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08/21/2018
1
Historical Context
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Source: Representative Joshua Giddings, “Upon the Annexation of Texas,” 1844
“There has long been a supposed conflict between the interests of free labor and of slave labor… But let us admit Texas, and we shall place the balance of power in the hand of the Texans themselves… Are our friends of the North prepared to deliver over this great national policy to the people of Texas… in order to purchase a slave market for their neighbors, who, in the words of Thomas Jefferson Randolph, ‘bred men for the market like oxen for the shambles’?”
Unit 1 Lesson 2
Civil War: Course + Consequences
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
‐ Why did the North win the Civil War?‐ What were the
consequences of the Civil War?
Immediate Cause of the War: Election of 1860
• Republican candidate = Abraham Lincoln
• Democrats are divided
– Southern Democrats = John Breckinridge
– Northern Democrats = Stephen Douglas
– Constitution Union (NEW party: Southerners who support the Union) = John Bell
• Wins election with only 39% of popular vote
• No electoral vote from any Southern state
The South Secedes • South Carolina immediately announced secession from the Union Followed by six other states (FL #3)
• President Buchanan states had no right to secede BUT federal govn’t had no power to stop them
• Confederate States of America formed
– Own constitution and president (Jefferson Davis)
– Asserting right given in Declaration of Independence
– Not planning on aggression South = agricultural, North = industrial, wanted to live side‐by‐side in peace
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2
Lincoln Tried to Keep the Peace…• Inaugural address
– tried to calm fears of white Southerners promised not to interfere with slavery where it already existed
– Wanted to avoid war BUT was willing to fight to restore Union if necessary
– Did not believe Southern states had the right to secede
• Fort Sumter
– Confederate forces fired first shots of war
– Virginia and three other states secede
– West Virginia breaks off as loyal to the Union
Advantages of the North
• Population: 22million vs. 5.5million
• More industrialized
–More Railroads, factories, mines, roads, and canals
– Factories = arms and ammunition
• More coal, iron, gold, and other natural resources
– South dependent on cash crops and lacked diversification
• Control of merchant ships and the US Navy
Okay… but what did the South have?
• Slaves… lots of them… but this creates uncertainty
–Would they fight FOR their masters or AGAINST them?
• Strong military tradition
• Many gifted military commanders
– Robert E. Lee
– “Stonewall” Jackson
Anaconda Plan
• Adopted by the North to strangle and divide the South
– Naval blockade of Southern ports
– Seizing control of Mississippi River
• Lincoln also:
– Suspended Habeas corpus
– Issued paper money to pay for war expenses
– Conscription introduced
South’s Plan?• Hoped Northerners would lose interest
• Gain support from foreigncountries that depended on Southern cotton
Major Battles!
• Battle of Bull Run
– North starts marching South
– Confederate Victory
• North captured New Orleans
– Began push down the river
• Battle of Antietam
– South counterattacked
– bloodiest one‐day battle
– Union Victory
Emancipation Proclamation
• Lincoln slavery not a cause of the war
– Didn’t want to lose support of border states BUT was pressured to use the war to end slavery
• Many slaves fled to join Union forces
• Britain and Francemight assist South
• Emancipation Proclamation
– all slaves in states in rebellion are free
– Slaves in border states NOT free… so no one was actually freed…
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Almost over…• Capture of Vicksburg
– starved out the city, Union victory
– Union now controls Mississippi River Valley, split Confederacy in two
• Ulysses S. Grant appointed supreme commander
• Sherman’s “March to the Sea”
– Across Georgia to the coast, destroyed everything in their path
• Lincoln reelected in 1864
• Confederate Army surrendered at Appomattox in April 1865
Lincoln Assassinated by John Wilkes
Booth
Consequences of the War
• Ended slavery
• Expanded power of federal govn’t
• Loss of 600,000 lives
Florida Connection
• Population just over 140,000 40% were slaves
• Seminole Indians confined to reservations
• Economy centered around cotton and timber goods = dependent on slave labor
• North wanted to control coastlineto blockade supplies to South
– Controlled Fort Pickens (Pensacola) and Key West
– Invaded Apalachicola, Cedar Keys, Fernandina, Jacksonville, and St. Augustine
Florida Connection
• Floridians successfully ran Union blockades by landing cargo from Cuba and the Bahamas
• Lee wanted FL for agricultureand cattle = many battles (Battle of Olustee)
• Many slaves remained loyal to their masters
• War ended when Tallahasseeoccupied by federal troops
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