Environmental Quiz · 2018. 5. 22. · States would surpass the current population of China by...

Environmental Quiz

Most recent update April 1, 2013

The population of the world in 1950 was

2.6 billion. The world population is

currently about:

• 3.4 billion

• 7.1 billion

• 9.3 billion

• 11.5 billion

The population of the world in 1950 was

2.6 billion. The world population is

currently about:

• 3.4 billion

• 7.1 billion

• 9.3 billion

• 11.5 billion

World Population 1850-2012

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2013.

The population of the world is currently

increasing at a rate of about 8,900 people

• month

• week

• day

• hour

The population of the world is currently

increasing at a rate of about 8,900 people

• month

• week

• day

• hour

Rate of Population Increase - 2013

Time Unit Population Increase

Year 78,044,135

Month 6,503,678

Week 1,496,740

Day 213,820

Hour 8,880

Minute 148

Second 2.5

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Division, 2013.

The estimated world population in the

year 2050 is about:

• 3.4 billion

• 6.8 billion

• 9.4 billion

• 11.5 billion

The estimated world population in the

year 2050 is about:

• 3.4 billion

• 6.8 billion

• 9.4 billion

• 11.5 billion

World Population 1850-2050 (Medium Projection of Growth Assumed After 2000)

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Programs Center, 2013.

The population of the United States

in 1960 was 181 million. The U.S.

population is currently about:

• 187 million

• 220 million

• 316 million

• 459 million

The population of the United States

in 1960 was 181 million. The U.S.

population is currently about:

• 187 million

• 220 million

• 316 million

• 459 million

True (T) or False (F):

United States population growth is

expected to stabilize by 2050 at a slightly

higher number than currently.

United States population growth is

expected to stabilize by 2050 at a slightly

higher number than currently.

Growth of U.S. Population,

1776- 2100

History

Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division (2013)

Projection

True (T) or False (F). The U.S. population is

currently growing at an annual rate of 0.9%. If

the growth rate were to increase to a sustained

rate of 5% annually, the population of the United

States would surpass the current population of

China by 2050.

True (T) or False (F). The U.S. population is

currently growing at an annual rate of 0.9%. If

the growth rate were to increase to a sustained

rate of 5% annually, the population of the United

States would surpass the current population of

China by 2050.

At a 5% growth rate, the U.S.

would exceed China’s current

population (1.34 billion) by

2043. By 2050 U.S. numbers

would total 1.5 x the current

population of China.

If the U.S. population were to continue

its current rate of growth for the next

700 years, the population would

increase to over 323 billion! (The

current world population is 7.1

billion).

Consumption of mineral resources

globally has increased sharply

over the past 30 years.

Consumption of mineral resources

globally has increased sharply

over the past 30 years.

The world’s most economically developed countries consume a far larger share of the world’s industrial raw materials than their collective share of world population.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Petroleum

Cement

Nickel

Copper

Aluminum

Percent of Global Consumption of Selected

Materials by Developed Nations*

* Developed nations included in consumption statistics are the United States, Canada, EU-15 nations, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and S. Korea.

Percent of world population, 2010 (10.7%) Note that the portion of

critical materials consumed

by developed nations is

decreasing as developing

nations make economic gains.

The United States is a net exporter of

most raw materials used by industry

today.

The United States is a net exporter of

most raw materials used by industry

today.

Due in part to domestic environmental

concerns, the U.S. is a net importer of

most categories of raw materials used

to support our economy and lifestyle.

Most metals

Portland and masonry cement

Petroleum (the basis for plastics)

Wood and wood products

Net U.S. Imports of Selected Materials as a

Percent of Apparent Consumption - 2011, and

by Major Foreign Sources a/ b/ c/ d/

Material % Imported Principal Foreign Sources (2007-10)

Niobium 100 Brazil, Canada, Germany, Russia

Manganese 100 S. Africa, Gabon, China, Australia

Graphite 100 China, Mexico, Canada, Brazil

Strontium 100 Mexico, Germany

Bauxite/Alumina 100 Jamaica, Brazil, Guinea, Australia

Fluorspar 100 Mexico, China, S. Africa, Mongolia

Yttrium 100 China, Japan, France, UK

Thallium 100 Russia, Germany, Kazakhstan

Rubidium 100 Canada Asbestos 100 Canada, Zimbabwe

Quartz (crystal) 100 China, Japan, Russia

Thorium 100 France, India, Canada, UK

Tantalum 100 China, Germany, Kazakhstan, Australia

Arsenic (trioxide) 100 Morocco, China, Belgium

Indium 100 China, Canada, Belgium, Japan

Rare earth metals 100 China, France, Estonia, Japan

Cesium 100 Canada

Mica (natural) 100 China, Brazil, Belgium, India

Iodine 99 Chile, Japan

Gallium 99 Germany, Canada, UK, China

Gemstones 98 Israel, India, Belgium, S. Africa Germanium 90 China, Belgium, Russia, Germany

