European Exploration of the Americas, 1492...

Hernando Cortés and Montezuma II. Art

(19th century), Gallo Gallina.

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Europeans explore

North America, and

European

colonization has a

strong effect on

Native Americans.

Slavery develops in

the colonies.

European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1700

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SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

Spain Claims an Empire

European Competition in North America

The Impact of Colonization

European Exploration of the Americas, 1492–1700

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Section 1

Spain Claims an EmpireSpain claims a large empire in the Americas.

Spain and Portugal Compete

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• Treaty of Tordesillas moves Line of

Demarcation 800 miles west:

- Portugal claims much of eastern South

America, Spain claims rest

1

SECTION

Spain Claims an Empire

• European countries have 3 main reasons to

explore:

- spread Christianity beyond Europe

- expand their empires

- become rich

• Mercantilism—country gets rich by having

more exports than imports

• Colonies make parent country rich, give raw

materials, market goods

Map

Europeans Explore Foreign Lands

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1

SECTION

• (1501) Italian Amerigo Vespucci sails to find

route to Asia

• The “Americas” are named after Amerigo

Vespucci

• Realizes land he sees on voyage is not Asia

• Spaniard Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches

Pacific Ocean (1513)

• Portuguese sailor Ferdinand Magellan sails

west to Asia, dies during trip

• Crew finishes voyage, become 1st people to

sail around the world

Image

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1

SECTION

• Conquistadors—soldiers explore Americas,

claim them for Spain

• Aztec emperor Montezuma greets Cortes

warmly, relations collapse

• Conquistador Hernando Cortés, troops land

in Mexico (1519)

• Spaniards, allies conquer Aztec empire

• Spaniards driven out, regroup, smallpox

weakens Aztecs

The Invasion of the Americas

Continued . . .

Map

continued The Invasion of the Americas

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1

SECTION

• Conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquers

Inca empire in Peru (1531)

• Spanish defeat Aztec, Inca empires for 3 main

reasons:

- spread of European diseases, kill millions of

Native Americans

- Spanish are excellent soldiers, sailors, have

superior weapons

- Spain’s alliances with Native American

enemies of Aztecs, Incas

Other Spanish Explorers

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SECTION

• Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca hears rumors

about cities of gold

• All 3 expeditions fail to find fabled cities of gold

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• 3 Spanish expeditions set out to find these

cities:

- Francisco Vázquez de Coronado explores

southwest

- Hernando de Soto explores southeast

- Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo sails up California

coast

Image

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Other European countries compete with

Spain for control over territory in the Americas

Section 2

European Competition in North America

The Search for the Northwest Passage

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2

SECTION

• Northwest Passage—theoretical westward

all-water route:

- through North America to Asia

• John Cabot sails for English, lands in

Newfoundland (1497, 1498)

• Henry Hudson sails for Dutch, explores New

York, Canada (1610)

• Other European explorers set off to find

Northwest Passage

European Competition in North America

• Jacques Cartier, French, explores St.

Lawrence River (1534, 1536)

• For French, Giovanni de Verrazzano explores

Atlantic coast (1524)

Interactive

Spain Responds to Competition

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2

SECTION

• Spain claims North America, angry about

English, French claims

• Spanish troops land nearby, build fort,

St. Augustine, massacre French

• French Protestants, Huguenots found colony,

Fort Caroline (1564)

Image

Spain and England Clash

2

SECTION

• Spain plots to dethrone Protestant Queen

Elizabeth I of England

• English attack Spanish galleons laden with

gold, silver

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• Englishman Sir Francis Drake, 3-year voyage,

plunders Spanish ships

• Returns home with crew in 1580, 1st

Englishman to sail around world

The Defeat of the Spanish Armada

2

SECTION

• Angry at English, Spain’s king sends Spanish

Armada (1588) to:

- conquer England

- restore Catholicism to England

• Using smaller, faster craft, English defeat the

Spanish warships

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• Spain rebuilds navy, keeps colonies, never

regains power had in 1588

• England remains independent, Protestant,

Spain’s image suffers

• England challenges Spanish claims in North

America

• Slow to colonize, private citizens, not state,

must finance colonies

Image

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2

SECTION

• Frenchman Samuel de Champlain explores

St. Lawrence River

• Founds Quebec, 1st permanent French

settlement in North America

• Opens fur trade with Native Americans, colony

called New France

The French and Dutch Seek Trade

• Dutch build colony called New Netherland,

present-day New York• Buy Manhattan Island from Native Americans

(1626)

• Start town of New Amsterdam on Manhattan,

site of New York City

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Spanish rule in the Americas has terrible

consequences for Native Americans and

Africans.

Section 3

The Impact of Colonization

Life in Spanish America

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• Spain’s American empire, 2 provinces

(viceroyalties), New Spain, Peru

3

SECTION

• Society in the Spanish colonies is divided into

4 classes:

- Spanish hold most power

- Creoles—Spanish descent, born in colonies

- Mestizos—mixed Spanish, Native American

ancestry

- Native Americans, enslaved Africans least

power

• Catholic Church builds missions—settlements

with church, town, farms

The Impact of Colonization

Continued . . .

Map

continued Life in Spanish America

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3

SECTION

• Missions try to convert Native Americans,

increase Spanish land control

• Spanish rulers create large estates called

haciendas:

- provide food for the colony

- often become plantations

• Some Spanish colonists get encomiendas—

grants, Native American labor

• Plantations—large farms, cash crops, force

Native Americans to work

• Popé leads Pueblo in rebellion against

Spanish (1680)

• Missionary Bartolomé de Las Casas fights

abuse of Native Americans

Image

The Emergence of American Slavery

3

SECTION

• Many Native Americans die from overwork,

European diseases

• Slavery—practice of holding person in

bondage for labor

Continued . . .

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continued The Emergence of American Slavery

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3

SECTION

• Europeans use enslaved Africans for 4

reasons:

- Africans immune to most European

diseases

- Africans have no friends, family in Americas

to rebel, escape

- enslaved Africans provide permanent

source of cheap labor

- many Africans worked on farms in their

native lands

Continued . . .

continued The Emergence of American Slavery

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3

SECTION

• African Diaspora—forced removal, Africans

to Americas for slave labor

• By late 1800s, about 12 million Africans,

enslaved, sent to Americas

• Middle passage—voyage of slave ships,

Africa to America

• Triangular trade—movement of trade ships,

Europe, Africa, Americas

• About 2 million Africans die during middle

passage

• Survivors work as servants, do forced labor in

farms, mines

Continued . . .

Chart

continued The Emergence of American Slavery

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3

SECTION

• Slave codes—law to control, punish slaves,

prevent rebellion

• Europeans connect slavery with black

Africans:

- dark skin with inferiority

• Racism—belief that some people inferior

because of their race

• Trade lasts 400 years, by 1700s all American

colonies have slaves

• Africans cling to their cultures, heritage to help

survive slavery

• Slave trade creates common African culture in

Americas

The Columbian Exchange

3

SECTION

• Arrival of Europeans starts Columbian

Exchange

• Includes germs, cause diseases, Native

Americans have no immunity

• Columbian Exchange—transfer, living things,

East, West hemispheres

• Causes huge loss of Native American life

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• Spanish bring many plants, animals that thrive

in Americas

• American crops become part of European diet,

feed hungry

Chart

Map

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