European Imperialism in India, China, and the Pacific Rim By Devika Chandramohan Period 5- Kinberg

European European Imperialism in Imperialism in

India, China, and India, China, and the Pacific Rimthe Pacific RimBy Devika By Devika

ChandramohanChandramohan

Period 5- Period 5- KinbergKinberg

Imperialism• Extension of power through diplomacy/military force• Shift from mercantilist colonial world– Independence movements in New World• Ex: Creole elites in Latin America

– Abolitionist movement• Especially successful in Britain

– Enlightenment• Enlightenment universalism: humans are the

same– Impacted the idea of dominance of certain

races, etc.– Free-trade Lobby• Drew on ideas of Adam Smith and David Ricardo• Viewed mercantilism inefficient, prevented

economic growth for people– End of European slave trade• Denmark 1st • Britain extremely dedicated to it (searching

ships, etc.)• Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands agreed to

abolishment, but didn’t really follow through

(Miller)

(Chambers 774-776)

Father Hidalgo leads the Mexicans revolt against the

Spaniards. (“Father”)

• New Reasons for Expansion– Economic endeavors• Powers eager to abandon free

trade in order to increase economic influence

– Enlightenment:• Using reason, they could guide

groups towards civilization– Cultural Relativism• Accepted others’

accomplishments, but still believed in supremacy

– “White Man’s Burden”• moral duty and obligation to

help the poor (different ethnicities) whether they want the help or not

– Instrumentalism: idea that single person can make a difference• Felt confident about civilizing

other peoples(Chambers 776-777)

(“The White”)Click to read

Rudyard Kipling’s poem, “The White

Man’s Burden” (Rudyard)

India• Motives:– Economic benefits• Industrial Revolution:–Needed source for raw products, like

cotton and indigo • Large market to sell manufactured

products to– Civilizing mission• Charles Grant and William Wilberforce

brought religion• Reformers, like Thomas Macaulay, wanted

to get rid of “barbaric” rituals (sati: burning of widow with corpse of husband), bring European education

(“British”)

(Chambers 777-779)

Sati tradition in India

(Rowlands)

• British East India Company:–Many trade posts along India (Bombay, Madras, Calcutta), but powerful Mughal emperors controlled trade• By 1707: Mughals losing power–Opposition from Marathas (wanted

Hindu ruling) lead by Shivaji Bhosle (“father of Maratha nation”) Maratha War of Independence (aka War of 27 Years) death of ruler Aurangzeb

(“Rise”)

(“British”)

Emperor Aurangzeb(Aurangzeb

)Click to watch a movie

about the Mughal Empire

Shivaji Bhosle

(Shivaji)

–Gained importance in 1757: defeat of nawab of Bengal• Lead by Robert Clive– In charge of 900 Europeans and

1500 sepoys (Indian soldiers)–Attacked and killed nawab at

Plassey •Made nawab a figurehead while increasing British power

–Britain got rid of French competition in Treaty of Paris after defeating France in French and Indian War

(Chambers 549)

Lord Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey

(Hayman)

Click to watch video on the rise of British power in

India

Impact Positive

Negative1. More rights for women

2. Still had freedom of religion

3. British disapproved of having “untouchable caste” = improved condition of lower castes

4. Jobs for Indians as servants, soldiers, etc.

5. Education system• Gandhi and Nehru

(1st prime minister) were educated in British system

6. Speaking English opened up trading opportunities

7. Improvements of port cities

8. Political system• Today, India is the

world’s largest democracy

• Framed after British gov. (parliamentary system)

9. Railroad system (one of the world’s largest)

1. Destroyed purity of Indian culture• Forced reluctant groups to

conform2. Loss of native languages3. Didn’t take religious restrictions into

consideration• Ex: sepoys had to “bite the bullet”

even though it was coated with animal fat

• Missionaries converted many4. Set up segregated regions (parks, etc.)

where only British were allowed• Saved best goods for British;

doctors would only treat them5. Economy

• Took much of India’s wealth (jewels, gold, etc.)

• Forbid Indian production; had to depend on Britain for goods

• Forced to work on farms to grow cash crops for British

• Massive poverty and famine• Poverty rates still extremely

high6. Skewed borders made by Europeans=

conflict• British left India within in 7 months• Left a mess of Hindu/ Muslim

conflicts (lead to creation of Pakistan)o India-Pakistan conflict still

going on

(Crawford)

The Kohinoor diamond, once known as the

largest diamond in the world, was

taken in 1849 by the British from

the Punjabi treasury and given to Queen Victoria. It still resides in

the Tower of London today in

Queen Elizabeth's crown.