Bismuth 89 China, Belgium, UK Diamond (dust, grit) 89 China, Ireland, S. Korea, Russia

Platinum Group 88 Germany, S. Africa, UK, Canada

Antimony 87 China, Mexico, Belgium

Rhenium 87 Chile, Netherlands, Germany

Stone (dimension) 85 Brazil, China, Italy, Turkey

Potash 83 Canada, Belarus, Russia

Lithium 80+ Argentina, Chile, China

Vanadium 80 S. Korea, Canada, Austria, Czech Rep.

Barium (Barite) 78 China, India

Silicon carbide 76 China, Brazil, Vietnam, Norway

Tin 76 Peru, Bolivia, Indonesia, China

Cobalt 75 China, Norway, Russia, Canada

Silver 75 Mexico, Canada, Peru, Chile

Zinc 73 Canada, Peru, Mexico, Ireland

Titanium (sponge) 69 Kazakhstan, Japan, China, Russia

Titanium concentrates 68 S. Africa, Australia, Canada, Mozambique

by Major Foreign Sources a/ b/ c/ d/ Material % Imported Principal Foreign Sources (2007-10)

Peat 63 Canada

Chromium 60 S. Africa, Kazakhstan, Russia, China

Palladium 56 Russia, S. Africa, UK, Norway

Magnesium Cpds 53 China, Canada, Brazil, Austria

Nickel 47 Canada, Russia, Australia, Norway

Ferrosilicon 42 China, Russia, Venezuela, Canada

Nitrogen (fixed) 41 Trinidad/Tobago, Russia, Canada, Ukraine

Petroleum 40 Canada, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Russia,

Iraq, Nigeria, Mexico

Garnet (industrial) 39 India, Australia, China, Canada

Gold 36 Mexico, Canada, Colombia, Peru

Tungsten 36 China, Bolivia, Canada, Germany

Magnesium Metal 35 Israel, China, Canada

Copper 35 Chile, Canada, Peru, Mexico Perlite 27 Greece

Lumber (softwood) 25 Canada, Chile, Sweden, Germany

Sulfur 24 Canada, Mexico, Venezuela

Salt 22 Canada, Chile, Mexico, The Bahamas

Beryllium 21 Russia, Kazakhstan, Japan

Mica (scrap/flake) 20 Canada, China, India Vermiculite 20 China, S. Africa, Australia, Brazil

Gypsum 13 Canada, Mexico, Spain

Phosphate rock 13 Morocco, Peru

Aluminum 13 Canada, Russia, China, Mexico

Iron and steel 9 Canada, EU, China, Mexico Cement (Portland/msry) 6 Canada, China, S. Korea, Mexico

Pumice 5 Greece, Mexico, Iceland, Montserrat

Diamond (industrial) 3 Botswana, S. Africa, Russia, Nambia

Lime 1 Canada, Mexico

Stone (crushed) 1 Canada, Mexico, The Bahamas

a/ U.S. Geological Survey. 2013. Mineral Commodity Summaries - 2012.

b/ Principal foreign sources arranged by most important supplier to the left, next

most important to the right of that, and so on.

c/ Petroleum data from U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information

Administration 2013 (February). d/ Data for construction lumber from RISI, Random Lengths, 2012, 2013.

The raw material that is used in the

greatest quantity in the U.S. today, and

which accounts for almost one-third (by

weight) of the total raw materials used

annually is steel.

The raw material that is used in the

greatest quantity in the U.S. today, and

which accounts for almost one-third (by

weight) of the total raw materials used

annually is steel.

Annual U.S. Consumption of

Various Raw Materials, 2010

Million

Metric tons Million m3

Roundwood 153 341

Industrial roundwood* 135 300

Cement 71 64

Steel 80 101

Plastics 40.6 35.8

Aluminum 3.5 1.3

Source: Data for wood from UNECE (2012); for cement, steel, and aluminum from the U.S.

Geological Survey (2012); and for plastics from the American Plastics Council (2012).

