EOC Review. What to Review Genetics Cell Transport Cell Cycle Ecology & Behavior DNA Organic...

EOC Review

What to ReviewGenetics Cell TransportCell Cycle Ecology & BehaviorDNA Organic MoleculesCell Structure & Function Cellular Respiration Ecology & Pollution Classification

Red = 5 or less got correctOrange = 6-10 got correctYellow = 11-15 got correct

Cell Structure and Function

• Differentiation• Prokaryote vs Eukaryote• Cell Structure• Cell Organelles

• Differentiation (#2, #22)– Process in which the cells of a multicellular

individual become specialized during development

– Occurs because different genes in the cells are activated (or not activated) during development

Stem Cells

Nerve Cells

Blood Cells

Brain Cells

• Prokaryote vs Eukaryote (#41, #1, #21)

Prokaryote: NO membrane bound organelles NO nucleus bacteria are an example

Eukaryote: HAS membrane bound organelles HAS a nucleus

plant and animal cells; found in most organisms

Prokaryote - Bacteria

Eukaryote - PlantEukaryote - Animal

Flagella, cilia

RibosomesCell membrane

Cell wall

NucleoidFew internal structuresSingle cell

Chloroplasts

CentriolesCytoskeletonNucleus

NucleolusVacuoleLysosomeGolgi ApparatusMitochondria

Cell Cycle

• Stages of the Cell Cycle• Mitosis vs Meiosis• Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction

• Stages of the Cell Cycle (#24)

• Mitosis vs Meiosis (#11, #43)•

• Asexual vs Sexual Reproduction (#51, #52) Meiosis allows for genetic variation within organisms gametes (sex cells) to have half the number of chromosomes as the parent

In asexual reproduction the offspring are genetically identical to the parent organism

In sexual reproduction the offspring are genetically different from the parent organisms

DNA

• DNA coding for proteins • Cell, protein and DNA relationship• DNA structure and function• DNA fingerprinting

• DNA Structure and Function (#19)

• Store important information for cell function• Create proteins within a cell

• DNA Coding for Proteins (#42)

– Replication• DNA to DNA

– Transcription• DNA to mRNA

– Translation• mRNA to protein

• Cell, protein and DNA relationship (#10, #58)

– DNA contains the code to make the required proteins to support a cell’s function• Think about the instruction book for putting together a

complicated piece of furniture or electronics

– Proteins are made of amino acids• The order of amino acids (and the protein that is made)

is ultimately determined by the DNA in the cell’s nucleus

• DNA Fingerprinting (#53)

Genetics

• Transgenic Organisms• Genetic crosses• Mutations

• Transgenic Organisms (#14, #34)• A host organism that receives recombinant DNA

This type of genetic engineering can be used for many purposes

- treating or curing certain diseases

- treating genetic disorders

- improve food crops

• Mutations (#35)

• “any change in an organism’s DNA”

• Change DNA Change RNA change protein

• Somatic Cell Mutations 1. cannot be passed to offspring 2. ex) Cancer (human skin cancer, leukemia)

• Germ-Cell Mutations 1. occur in organism’s germ cell (gametes) 2. can be passed on to offspring

• Genetic Crosses (#32)

• “traits who genes are found on the X chromosome”

• Genotypes example 1. XHXH – normal female 2. XHXh – normal female who is a carrier 3. XhXh – abnormal female 4. XHY – normal male 5. XhY – abnormal male

• Ecology and Pollution (#28, #27, #47, #48)• Burning fossil fuels– Chemicals combine with water vapor in the air to form

acid rain– CO2 emissions retain heat near Earth’s surface

contributing to global warming• Use of CFCs– Deplete the Earth’s ozone layer decreasing protection

from the Sun’s UV radiation• Deforestation– Reduced ability to absorb CO2 contributing to global

warming as well as increased erosion• Nuclear Power– Potential release of radiation

Ecology

• Natural Selection• Animal Locomotion• Animal Behavior

Natural Selection (#16, #36)

“organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms”

1. Adaptation 2. Competition

*selection conditions change as the demands of the environment change

*if change is too extreme and organism can’t change, they become extinct or die

• Animal Locomotion (#44)

Paramecium - cilia

Euglena - flagellum

Amoeba - pseudopod

• Animal Behavior (#45)

• LEARNED – Learning how to respond to a stimuli, usually by

observation or trial and error• Imprinting • Habituation

• INATE– Instinctive response to a stimuli; genetic• Circadian rhythms • Annual rhythms• Hibernation and migration