(Kohinoor)

China• Motives:–Desired goods like tea, silk, porcelain, paper– China had stopped expansion and had turned inwards– Imbalance of trade (aka “export of specie”)• Placed high prices on luxury goods that gullible foreigners bought–British treasury being depleted due to dependence of China for tea

• Had no desire for European goods• Europe had no access to rich market

(“China”)

Different nations’ holds on China

(Spheres)

• Opium – British East India Company imported opium

to China from India– China’s addiction :• Loss of silver/money for China ($34

million silver for opium in the 1830s!)• Damaging health

– China takes actions:• 1840: Qing Emperor put ban on opium• Didn’t work b/c –Beijing too far from southern ports–900 tons of opium/year illegally

smuggled• New strict commissioner to control opium

trade at the port of Guangzhou: Lin Zexu–Oversaw destruction of British opium

(Ritvik)

(Caswell)

Commissioner Lin Zexu(Lamqua)

Opium Wars•1st Opium War:–China sent a message to Queen Victoria, berating Britain’s opium dealings–Britain angered by this and ban on opium imports–Declared war in Nov. 1839:• Blockade on Pearl River• Jan. 1841: British land victories• June 1841: Controlled much of South China (rice-growing land)

–Key to British victory was Her Majesty's Navy (used broadsides against wooden ships)–Treaty of Nanking (Aug. 29, 1842): • China had to accept the following conditions:–Handed over island of Hong Kong to Great Britain–Opened five “treaty ports” (Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Shanghai,

and Ningbo)– Paid $9 million in return for destroyed opium chests–Abolished China’s monopolies and limited tariffs to 5%–Western merchants only accountable for laws of country

“This war with China . . . really seems to me so wicked as to be a national sin of the greatest possible magnitude.” -

Thomas Arnold to W. W. Hull, March 18, 1840

(“England”)

• 2nd Opium War:–Chinese resentment over terms• Oct. 8, 1856: Chinese officials boarded Arrow (ship from

Hong Kong) because it was smuggling opium, but British argued it was a foreign ship

–Great Britain, Russia, U.S.A., and France (angry over Chinese execution of a French missionary, Father August Chapdelaine) vs. China–Anglo-France force overpowered Chinese–When Qing were slow to accept terms of peace:• British and French occupied Peking and destroyed

Emperor Xianfeng's Summer Palace• Russia obtained Vladivostock

–Convention of Peking, signed by Prince Gong:• Payment to all the nations• Gave over port of Kowloon to Great Britain• Export of indentured Chinese workers to U.S.A (lead to

rapid building of Trans-Continental Railroad)

(“England”)(Chambers 782)

(“England”)

Impacts

Negative

Positive1.Growing feeling of

nationalism, unity2.Open Door Policy:• China trade with

nations = economic growth

3.Better living conditions:•  Better education,

better sanitation, etc.

4.Saw the corruption in their gov. system• Desired

“Enlightened” Emperor

• Sought reform

1.Lost part of their culture

2.Opium addiction increased, disabling or killing thousands

3.Displeasure with gov.• Rebellions:• Boxer Rebellion

(1898-1901)• Peasants angry

with special treatment of foreigners/ Christian Chinese

• Formed secret Society of Harmonious Fists (Boxers)

• Surrounded parts of Beijing inhabited by foreign powers

• Defeated• Taiping Rebellion

(1850-1864)• Peasants tried

to overthrow European-dominated Qing gov.

• Death toll of 20 million

• “Ever-Victorious Army” lead by General Charles Gordon crushed it by 1864

4.Economic subjugation

(Bayerl)

(Bayerl)

(Chambers 782)

Pacific Rim• Motives–More like American colonization–Australia:• Penal colony: prisoners sent from Britain• Economic opportunity for settlers• Seek adventure

(Chambers 783)

• Australian Gold Rush (1851):– Edward Hargraves found grain of gold in a waterhole near Bathurst• Found a place (named if Ophir) full of gold

– More than 100,000 prospectors within 4 months– 1852: 370,000 immigrants arrived• British, Americans, French, Italian, German, Polish and Hungarian

exiles– Booming economy gold shipped to London for goods started

producing in Australia = stimulated local economy– 1st railroad/ telegraph systems– Tensions rising:•  Ballarat Reform League under Peter Lalor –Gathered at Eureka to stand up for rights 22 killed by Melbourne

soldiers

(Wells)

Edward Hargraves

Ballarat Reform League

(Ballarat)

• New Zealand:– New Zealand Trading Company brought settlers

(despite British protest)– Gained Dominion status in 1907 (Australia

received in 1901): • Settlers had limited autonomy while British gov.

controlled foreign policy/trade– Settlers didn’t respect locals• Waitangi Treaty:

–Promised local Maoris land protection, but didn’t follow up–Rebellion by Maori violently

crushed by British forces

(Chambers 783)

Suggested ViewingHighly suggest watching Gandhi, directed

by Richard Attenborough, starring Ben Kinglsey. It is a beautifully made

biographical movie about the life of one of the greatest peaceful freedom fighters, Mohandas Gandhi, from his days of youth

in South Africa to his assassination. It also provides a clear picture of the

effects of imperialism on India.

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