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- Overview GW Theory
- Saudi Aramco Technology Implementation Practice
- Test Pipe Design
- Equipment Evaluation
- Case Study
- Conclusion
Outline
3
Saudi Aramco: Public
Guided wave
• One of the latest UT methods
• Utilizes mechanical waves
• Propagates along elongated
structures
• Waves guided by the boundaries
of material.
Theory
5
Saudi Aramco: Public
Guided Wave
• First studied in 1920’s in
seismology
• Increased effort in 1990’s to
study GW for cylindrical
structures
• Demand for technology with
increased inspection speed.
•
Theory
6
Saudi Aramco: Public
Vast network of supply and distribution
pipelines
• Ageing, some in service 30+ years
• Buried, sub-sea and above ground
Various types of deterioration develop. Need to
be detected and evaluated.
Each application presents inspection challenges
General
7
Saudi Aramco: Public
A team of SA engineers recently developed a
list of NDT methods utilized for non-scrappable
pipelines from all available sources including:
• Deployed technologies
• Conferences
• Networking
• The internet
General
8
Saudi Aramco: Public
Technology Trade Name Validated ( Report Number) Technology Website NDT Method(s) Employed Service ProviderInspect Pipe (Above
Grade/Underground/Road Crossing/Insulated) Pipe Dia Range (IN) Temperature Range(° C) Insp Through Coatings/Lining/Insulation
Inspection from Internal
or External
INVISTA SAER 6267-10http://www.questintegrity.com/technology/invista-in-line-
inspection-toolILI-UT Quest Integrity Group ALL 3-24 0-70 Epoxy Coating Internal
PigLet IP
http://www.a-hak-
is.com/en/home/what_we_do/markets/pipelines/pipeline_i
nspection_services/non_piggable_pipeline_inspection
ILI-UT A.Hak Industrial Services ALL 4-60 0-70 Epoxy Coating Internal
In-line Inspection-3P http://www.3p-services.com/?page_id=383 ILI-MFL/UT 3P Services ALL 2-48 0-70 Epoxy Coating Internal
Geometric Inspection Pigs-GIPhttp://www.pipeway.com/skins/pipeway/standard.aspx?eli
d=85MFL Pipeway International Above Grade 4-46 0-50 Epoxy Coating External
Robotic Pipe Scanner(RPS) MFL Rosen Group Above Grade 6-12 (-10) - 50 Epoxy Coating External
gPIMS http://www.guided-ultrasonics.com/portfolio/pims/ Guided Wave Guided Ultrasonics ltd ALL up to 24 (-20) - 150 Epoxy Coating External
MsS http://www.swri.org/4org/d14/NDEDept/home.htm Guided Wave Southwest Research Institute Above Grade 2-60 (-20) - 151 Epoxy Coating External
Rapid Motion Scanner (RMS) SAER 6287-10http://www.silverwingndt.com/ultrasonic-testing/rms2-aut-
corrosion-mappingUT Silverwing Above Ground >8 0-70 Epoxy Coating External
Rightrax SAER 6479-13http://www.ge-mcs.com/microsites/rightrax/rightrax-
system.htmlUT GE ALL ALL 0-120 Epoxy Coating External
Pocket UT SAER 6194-08http://www.mistrasgroup.com/services/advancedndt/aut/p
ocketut.aspxUT Mistras Above Ground ALL 0-70 Epoxy Coating External
HPCM SAER 6211-09 Not available UT Saudi Aramco ALL All 0-100 Epoxy Coating External
LPCMS SAER 6480-13 UT Mistras Above Grade 6-48 0-70 Epoxy Coating External
LIXI Profiler http://nh3pipe.com/ RT Gamma Graphics Services Above Grade <14 N/A Insulation /Epoxy Coating External
Openvision SAER 6371-11 http://www.openvision.us/ RT Openvision Above Grade 2-12 N/A Insulation /Epoxy Coating External
IXS SAER 6477-12 http://vjt.com/vje/x-ray-products/ RT VJ Technologies Inc Above Grade 2-6 N/A Insulation /Epoxy Coating External
Betatron http://vjt.com/vje/x-ray-products/ RT VJ Technologies Inc Above Grade12-24 (equvelent to 7"
thick steel)N/A Insulation /Epoxy Coating External
LINAC RT Above Grade24-48 (equvelent to 17"
thick steel)N/A Insulation /Epoxy Coating/lining External
ARTEMIS http://www.halfwave.com/technology/ TOF/ART Halfwave Subsea 6-24 Epoxy Coating External
ART Scan http://www.halfwave.com/technology/ ART Halfwave ALL 30 Epoxy Coating Internal
PS 2000 http://testex-ndt.com/products/ps-2000-inspection-
system/LFE TesTex Above Grade >2 0-50 C Epoxy Coating External