Cellular Transport

• Active vs Passive Transport• Homeostasis• Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic

• Homeostasis (#3)

– “biological balance between a cell or organism and it’s external environment”

– maintained by the cell controlling what enters and exits (plasma cell membrane)

– cells use active and passive transport mechanisms to maintain homeostasis

• Active vs Passive Transport (#60)• Types of Active Transport• Endocytosis, exocytosis, NA-K Pump• USES energy (ATP)• Moves molecules from areas of LOW concentration

to areas of HIGH concentration

• Types of Passive Transport• Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis• DOES NOT use energy• Moves molecules from areas of HIGH concentration

to areas of LOW concentration

• Hypotonic, Hypertonic, Isotonic (#23)

LESS solute outside the cell than inside.

MORE water outside the cell than inside

CELL SWELLS

HYPOTONIC ISOTONIC

SAME solute amount both inside and outside the cell.

SAME water amount both inside and outside the cell.

HOMEOSTASIS

HYPERTONIC

MORE solute outside the cell than inside.

LESS water outside the cell than inside.

CELL SHRINKS

Organic Molecules (#18, #38)CARBOHYDRATES LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

Contain: CHOBuilding Blocks: monosaccharidesdisaccharidesPolysaccharidesUsed: to provide energy to living organismsExamples: Mono- glucose, fructose, galactoseDi- sucrosePoly- glycogen, chitin, starch, cellulose

Contain: CHOBuilding Blocks: fatty acids arranged as triglycerides, phospholipids, wax; includes steriodsUsed: to provide protection, insulation and energy storageExamples: trilauroylglycerol; lecithin; cholesterol, testosterone

Contain: CHONBuilding Blocks: amino acids – there are 20 different ones

Used: to provide shape and supportExamples: hormones, hemoglobin, insulin, enzymes

Contain: CHONBuilding Blocks: nucleotides – adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

Used: stores important information in the cell, codes for proteinsExamples: DNA, RNA

Cellular Respiration (#59,#20)Aerobic – uses oxygen Anaerobic – does NOT use oxygen

Makes the most ATP (32-38) Makes only 2 ATP

Includes lactic acid fermentation (muscles) and alcohol fermentation

Classification (#17)

Kingdom Animalia Animalia Animalia

Phylum Chordata Chordata Cnidaria

Class Mammalia Mammalia Hydrozoa

Order Primates Primates Siphonophorae

Family Hominidae Hominidae Physaliidae

Genus Homo Pan Physalia

Species sapiens troglodytes physalis

HUMAN CHIMP PORTUGUESE MAN O’ WAR

Cladograms• “uses derived characters to establish evolutionary

relationships”

• Cladograms – diagram showing relationship among animals

• Derived characteristic * ex) Jaws, Lungs, Nails - everything to the right have jaws - everything to the left does not

• Phylogenetic tree *evolutionary past * base of tree = common ancestor

Biotic Relationships

• Competition – when two organisms compete for the same thing

• Predation – when one organism uses another organism for food

• Symbiosis – when two organisms or different species live in close association with one another– parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, mimicry

• Parasitism – one organism gets nutrients from a host organism– One benefits, one suffers

• Commensalism – one organism benefits, the other is neither helped or harmed– One benefits, one neutral

• Mutualism – both organisms benefit– Both benefit

• Mimicry – when a harmless species resembles a poisonous or distasteful one– Ex. Monarch and Viceroy butterflies; eastern coral

snake and scarlet king snake

DNA to Proteins

• STEP 1: REPLICATION (make a copy)DNA to DNA

• STEP 2: TRANSCRIPTION (convert to mRNA)DNA to mRNA

• STEP 3: TRANSLATION (figure out the amino acid)

mRNA to amino acid

DNA Replication-process where DNA makes a copy of itself (DNA DNA)

CCT TAC CCG AAA

TAC GCA ACT TAC

CTA TTA CGA TAG

Transcription• mRNA is made from DNA in the nucleus

• Pairing Rules Replicated DNA mRNA Adenine Uracil Thymine Adenine Cytosine Guanine Guanine Cytosine

DNA TTA CGA CTA GGC GCT

Comp.DNA

mRNA

DNA GGC TAT TCG GCA AAT

Comp.DNA

mRNA

Practice

TRANSLATION

Making proteins from mRNA

Occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome

Practice

DNA: AAT CTA GGT CGT ATG GGG

mRNA:

Translate:

PMAT