with capillaries.
57
Superorder: Elopomorpha
Order: Anguillidiformes
Morey Eel’s are found in all tropical seas usually in shallow water with their body wedged in a crevice. Morey eels primarily eat other fish and mollusks. Their mouth is often open (and moving) to help water circulate through the gills
58
Superorder: Clupeomorpha
Order: Clupeiformes
The anchovy is a small green fish with blue reflections due to a silver longitudinal stripe that runs from the base of the caudal fin.
They are found in the oceans worldwide. Anchovies exhibit a special way of feeding called planktivory. These fish swim through the water with their large mouths open and strain out small organisms (plankton) with fine, sieve-like structures called gill rakers.
59
Superorder: Clupeomorpha
Order: Clupeiformes
The sardines are a fish found worldwide (but named after an island in the Mediterranean). They are also called pilchards. Sardines are packed with nutrients (omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamin D, Calcium, B-12, and protein).
60
Superorder:Ostariophysi
The superorder: Ostariophysi are fish that have two main characteristics: they release an alarm substance and their first few vertebrates are used to pass sound from the swim bladder to the inner ear for acute hearing.
In this lab it includes the 1) Loachs, 2) Characins, 3) Knifefish, and 4) Catfish
61
Superorder: Ostariphysi
Order: Cypriniformes The Loaches are small
benthic freshwater fish. Loaches are mostly scavengers and are omnivorous, usually not very picky about their food. Many live in waters of generally poor quality and some have adapted to less-than-ideal water conditions by being able to gulp up atmospheric oxygen from the air.
62
Superorder: Ostariphysi
Order: Characiformes Piranha are carnivorous fresh
water fish living in South American Rivers. They are normally only 6-10 inches long. They are known for their sharp teeth and an aggressive appetite for meat. They generally pose no threat to humans. Humans frequently swim in piranha-infested waters without attacks. Their aggressiveness may increase due to limited food but rarely do they eat animals much larger than themselves. They have similar abilities to sharks to detect blood in the water.
63
Superorder: Ostariphysi
Order: Characiformes
Hatchet Fish are a deep sea fish that get their name from their thin, hatchet-shaped body. Like other deep sea fish, they have the ability to create their own lighting process known as bioluminescence. Since the photophores (organs producing light) point downward, it is believed they use them for counter illumination to avoid predators from below.
64
Superorder: Ostariphysi
Order: Cymnotiformes
The Knife fish are
primarily freshwater
inhabitants and have
organs derived from
muscle cells that are
adapted to the
generation of electric
fields.
65
Superorder: Ostariphysi
Order: Siluriformes The Catfish are named for their
prominent barbels, which give the image of cat-like whiskers. Unlike other fish, There are armour-plated types and also naked types, neither having scales. The glass catfish are transparent because, like all catfish they do not have scales and they also don't have body pigment. The glass catfish turns milky white when dead, suggesting it does something during its life to keep it transparent
66
Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
The Superorder: Protacanthopterygii are
fish that lack specialization. They are
important game fish
In this lab it includes 1) Salmon, 2) Pike and
3) Smelt
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Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes Salmon are typically
anadromous: they are born in fresh water, migrate to the ocean, then return to fresh water to reproduce. Both Atlantic and Pacific Salmon are important to recreational fishing around the world. Currently in California, Salmon fishing has been suspended because the numbers of fish are dangerously low.
68
Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
Order: Salmoniformes Trout are found in the
subfamily along with
salmon. Trout have fins
entirely without spines, and
all of them have a small
adipose (fatty) fin along the
back, near the tail. Trout
are found in clear streams
and lakes but are often
anadromous (like salmon).
69
Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
Order: Esociformes Pike have the elongated,
torpedo-like form of predatory fishes, with sharply-pointed heads and sharp teeth. They devour fish up to one-third of their own size. Pike are cannibalistic; some 20% of their diet consists of pikes smaller than themselves. Pike have little respect for relative size and as a result have been known to bite swimmers and divers.
70
Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
Order: Osmeriformes Smelt are small
anadromous fish. Smelt has a character odor, similar to the smell of cucumbers. Smelt roe is bright orange in color, and is often used to garnish sushi.
71
Superorder: Stenopterygii
Order: Stomilliformes Dragonfish are among the
fish known as deep water fish. Like other deep water fish, they are capable of bioluminescence. Unlike other bioluminescent creatures, they can glow and perceive a red or blue-green light (most species only perceive blue light) which allows it to see its prey before they are seen.
72
Superorder: Scopelomorpha
Order: Myctophiformes
The lantern fish are found
in the deep sea. Like
other deep water fish,
they are bioluminescent.
They are a very common
deep water fish and they
make up about 65% of
the deep sea biomass.
73
Superorder: Scopelomorpha
Order: Myctophiformes The Superorder: Acanthopterygii are
fish that have spiny fins.
In this lab it includes the rest of the fish in
lab.
74
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Mugiliformes Mullet are ray-finned fish
found worldwide in coastal temperate and tropical waters, and in some species in fresh water. Mullets have served as an important source of food. Mullet does not keep well after it is caught. If kept on ice it may remain edible for approximately 72 hours.
75
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Antheriniformes Silversides are ray-finned
fish which usually have two dorsal fins, the first with flexible spines, and an anal fin with one spine at the front. The lateral line is typically weak or absent.
Mosquito fish may now be the most widespread freshwater fish in the world, having been introduced as a biocontrol (to control mosquitoes).
