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European Gypsy Moth ( Lymantria dispar). Why be Concerned about Gypsy Moth?. Tree defoliator Attacks over 300 species of woody plants Increases susceptibility to secondary pests and pathogens Native range and established areas: appears as an outbreak pest - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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First Detectors
European Gypsy Moth(Lymantria dispar)
First Detectors
Why be Concerned about Gypsy Moth?
Tree defoliator Attacks over 300 species of woody plants Increases susceptibility to secondary pests
and pathogens Native range and established areas: appears
as an outbreak pest Greatest damage occurs at first introduction 425,000 acres were defoliated in the U.S. in
2009
First Detectors
July
Gypsy moth is a tree defoliator Trees are stressed, leaving
them susceptible to other pests and diseases
Each caterpillar consumes 3 square feet of foliage!
Impacts
Widespread defoliation in Wisconsin caused by gypsy moth
First Detectors Human Nuisance
First Detectors Where is Gypsy Moth Established?
Europe and north Africa (native) U.S. and Canada (invasive)
First Detectors Identifying Gypsy Moth
Egg Masses Caterpillars Pupae Adults (males vs. females)
First Detectors Gypsy Moth Life Cycle
First Detectors
Emergence
Each female lays one mass
containing 500-1000 eggs
Overwinter in a protected spot
Egg Masses(laid in late summer, hatch in late spring)
First Detectors
6 pair of red spots
5 pair of blue spots
Caterpillar (late spring through early summer)
First instar larvae
Larger caterpillars rest by day, eat at night
First Detectors
Gypsy moth, fg = 2”
Fall webworm, fg = 1”
Whitemarked tussock moth
fg = 1 1/3”
Yellownecked caterpillar
fg = 1 3/4”
Eastern tent caterpillar
fg = 1 3/4”
Forest tent caterpillar
fg = 1 3/4”
Spiny elm caterpillar
fg = 2”
Whi
tney
Cra
nsha
w
MN
Dep
t of A
g.
Caterpillar Lookalikes
First Detectors Feeding Damage
Entire leaf to midrib Can cover acres of woody habitat
First Detectors Host Preference
Preferredeaten by all stages of larvae
Oak, aspen, willow, white and river birch, basswood, larch, mountain-ash, alder and apple
Hawthorn, hazelnut, hophornbeam, hornbeam, serviceberry, witch-hazel
Less-preferredeaten only by older larvae
Yellow birch, boxelder, butternut, black walnut, cherry, eastern cottonwood, elm, hackberry, hickory, red and sugar maple, pine, and spruce
Blueberries, pin cherry, chokecherry, sweet fern
Avoidedrarely fed upon
ash, cedar, fir, silver maple, catalpa, mulberry and many urban species
Dogwood, elderberry, grape, greenbrier, juniper, raspberry, viburnum, and buckthorn!!
First Detectors
Gypsy Moth Damage Risk Model (2004)
First Detectors
Pupa (Cocoon)(summer months)
Males smaller than females Sparse silken threads Found in protected spots
Bark crevices Duff layer
2 weeks
First Detectors
Adult(mid-summer to early fall)
Female(does not fly)
Male (daytime flier)
Distinct “commas”
on both top and
underside of wings
Feathered antennae
First Detectors Mating Behavior
Females do not fly Pheromone attracts males Females lay one egg mass Adults die, eggs overwinter
First Detectors Early Detection
Pheromone Lure Traps Male moths are caught as they try to find a mate Sticky interior
First Detectors 2003-2009 Trap Catch Trends
2004 2005 2006
2007 2008 2009
First Detectors
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
19
73
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
20
05
20
07
20
09
Moths Caught
Traps Set
Gypsy Moth in Minnesota
Detection program in Minnesota started in 1973 Rapid increase due to nearing of the first wave
First Detectors
“Ballooning of larvae”
Populations expand 1¼ miles per year due to larval dispersal
Natural ArtificialTourism
Nursery stock
Household moves
How Do Gypsy Moths Spread?
Life stages are transported by humans 13-16 miles per year
First Detectors
Factors That Influence Spread Rates
Early season temperatures & larval survival Wind events & larval dispersal Habitat & host abundance Spring rains & disease incidence Predator habitat & predation rates PEOPLE through artificial introductions
First Detectors
Population Stage
Management Strategy
Management Goal
General infestation
Suppression To protect high value resources by reducing outbreak populations
Building Slow the Spread To reduce the population peaks beginning to coalesce along the “front”
Pre-Infestation Eradication To eliminate isolated outlier populations
National Gypsy Moth Management
First Detectors Management Options
Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk) Common soil bacterium toxic to gypsy moth
caterpillars Halts feeding
Disparlure (mating disruption) Targets adults Reduces mating success
Diflubenzuron Interferes with molting Often used in nursery settings
Treatments have kept Minnesota gypsy moth-free Treatments have kept Minnesota gypsy moth-free since 1980!since 1980!
First Detectors Which is Gypsy Moth Damage?
A B C
First Detectors Which is Gypsy Moth?
AB
C
First Detectors
What Life Stage of Gypsy Moth Would You Look For?
A.A. Egg MassEgg Mass
B.B. CaterpillarCaterpillar
C.C. PupaPupa
D.D. AdultAdultJohn Kyhl, USFS
First Detectors Is this Gypsy Moth?
First Detectors Why Did These Trees Die?
D. Not enough information
C. Gypsy Moth
A. Emerald Ash Borer
B. Asian Longhorned Beetle
First Detectors Which Is Gypsy Moth?
First Detectors Summary
Gypsy moth is a destructive forest pest Confidence in early detection systems Minnesota has prime habitat for defoliation Management takes advantage of behavior
Larval feeding Mating
People are the main source of long-distance transportation and spread of gypsy moth
Call 888-545-MOTH or visit www.mda.state.mn.us/gypsymoth for more information about trapping and treatment
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