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Enlightenment in EuropeEnlightenment in Europe
EnlightenmentEnlightenment
EnlightenmentEnlightenment Movement where people apply reason and science Movement where people apply reason and science
to all aspects of societyto all aspects of society
Cause and Effect—Cause and Effect—America & EuropeAmerica & Europe CausesCauses
Religious Religious FanaticismFanaticism WitchWitch trials trials Beginning of a Beginning of a merchant merchant
class—aka bourgeoisieclass—aka bourgeoisie Landed AristocracyLanded Aristocracy MonarchiesMonarchies Church & State unitedChurch & State united Church = Church = TruthTruth
EffectsEffects Deism—”natural law” Deism—”natural law” Rise of merchant classRise of merchant class
—aka bourgeoisie—aka bourgeoisie Science/Logic/Reason Science/Logic/Reason
= = TruthTruth Rise of philosophers Rise of philosophers RevolutionRevolution x 3 x 3 The “perfect” societyThe “perfect” society Separation of Separation of Church Church
& State& State DemocracyDemocracy
The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment
Enlightened thinkers believed that human Enlightened thinkers believed that human reasonreason could be used to combat ignorance, could be used to combat ignorance, superstition, and superstition, and tyrannytyranny and to build a better and to build a better world.world.
Principal targets: Principal targets: ReligionReligion and the domination and the domination of society by hereditary aristocracy. In other of society by hereditary aristocracy. In other words, the church and the state, who often words, the church and the state, who often worked hand-in-hand.worked hand-in-hand.
The Enlightenment—Early The Enlightenment—Early FormsForms
Renaissance Humanists (14Renaissance Humanists (14thth & 15 & 15thth cent.) cent.) Argued that proper worship of God involved admiration of Argued that proper worship of God involved admiration of
his creation, notably His crown of creations: humanity.his creation, notably His crown of creations: humanity. Celebrating humans worships God better than gloomy Celebrating humans worships God better than gloomy
priests who preached original sin and repentancepriests who preached original sin and repentance Galileo Galilei (1632)Galileo Galilei (1632)
Used logic and observation to argue that earth rotates Used logic and observation to argue that earth rotates around sunaround sun
The Church (possessor of Truth) forced him to recant, The Church (possessor of Truth) forced him to recant, objecting that Bible clearly stated that the sun moved objecting that Bible clearly stated that the sun moved through the sky.through the sky.
Led to the advancement of science—Isaac NewtonLed to the advancement of science—Isaac Newton
The Enlightenment—17The Enlightenment—17thth Century Century Enlightenment philosophers combined Enlightenment philosophers combined logiclogic and reason and reason LogicLogic: formal logic is the process(es) by which an : formal logic is the process(es) by which an
argument can be determined as argument can be determined as validvalid or not. An or not. An argument is valid if the argument is valid if the premisespremises are all true, then the are all true, then the conclusion must also be true.conclusion must also be true. Example: All humans have heart. Tom is a human. Example: All humans have heart. Tom is a human.
Therefore, Tom has a heart. Therefore, Tom has a heart. ReasonReason: Enlightenment thinkers stated that it consisted : Enlightenment thinkers stated that it consisted
of of common common sense, observation, and their own sense, observation, and their own unacknowledged prejudices in favor of unacknowledged prejudices in favor of skepticismskepticism and and freedom.freedom.
The Enlightenment—17The Enlightenment—17thth Century Century The 17The 17thth century scene: Dogma & Fanaticism century scene: Dogma & Fanaticism
Witch-huntsWitch-hunts and wars of religion and wars of religion Protestants & Protestants & CatholicsCatholics denounced each other as followers denounced each other as followers
of Satanof Satan People imprisoned for attending People imprisoned for attending wrong wrong churchchurch All publications censored by church and stateAll publications censored by church and state SlaverySlavery widely practiced, defended by religious leaders widely practiced, defended by religious leaders DespotismDespotism of monarchs=“divine right of kings” of monarchs=“divine right of kings” Any opposition was imprisoned or executedAny opposition was imprisoned or executed
Reason and Logic had no room for these mattersReason and Logic had no room for these matters
The Enlightenment—17The Enlightenment—17thth Century Century The 17The 17thth century scene: Dogma & Fanaticism century scene: Dogma & Fanaticism
Witch-hunts and wars of religionWitch-hunts and wars of religion Protestants & Catholics denounced each other as followers Protestants & Catholics denounced each other as followers
of Satanof Satan People imprisoned for attending wrong churchPeople imprisoned for attending wrong church All publications censored by church and stateAll publications censored by church and state Slavery widely practiced, defended by religious leadersSlavery widely practiced, defended by religious leaders Despotism of monarchs=“divine right of kings”Despotism of monarchs=“divine right of kings” Any opposition was imprisoned or executedAny opposition was imprisoned or executed
Reason and Logic had no room for these mattersReason and Logic had no room for these matters
DeismDeism
The word "The word "DeismDeism" is derived from the" is derived from the Latin Latin word for word for God: "God: "Deus.Deus." Deism involves the belief in the " Deism involves the belief in the existence existence of God, on purely rational grounds, without of God, on purely rational grounds, without any reliance on revealed religion or religious any reliance on revealed religion or religious authority. authority.