76
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Antheriniformes Grunion are famous marine
bony fish found spawning on the sandy beaches of southern California. At night, from March through September, females burrow backwards in the sand to lay their eggs just after the highest tides. They occur on the second through fourth nights after the full or new moons. Each female is accompanied by several males which come to fertilize the eggs.
77
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Beloniformes Flying fish are a marine
fish. Their most striking feature is their pectoral fins, which are unusually large, and enable the fish to take short gliding flights through the air, above the surface of the water, in order to escape from predators.
78
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Cyprinodontiformes Desert Pupfish are an
endangered species due to introduced species and habitat destruction/fragmentation. Desert pupfish are well-adapted to the rapid water temperature changes (can tolerate from 50-100 degrees F) and high salinity they experience in their habitat.
79
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Stephanoberyciformes
Ridgeheads are also known as bigscales, are a small, deep-sea fish. These fish are named for their large scales and pronounced cranial ridges. The family is sometimes termed pseudoceanic because, rather than having an even distribution in open water, ridgeheads occur in significantly higher abundances around structural oases, notably seamounts and over continental slopes. 80
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Gobiesociformes Clingfishes are ray-finned
fish where in most species the pelvic fins are modified into a sucking disc. Most species are marine, being found in shallow waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans.
81
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Gasterosteiformes Sticklebacks are ray-finned
fish that have no scales, although some species have bony armour plates. They are closely related to pipefish and seahorses. Niko Tinbergen's studies of the behaviour of this fish were important in the early development of ethology as an example of a fixed action pattern.
82
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Synganthiformes Sea Horses and Pipefish
are notable because they are the only species in which males become “pregnant”. The males have brood pouches which the female uses an ovipositor to deposit the eggs. It is believed that the pouch regulates salinity for the eggs. These fish are recognizable because of their shape They have this shape to help them hide in the sea grass.
83
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Tetradontiformes Porcupine fish are
recognizable for their
shape. They are often
confused with puffer fish
but porcupine fish have
spines. They blow up like
this to avoid predators.
They get this shape by
swallowing water (or air)
which limits what can eat
them.
84
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Tetradontiformes Cowfish are recognizable for
their shape. They look this way
because The hexagonal plate-
like scales of these fish are
fused together into a solid,
triangular, box-like carapace,
from which the fins and tail
protrude. Because of these
heavy armoured scales, Cowfish
are limited to slow movements,
but few other fish are able to eat
the adults.
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Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Pleuronectiformes Halibut are flatfish from
the family of the right-eye flounders. When the Halibut is born the eyes are on both sides of its head so it has to swim like a salmon. After about 6 months one eye will migrate to the other side of its head so they lay on the bottom for camouflage.
86
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Scorpaeniformes Sculpin are bottom
feeders that are generally not considered good to eat, and have sharp spines rather than scales. They use their large pectoral fins to stabilize themselves on the floor of flowing creeks and rivers.
87
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Perciformes Girabaldi are California’s
State Marine Fish. They are found in the Pacific Ocean from Monterey Bay to Baja California. They are associated with reefs and rocky sea-bottoms. They eat mostly invertebrates off the rocks. They have the ability to change their sex multiple times during their life to level out the ratio of males to females.
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Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Perciformes Striped Marlin are large
oceanic fish that can reach
nearly 12 feet and can
weigh up t0 450 lbs. They
are found in the tropical
and subtropical waters of
the Pacific and Indian
oceans. They are built for
speed in the open ocean
feeding on mackerel,
sardines, anchovy, squid
and crab near the surface.
89
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Perciformes Wrasses are exclusively marine
in distribution usually in shallow water habitats such as coral reefs and rocky shores. The Sheepheads are found in kelp beds, on coral reefs and among sea grasses. Its strong teeth make this fish an opportunistic predator. Sheephead wrasse establish their own feeding patch which is dominated by one male. When he dies, one of the older and larger females in the group (around 30cm) changes colour and turns into a male.
90
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Perciformes Ocean Sunfish are the
heaviest known bony fish in
the world. It has an
average adult weight of 1
ton. Sunfish live on a diet
that consists mainly of Sea
jellies. As this diet is
nutritionally poor, they
consume large amounts in
order to develop and
maintain their great bulk
91
Superorder: Acanthopterygii
Order: Perciformes Clownfish all form
symbiotic relationships with
sea anemones. The
clownfish feeds on
undigested matter which
otherwise potentially could
harm the sea anemone,
and the fecal matter from
the clownfish provides
nutrient to the sea
anemone.
92
Osteichthyes (External)
Fish have a torpedo shape which allows them to
reduce drag while swimming through the water.
They also have the following structures:
Ctenoid scales: embedded in the skin
Eyes: located on the sides with no eyelids and they do not have
binocular vision.
Lateral line: sensitive to pressure changes
Operculum: Hard covering over gills
Skeletal System: axial (skull and verebrae) and appendicular
(girdles and fins) which are very flexible for swimming
93
Osteichthyes (External)
Fish have many different fins:
Pectoral fins: Lift
Pelvic fins: Lift
Anal fins: Stability
Dorsal fins: Stability
Caudal fins: Propulsion
94
Osteichthyes (Internal)
System Structure Function
Muscular Myomeres Small contractions
Digestive Stomach Chemical Digestion
Pyloric Ceca Increases SA
Intestine Absorption of nutrients
Liver Storage, conversion, removes toxins
Pancreas Secretes enzymes
Spleen Immune response
Excretory Kidneys Filtration
Urinary Bladder Holds Urine
Circulatory Sinus venosus Receives venus blood
Atrium Pumps blood into ventricle
Ventricle Pumps blood into body
Bulbus arteriosus Maintains even blood flow 95
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