* Roundwood is the volume of all wood harvested. Industrial roundwood is

the volume of wood used in making forest products; the difference is firewood.

In fact, more wood is used in the U.S.

every year than all metals and all

plastics combined!

Energy consumption per capita

(per person) in the United

States is twice that of the

European Union.

Energy consumption per capita

(per person) in the United

States is twice that of the

European Union.

Per Capita Energy Consumption in the

U.S. and the E.U. Countries, 2008

Energy Consumption (kilograms of oil equivalent per person)

United States 7885.9

Finland (EU highest) 6555.0

France 4396.8

Germany 4187.0

UK 3894.6

E.U. Average 3773.4

China’s emissions of carbon dioxide are greater

than those of any other nation, and 35% greater

than those of the United States. In that same

year, China’s per capita emissions of carbon

dioxide were:

a. 35 percent greater than the U.S.

b. 15 percent greater than the U.S.

c. About the same as in the U.S.

d. About one-half those of the U.S.

e. About one-third those of the U.S.

dioxide were:

a. 35 percent greater than the U.S.

b. 15 percent greater than the U.S.

c. About the same as in the U.S.

d. About one-half those of the U.S.

e. About one-third those of the U.S.

Globally, the area of forests is declining,

mostly due to human activity.

Globally, the area of forests is declining,

mostly due to human activity.

Conversion of forest to non-forest uses totals about 13 million acres annually, primarily in the tropical regions.

The number one cause of tropical

deforestation worldwide is:

• commercial logging.

• wildfire.

• clearing of lands for agricultural use.

• gathering of firewood.

• building of roads and cities.

The number one cause of tropical

deforestation worldwide is:

• commercial logging.

• wildfire.

• clearing of lands for agricultural use.

• gathering of firewood.

• building of roads and cities.

Various estimates indicate that 60 to 85% of

tropical deforestation today is due to permanent

and shifting agriculture.

The area covered by forests in the U.S.

today is approximately ____ of the

forested area that existed in 1600.

• 72 percent

• 50 percent

• 33 percent

• 17 percent

The area covered by forests in the U.S.

today is approximately ____ of the

forested area that existed in 1600.

• 72 percent

• 50 percent

• 33 percent

• 17 percent

Forests now cover 72% of the land area in

the U.S. that they did at the time of

European settlement

1600 2013

Forest - 1,100 million acres

Forest - 751

million acres

Source: USDA - Forest Service

True (T) or False (F). The geographic

area that encompasses the United States

today has about the same forest coverage

as the same geographic area did in 1907.

True (T) or False (F). The geographic

area that encompasses the United States

today has about the same forest coverage

as the same geographic area did in 1907.

Forest Area in the United States

1630-2012

Source: USDA-Forest Service, RPA Update. (2012).

Which of the following statements most

accurately describes U.S. forests:

• Forest harvest exceeds growth by 20 percent.

• Forest harvest roughly equals growth.

• Forest growth exceeds harvest by 29 percent.

Which of the following statements most

accurately describes U.S. forests:

• Forest harvest roughly equals growth.

Net Growth/Removals Ratios – U.S.,

1952-2006

Source: Smith, et al., 2004; USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).

(This is the most recent year for which national statistics are available)

When net forest growth divided by removals = 1.0, timber inventories are neither expanding or declining.

Growth/Removals Ratios – U.S.,

1952-2006 Year Softwoods Hardwoods Total

1952 1.00 1.50 1.17

1962 1.25 1.65 1.55

1970 1.23 2.01 1.48

1976 1.25 2.25 1.54

1986 1.19 1.92 1.42

1991 1.15 1.75 1.33

1996 1.33 1.71 1.47

2001 1.33 1.71 1.47

2006 1.55 2.03 1.72

Source: Smith, et al., 2004; USDA-Forest Service, General Technical Report WO-78. (2009).

True (T) or False (F). Growing trees

capture carbon dioxide from the air and

release oxygen.

True (T) or False (F). Growing trees

capture carbon dioxide from the air and

release oxygen.

CO2 O2

Carbon

As originally established, it was never

intended that the National Forests of the

U.S. would be periodically harvested to

obtain timber that would be used in

meeting the nation’s need for wood.

As originally established, it was never

intended that the National Forests of the

U.S. would be periodically harvested to

obtain timber that would be used in

meeting the nation’s need for wood.

True (T) or False (F). At current rates of

deforestation, forty (40) percent of current

forests in the U.S. will be lost by the

middle of this century.

