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Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Ex. 22 – Forced Landing
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
What you will learn:
How to select a landing site and carry out a safe forced approach and landing after an in-flight engine failure.
OBJECTIVE
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Why learn this: Today’s planes are very reliable and engine
failures are very rare – but they do happen
The best way to deal with an engine failure is to prevent it by:
thorough walk-arounds ensuring that plane’s inspection and maintenance schedules
are followed careful flight planning (do you have enough fuel?) using proper in-flight procedures to avoid engine shock-
cooling, engine over-heating, carb ice formation etc.
However, it is important to be able to execute a safe forced landing should you still end up in a situation that requires one.
MOTIVATION
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Links:LINKS
You have already practiced:
gliding for range and estimating your touch-down point
selecting a good landing site
estimating wind speed and direction
All of these will help you in performing forced approaches.
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Let’s see how much you already know:Q How can you estimate wind direction?
Q What are some characteristics of a good landing site?
Q What is the definition of best glide speed, and what is the best glide speed for your aircraft, for no-wind conditions?
Q How is best glide speed affected by wind?
Q When gliding, how can you estimate your touchdown point?
Q How can you correct the situation if it appears that you’re going to touch down beyond the desired touch-down point (i.e., you are too high)?
Q How can you correct the situation if it appears that you are going to touch down short of the desired touch-down point (i.e., you are too low)?
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE - TKT
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Theories and Definitions: Estimating Wind Speed and Direction
Selecting a Landing Site
Circuit Forced Landing Pattern
360o Forced Landing Pattern
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Estimating Wind Speed and Direction Visual indication of wind direction & speed
Smoke
Water, crops or tall grass ripples
Trees (some types of trees have light-coloured underside exposed on upwind side)
Birds usually land into the wind
If no visual indication available, recall area forecasts and observe ground speed and in-flight drift.
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Selecting a Landing Site: Roads
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Often a good option, but must consider hard-to-see obstructions
MEDIANS
TRAFFIC
SIGNS
LAMP POSTS,HYDRO POLES
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Selecting a Landing Site: Fields
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Your choices may be more limited than for a precautionary landing – need to pick best available field. Try to avoid:
DARK GREEN FIELDS (tall vegetation)
DARK BROWN FIELDS (moisture)
CONTOUR PLOUGHING
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Circuit Forced Landing Pattern
THEORIES & DEFINITIONS
HIGH KEY~1000’ AGL LOW KEY
~500’ AGL
How do you know what ASL figure corresponds to 1000’ AGL?
Why not aim for the very beginning of the field?
What can you do if you are too high at the high key point?
Too low?
What can you do if you are too high at the low key point?
Too low?
• Carb heat hot• Best glide speed• Pick a field and key points
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
360o Forced Landing PatternTHEORIES & DEFINITIONS
LOW KEY(fpm descent) + 200
FINAL KEY(fpm descent)/2 + 200
What can you do if you are too high at the high key point?
Too low?
What can you do if you are too high at the low key point?
Too low?
Rate 1 TurnHow long does it take to complete a 360o turn at rate 1?
When descending at best glide speed, how much will you descend in that time?
HIGH KEY2 x (fpm descent) + 200
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
360o Forced Landing PatternTHEORIES & DEFINITIONS
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Procedures Forced Landing
PROCEDURES
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Forced LandingPROCEDURES
Carb heat, best glide speed
Pick a field and key points
Establish approach
When practicing: engine warm-ups every 500 feet!
Cause check, try engine restart (use emergency checklist if time permits)
Transponder 7700, MAYDAY call
Secure engine (leave master on) power and mixture off
fuel off
mags off
Passenger briefing
Once field is made: full flaps
master off
crack door open prior to touchdown.
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Considerations This procedure deals with engine failure with some
altitude available. Right after take-off or in traffic pattern you may not have enough time for all checks and calls. Concentrate on flying a good approach
In cruise, constantly be on look-out for good fields within gliding distance. There are many small, unmarked landing strips – see if you can notice those (parked planes are a big give-away). Prior to take-off, familiarize yourself with local terrain to know what the options available to you are
Good news: most forced landings are survivable – if you don’t stall the plane! Don’t try to “stretch a glide” by raising the nose and losing airspeed.
CONSIDERATIONS
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
SAFETYSAFETY
! Keep an eye on your airspeed and angle of bank!
! When practicing, conduct engine warm-ups every 500’ (to avoid shock-cooling the engine)
! When practicing solo, do not descend below 500’ AGL
! Aim to be slightly high on final in case wind shear or downdraft cause unanticipated altitude loss
! Keep calm and offer reassurance to your passengers. And you did remember to do a thorough pax briefing BEFORE even getting into the plane, right?
Ex. 22 - Forced Landing
Conclusion
This exercise prepares you for dealing with one of the most challenging in-flight emergencies
After mastering the forced landing, you will be ready to venture beyond the practice area and actually go places!
Read for next lesson: Ex. 23, Navigation.
CONCLUSION
QUESTIONS?
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