Deists:Deists: Do not accept the belief of most religions that God Do not accept the belief of most religions that God
revealedrevealed himself to humanity through the writings of the himself to humanity through the writings of the BibleBible, the Qur'an or other , the Qur'an or other religious texts. religious texts.
Disagree Disagree with strong Atheists who assert that there is no with strong Atheists who assert that there is no evidence of the existence of God.evidence of the existence of God.
DeismDeism
Deists regard their faith as a natural religion, as Deists regard their faith as a natural religion, as contrasted with one that is revealed by a God or contrasted with one that is revealed by a God or which is artificially created by humans. They which is artificially created by humans. They reason that since everything that exists has had a reason that since everything that exists has had a creator, then the universe itself must have been creator, then the universe itself must have been created by God. Thomas Paine concluded a speech created by God. Thomas Paine concluded a speech shortly after the French Revolution with: "shortly after the French Revolution with: "God is God is the power of first cause, nature is the law, and the power of first cause, nature is the law, and matter is the subject acted upon.matter is the subject acted upon.""
Thomas Paine on Deism: Thomas Paine on Deism: http://www.scaevola.com/deism/http://www.scaevola.com/deism/
Two Views on Government: Two Views on Government: Thomas HobbesThomas Hobbes
Hobbes wrote a book called Hobbes wrote a book called LeviathanLeviathan All people are selfish and All people are selfish and
wickedwicked Without government there Without government there
would be chaoswould be chaos People agree to a People agree to a social social
contractcontract People give up some rights to People give up some rights to
have law and have law and orderorder Best government is an Best government is an
absolute monarchyabsolute monarchy Keeps order and demands Keeps order and demands
obedienceobedience
Two Views on Government: Two Views on Government: John LockeJohn Locke
Wrote Two Treatises of Wrote Two Treatises of GovernmentGovernment People People learnlearn from experience from experience
and can improve themselvesand can improve themselves Favors the idea of Favors the idea of self-self-
governancegovernance All people are born free with All people are born free with
THREE THREE natural rightsnatural rights Life, liberty and propertyLife, liberty and property
Government must protect Government must protect these or the people must these or the people must overthrowoverthrow it it
Applying ReasonApplying Reason
Philosophers in France believed could apply reason to Philosophers in France believed could apply reason to all aspects of life in five waysall aspects of life in five ways ReasonReason
Truth can be discovered through logical reasonTruth can be discovered through logical reason NatureNature
There are natural laws governing all beingsThere are natural laws governing all beings HappinessHappiness
Those that are patient and follow nature’s laws are happyThose that are patient and follow nature’s laws are happy ProgressProgress
Human society can be perfected and improvedHuman society can be perfected and improved LibertyLiberty
Society needs to be set free and have equalitySociety needs to be set free and have equality
VoltaireVoltaire Published 70 books on Published 70 books on
politics, philosophy and politics, philosophy and historyhistory
Made Made funfun of any of any government and church government and church official because of their official because of their ignoranceignorance Put in jail twice for this and Put in jail twice for this and
fled Paris for viewsfled Paris for views Fought for Fought for tolerationtoleration, ,
religious religious freedomfreedom and and freedom of freedom of speechspeech
Montesquieu and Separation of Montesquieu and Separation of PowersPowers
FrenchFrench Baron who studied Baron who studied political libertypolitical liberty Book wrote called Book wrote called On Spirit On Spirit
of Lawsof Laws
Believed Britain was best Believed Britain was best governed because of governed because of separation of powersseparation of powers Keeps one individual or group Keeps one individual or group
from having from having too muchtoo much power power Later called “Later called “checks and checks and
balancesbalances””
Rousseau: Champion of FreedomRousseau: Champion of Freedom
Said civilization Said civilization corrupts corrupts people’s natural goodnesspeople’s natural goodness Born free but is put in Born free but is put in chainschains
everywhereeverywhere
Only good government is a Only good government is a direct democracydirect democracy People give up some rights People give up some rights
for greater goodfor greater good
Wrote book called the Wrote book called the Social ContractSocial Contract Agreement of people to create Agreement of people to create
a government and no nobilitya government and no nobility
Beccaria Promotes Social JusticeBeccaria Promotes Social Justice
Italian philosopherItalian philosopher Believed laws existed to Believed laws existed to
keep keep orderorder not not punishpunish crimescrimes
Wrote Wrote On Crimes and On Crimes and PunishmentsPunishments Against Against torturetorture and and
punishments that were punishments that were absurdabsurd
For speedy For speedy trialstrials and and punishments fit the crimepunishments fit the crime
Impact of EnlightenmentImpact of Enlightenment Helped scientists find new Helped scientists find new
innovationsinnovations to help society to help society Promoted Promoted reformsreforms
No slaveryNo slavery Women’s rightsWomen’s rights
More More questioningquestioning of of religion with scientific religion with scientific explanationsexplanations
Promoted the idea of the Promoted the idea of the individualindividual Figure out for yourself right Figure out for yourself right
and wrong through reasonand wrong through reason
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