CalScan EP None
http://site.ge-
energy.com/prod_serv/serv/pipeline/en/insp_srvcs/crack_d
etection/index.htm
ILI -Calipers GE Oil & Gas, PII Pipeline Solutions ALL 6-56" 0-60 C Coating Internal
CalScan XR None
http://site.ge-
energy.com/prod_serv/serv/pipeline/en/insp_srvcs/crack_d
etection/index.htm
ILI -Calipers GE Oil & Gas, PII Pipeline Solutions ALL 6-56" 0-60 C Coating Internal
MagneScan HR/SHR None
http://site.ge-
energy.com/prod_serv/serv/pipeline/en/insp_srvcs/crack_d
etection/index.htm
ILI -Magnetics (MFL) GE Oil & Gas, PII Pipeline Solutions ALL 6" upwards 0-40 C Coating Internal
SmartScan None
http://site.ge-
energy.com/prod_serv/serv/pipeline/en/insp_srvcs/crack_d
etection/index.htm
ILI -Magnetics (MFL) GE Oil & Gas, PII Pipeline Solutions ALL 20-30" 0-60 C Coating Internal
TranScan TFI None
http://site.ge-
energy.com/prod_serv/serv/pipeline/en/insp_srvcs/crack_d
etection/index.htm
ILI -Magnetics (MFL) GE Oil & Gas, PII Pipeline Solutions ALL 12-56" 0-40 C Coating Internal
UltraScan WM Nonehttps://www.geoilandgas.com/pipeline-storage/pipeline-
integrity-services
ILI -Ultrasonics (Phased
Array)GE Oil & Gas, PII Pipeline Solutions ALL 6-60" 4-70 C Coating Internal
UltraScan Duo None
http://site.ge-
energy.com/prod_serv/serv/pipeline/en/insp_srvcs/metal_l
oss/ultrascan_duo/index.htm
ILI -Ultrasonics GE Oil & Gas, PII Pipeline Solutions ALL 24-48" 0-60 C Coating Internal
UltraScan CD Nonehttps://www.geoilandgas.com/pipeline-storage/pipeline-
integrity-servicesILI -Ultrasonics GE Oil & Gas, PII Pipeline Solutions ALL 16-34" 0-60 C Coating Internal
EmatSCan Nonehttps://www.geoilandgas.com/pipeline-storage/pipeline-
integrity-servicesILI -Ultrasonics (EMAT) GE Oil & Gas, PII Pipeline Solutions ALL 24-36" 10-50 C Coating Internal
Elastic Wave Nonehttps://www.geoilandgas.com/pipeline-storage/pipeline-
integrity-servicesILI -Ultrasonics (UT) GE Oil & Gas, PII Pipeline Solutions ALL 20-48" -1-40 C Coating Internal
EMAT Circumferential Scanner Nonehttp://www.mistrasgroup.com/products/technologies/elect
romagnetics.aspxEMAT Mistras Group Above grade, elevated with access 1-36" 0-600 C Coating External
LIDAR None http://advancedaerialservices.com/services/pipeline-
inspection/LIDAR Advanced Aerial Services Above ground Underground all all buried coating External
Spectrum XLI None http://www.hm-services.com/index.php/products pure HM laser + infrared buried pipes all all coating buried External
LASEN None http://www.lasen.com/?q=content/technology-
performance-resultsLIDAR DIAL buried pipes all all leak External
General
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Pipeline Inspection Technology at Saudi Aramco
In line Inspection Tools (ITI)
Infrared Thermography
Phased Array
Time-of-Flight Diffraction (ToFD)
Manual UT
Robotic Video Crawler
Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT)
Corrosion Mapping
All require scanning movement and/or line-of-sight with pipe.
Linear Accelerator
Remote Borescope
LIXI Profiler
Gas Finder
Step-Wise Crack
Examination
General
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Guided Wave
A qualitative tool for screening
pipe mainly for corrosion.
Indications require verification with
another NDT method.
• Technology can be permanent
• Portable
• Above ground pipe
• Buried pipe
• Soil/air interfaces
General
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Guided Wave
• Waves generally grouped
into three categories.
• Longitudinal (a)
• Torsional (b)
• Flexural (c)
General
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Qualification of GW Personnel
Guided Wave
• Technology is increasingly being utilized
• Saudi Aramco SAEP 1142 (ASNT CP 189)
oRecognizes GW without specifics
oASNT CP-189 standard - does not address
GW
oGap in qualification
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Guided wave
• Currently utilize mfg training recommendation
• Absence of guidance – currently developing
training / experience reqts as we study this
method.