True (T) or False (F). At current rates of

deforestation, forty (40) percent of current

forests in the U.S. will be lost by the

middle of this century.

In fact, the area

covered by forests in

the U.S. is increasing.

In the U.S. more species of plants and

animals have been driven to extinction

by logging activity than any other

activity of mankind.

In the U.S. more species of plants and

animals have been driven to extinction

by logging activity than any other

activity of mankind.

There is no evidence that even one

plant or animal species has been

driven to extinction as a result of

logging activity in the United States.

True (T) or False (F). Under current

United States law, forest harvesting is

allowed in federally designated wilderness

areas.

True (T) or False (F). Under current

United States law, forest harvesting is

allowed in federally designated wilderness

areas.

No harvesting is

allowed in wilderness

Considering the total annual harvest

of forests in the United States and

the total consumption of wood and

fiber products within our country,

the U.S. is a net importer of wood

and wood products.

Considering the total annual harvest

of forests in the United States and

the total consumption of wood and

fiber products within our country,

the U.S. is a net importer of wood

and wood products.

The United States is a Net Importer

of Wood and Wood Products

Net U.S. imports of

wood and wood

products amounted

to 9 percent of total

wood consumption

and 25 percent of

construction

lumber consumed

in 2011.

As a percentage of all the paper used in

the United States in 2011 _____ was

recovered for reuse.

• 14 percent

• 39 percent

• 67 percent

• 92 percent

As a percentage of all the paper used in

the United States in 2011 _____ was

recovered for reuse.

• 14 percent

• 39 percent

• 67 percent

• 92 percent

Recovered paper provided _____ of the

fiber used in manufacturing paper in the

United States in 2011.

• 14 percent

• 39 percent

• 67 percent

• 92 percent

Recovered paper provided _____ of the

fiber used in manufacturing paper in the

United States in 2011.

• 14 percent

• 39 percent

• 67 percent

• 92 percent

True (T) or False (F). Reduced paper

consumption is likely to result in a greater

extent of forest cover in the United States.

True (T) or False (F). Reduced paper

consumption is likely to result in a greater

extent of forest cover in the United States.

The vast majority of wood used for

papermaking in the U.S. comes from

privately-owned forest land. Should

consumption of paper (and pulpwood)

decline markedly, many owners are

likely to convert their forested land to

agriculture or some other non-forest

use that will provide income.

True (T) or False (F). The manufacture

of wood construction materials generally

results in far lower environmental impacts

than when similar construction materials

are manufactured from steel, aluminum,

plastic, or concrete.

True (T) or False (F). The manufacture

of wood construction materials generally

results in far lower environmental impacts

than when similar construction materials

are manufactured from steel, aluminum,

plastic, or concrete.

At a time when Society is seeking to more

effectively harness solar energy, it turns out

that one of our major raw materials – wood –

is totally produced using solar energy.

And, very little additional energy is required

to convert wood into useful products.

The manufacture and use of all

construction materials results in

environmental impacts. The

impacts, however, differ

considerably.

If, for example, an interior

wall of a house is constructed

using steel rather than wood

studs, the result is a large

increase in energy

consumption and emissions to

air and water.

Interior Non-Load Bearing Wall,

Wood vs. Steel

Comparative Energy Use (GJ)

Wood Steel* Difference

3.8 11.5 3.0X

* 30% recycled content, the average recycled content for steel studs.

Source: Athena Sustainable Materials Institute.

Comparative Emissions in Manufacturing

Wood vs. Steel-Framed Interior Wall

Emission/Effluent Wood Wall Steel Wall Difference

CO2 (kg) ,305 965 3.2X

CO (g) 2,450 11,800 4.8X

SOX (g) 400 3,700 9.3X

NOX (g) 1,150 1,800 1.6X

Particulates (g) 100 335 3.4X

VOCs (g) 390 1,800 4.6X

Methane (g) , 4 , 45 11.1X

Comparative Effluents in Manufacturing

Wood vs. Steel-Framed Interior Wall

Emission/Effluent Wood Wall Steel Wall Difference

Suspended solids (g) 12,180 495,640 41X

Non-ferrous metals (mg) 62 2,532 41X

Cyanide (mg) 99 4,051 41X

Phenols (mg) 17,715 725,994 41X

Ammonia (mg) 1,310 53,665 41X

Halogenated

organics (mg) 507 20,758 41X

Oil and grease (mg) 1,421 58,222 41X

Sulphides (mg) 13 507 39X

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