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Ethnobotany. Lecture 15
Alexey Shipunov
Minot State University
February 18th, 2011
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.15 February 18th, 2011 1 / 36
Outline
1 Notes about Thursday’s excursion
2 Technical oil plants
3 Fruits and vegetables
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.15 February 18th, 2011 2 / 36
Outline
1 Notes about Thursday’s excursion
2 Technical oil plants
3 Fruits and vegetables
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.15 February 18th, 2011 2 / 36
Outline
1 Notes about Thursday’s excursion
2 Technical oil plants
3 Fruits and vegetables
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.15 February 18th, 2011 2 / 36
Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Ferocactus sp.
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.15 February 18th, 2011 3 / 36
Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Mammillaria sp.
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Melocactus sp.
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Opuntia sp.
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Pereskia sp.
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Rhipsalis sp.
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
≈Cereus sp.
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Astrophytum sp.
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Achlorophyllous form
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Aloë sp.
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Aeonium sp. (Crassulaceae)
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Echeveria sp. (Crassulaceae)
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Lithops sp., Aizoaceae
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Aizoaceae “windowed” leaves
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Euphorbia sp.
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Euphorbia inflorescences
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Euphorbia cristata-like forms (fasciated growth)
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Dyckia sp. (Bromeliaceae, pineapple family)
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Brighamia insignis from Hawaii
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Brighamia as a weeble toy
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Notes about Thursday’s excursion
Young Welwitschia in a pot
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Technical oil plants
Tung, Vernicia (Aleurites) fordii
Small East Asian deciduous tree from spurge family,EuphorbiaceaeHighly poisonous seeds contain one of the best drying oils, rich(82%) of 3-unsaturated α-eleostearic fatty acidUsed for finishing wood (especially for musical instruments) andother staining processes
Shipunov (MSU) BIOL 310.15 February 18th, 2011 24 / 36
Technical oil plants
Tung fruits
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Technical oil plants
Castor oil plant, Ricinus communis
African and Indian shrub from spurge family, EuphorbiaceaeCultivated as annual in temperate regionsSeeds are poisonous, but contain (95%) unique castor oilcontaining hydroxylated ricinoleic oil (unsaturated oil with –OHgroup)Widely used in traditional medicine as laxative, now used in manymodern drugs as a component, and also as technical oil forlubrication, making plastics etc.In fascist Italy, was widely used for intimidation of Mussoliniopponents (oil is not poisonous but in large quantity may beharmful)
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Technical oil plants
Castor plant
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Technical oil plants
Jojoba, Simmondsia sinensis
Shrub of its own family (Simmondsiaceae) native to southernNorth AmericaName is a result of botanical mistake: botanist J. Link misreadlabel “Calif” as “China”Seeds contain unique liquid wax (10◦C is a melting point):combination of long-chained fatty acids and fatty alcoholsJojoba “oil” is odorless, colorless and oxidatively stable, used a asubstitute for sperm whale oil: cosmetics, as stable lubricant (it isnot digested for most organisms); and now also as biofuelWidely cultivated in Arizona, California and Mexico
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Technical oil plants
Jojoba male flowers
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Fruits and vegetables
Fruits—and vegetables
The main “common sense” difference is the low amounts ofsugars in vegetables, plus tree origin of fruitsHowever, there are multiple exceptions: beet, avocado, plantainsetc.In addition, pumpkins and relatives (melon, watermelon,squashes) normally treated as separate groupMorphologically, fruits are fruits (and sometimes seeds like litchi orpomegranate, or riped inflorescences like pineapple or fig), andvegetables are everything else
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Fruits and vegetables
Main components of fruits
WaterDietary fiberSugarsOrganic acidsVitamins
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Fruits and vegetables
Dietary fiber
PolysaccharidesLigninOther constituents of plant cell walls (glycoproteides etc.)Improve intestinal transit, lowering the risk of colorectal cancer
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Fruits and vegetables
Lignin
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Fruits and vegetables
Fruit sugars
Mostly fructose and its derivatives (kestoses)Sweeter 1.7 times more than sucrose, but only at roomtemperature
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Fruits and vegetables
Summary
Photos from Vitko’s collection: http://ifile.it/c8eiwx9Most of fruits are sources of water, sugars, organic acids andplant vitamins
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Appendix For Further Reading
For Further Reading
A. Shipunov.Ethnobotany [Electronic resource]. 2011—onwards.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310
P. M. Zhukovskij.Cultivated plants and their wild relatives [Electronic resource].Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, 1962.Mode of access:http://ashipunov.info/shipunov/school/biol_310/zhukovskij1962_cultivated_plants.pdfPages 28–74.
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