• Saudi Aramco WI for proctoring examinations
70-WI-10-OID
Qualification of GW Personnel
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Guided Wave Equipment Assessment
Constructed two pipeso 8” dia seamless pipe
o 42” dia Spiral welded pipe
Fabricated at SA operating facilities
Equipment Evaluation
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0°
180°
90°
-90°
-180°
0 m 12 m
3 m, 2%
8 m, 7%
4.5 m, 3%
5.5 m, 4%
9 m, 9%
9.5 m, 10%
6.5 m, 6%
11 m, 12%
Equipment Evaluation
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Design 42”
Equipment Evaluation
Installed
• Series of holes
• Notch
• Scallops
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Design 42”
Equipment Evaluation
Installed
• series of holes
• Notch
• Scallops
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Agenda
• Guided Wave Field Trials
• NGL Plant
• Seawater Injection Plant Pipeline
Copyright OGNI 2015
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Spiral-welded Validation on Mockup Pipe at NGL Plant
Defect
IndexDefect Type
Cross-
sectional Wall
Loss (%)
1. Scallop 10.09
2. Cluster of Holes 2.75
3. Notch 3.06
4. Scallop 3.44
5. Cluster of Holes 3.67
6. Scallop 3.44
Mockup Sample Pipe at NGL Welding Shop
Copyright OGNI 2015
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Installed Defect Specifications
Defect No. & Type
Defect Location
(Measured in +ve Direction)
Defect Location
(Measured in -ve
Direction)
Length Dimensions Depth Dimensions
Start Distance
(From Start of
Pipe)
[mm]
End Distance
(From Start
of Pipe)
[mm]
Start
Distance
(From End
of Pipe)
[mm]
End
Distance
(From End
of Pipe)
[mm]
Circum-
ferential
Length
[mm]
Axial Length
[mm]
Min
[mm]
Max
[mm]
X-sectional
Wall Loss
(%)
Local Wall
Thickness
Loss (%)
1. Scallop 2310 2500 10980 11170585
550
180
1504 5 10.09 60
2.Cluster of
Holes3200 3430 10050 10270 210 240 7 10 2.75 80
3. Notch 7445 NA 6030 NA210
2504.5 3.6 4 3.06 40
4. Scallop 7495 7670 5790 5970240
270
140
1706.5 7 3.44 50
5.Cluster of
Holes9680 9975 3500 3800 330 300 7 8 3.67 80
6. Scallop 11060 11240 2245 2415350
310
180
1505 6 3.44 50
Spiral-welded Validation on Mockup Pipe at NGL Plant
Copyright OGNI 2015
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Piezoelectric Technique
Defect Index
Defect Summary Defect
Detection
(Upstream
Direction)
Defect
Detection
(Downstream
Direction)
DefectCross-sectional
Wall Loss (%)
1. Scallop 10.09 YES YES
2. Cluster of Holes 2.75 NO NO
3. Notch 3.06 YES NO
4. Scallop 3.44 NO YES
5. Cluster of Holes 3.67 NO YES
6. Scallop 3.44 YES YES
Spiral-welded Validation on Mockup Pipe at NGL Plant
Magnetostrictive Sensor
Defect Index
Defect Summary Defect
Detection
(Upstream
Direction)
Defect
Detection
(Upstream
Direction)
DefectCross-sectional
Wall Loss (%)
1. Scallop 10.09 YES NO
2. Cluster of Holes 2.75 YES NO
3. Notch 3.06 YES YES
4. Scallop 3.44 YES NO
5. Cluster of Holes 3.67 NO NO
6. Scallop 3.44 NO NO
Copyright OGNI 2015
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Pipe Size, Thickness
Product,
Operating
Pressure
Length
(Crossing
Road)
External/ Internal
Coating
Sleeve or Pipe
Conductor
Spiral or
Seam-weldedHighway Crossing
42”⌀, t=0.625”
under road, 0.375”
before/ after road
Treated
seawater,
approx. 300 psi
Approx. 70
meters
FBE/FBE under road
APCS-113A/FBE away
from road
N/A Spiral-weldedOne-lane public road,
off main highway
Spiral-welded, Buried Pipe Under Road Crossing at Sea
Water Injection Facility
Copyright OGNI 2015
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Spiral-welded, Buried Pipe Under Road Crossing at Sea
Water Injection Facility
Upstream Test Hole, Transfer Line Downstream Test Hole, Transfer Line
Copyright OGNI 2015
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Spiral-welded, Buried Pipe Under Road Crossing at Sea
Water Injection Facility
Copyright OGNI 2015
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Saudi Aramco: Public
• Test hole 2 post-inspection
excavation
• Location of unexpected girth weld
shown with respect to location of
GW sensors
• Majority of area between weld and
sensor was covered with soil
during inspection
Spiral-welded, Buried Pipe Under Road Crossing at Sea
Water Injection Facility
Copyright OGNI 2015
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Saudi Aramco: Public
• Both service providers were able to find significant defects
• Technologies may be complimentary as each found different defects
• Over-reporting of defect severity and false calls was an issue
• The potential for high sensitivity of technology was demonstrated
• Need for high skill and experience of equipment operator underscored
Condition Coating / Tape Wrap Buried Sleeved Range (meters) Sensitivity / Confidence
1. None No No 100+ High / High
2. FBE Yes Yes 50+ High / High
3. FBE Yes No 5 – 10 Moderate / Low
4. Tape Wrap Yes No 2 – 5 Low / Low
Field Trial Conclusion
Guided Wave Inspection Range Based on Pipe Condition
Copyright OGNI 2015
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Saudi Aramco: Public
Conclusion
Copyright OGNI 2015
Advanced Long Range Ultrasonic NDT systems
(equipment, personnel and procedure) can be utilized
as part of a pipeline assessment program to
detect/monitor corrosion.
Examination results can support operations in
forecasting and planning pipeline repairs and
replacement.
Recommended