English, French, and the worlds languages Dik Bakker Lancaster University

English,French,

and the world’slanguages

Dik BakkerLancaster University

2

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”

3

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”

Some: English is their only language mother tongue

4

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”

Some: English is their only language mother tongue

?

5

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”

Some: English is their only language mother tongue

Some: English + other language(s):

6

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”

Some: English is their only language mother tongue

Some: English + other language(s):

> both are mother tongue multilingual

7

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”

Some: English is their only language mother tongue

Some: English + other language(s):

> both are mother tongue multilingual?

8

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”

Some: English is their only language mother tongue

Some: English + other language(s):

> both are mother tongue multilingual

> second language

9

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”

Some: English is their only language mother tongue

Some: English + other language(s):

> both are mother tongue multilingual

> 2nd language: SOUND (bad / bat; that / sat)

10

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”

Some: English is their only language mother tongue

Some: English + other language(s):

> both are mother tongue multilingual

> 2nd language: SOUND WORDS (colinder ‘thing’)

11

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”

Some: English is their only language mother tongue

Some: English + other language(s):

> both are mother tongue multilingual

> 2nd language: SOUND WORDS WORD ORDER (I have it seen)

12

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in ENGLAND speaks ENGLISH”

Either as a first or a second language

13

Speaker of a language

“Everyone in ENGLAND speaks ENGLISH”

Either as a first or a second language

The same English everywhere in England ?

14

English

England

ENGLISH

15

English

England Lancashire

ENGLISH LANCASHIRE DIALECT

16

English

England Lancashire Lancaster

ENGLISH LANCASHIRE LANCASTER DIALECT ACCENT

17

Dialects

Dialects:

English

Lancashire:

18

Dialects

Dialects:

English

Lancashire:

‘That were me brother what went to America’

19

Dialects

Dialects:

English

Lancashire:

‘That were me brother what went to America’

was my who

20

Dialects

Dialects:

English

Lancashire:

‘That were me brother what went to America’

was my who

?

21

Dialects

Dialects:

English

Lancashire:

‘That were me brother what went to America’

was my who Standard English

22

Dialects

English in the UK = around 45 dialects

23

Dialects

English in the UK = around 45 dialects

NORTH: Lancashire Cumbrian

Geordie Tyke

24

Dialects

English in the UK = around 45 dialects

NORTH: LancashireCumbrian

Geordie TykeMIDDLE: Scouse

Brummie

25

Dialects

English in the UK = around 45 dialects

NORTH: LancashireCumbrian

Geordie TykeMIDDLE: Scouse

BrummieSOUTH: Cockney

RP

26

Dialects

English in the UK = around 45 dialects

NORTH: LancashireCumbrian

Geordie TykeMIDDLE: Scouse

BrummieSOUTH: Cockney

Received Pronunciation (‘BBC English’)

27

Dialects

English in the UK = around 45 dialects

NORTH: LancashireCumbria

Geordie TykeMIDDLE: Scouse

BrummieSOUTH: Cockney

Received Pronunciation (BBC English)

STANDARD:Different,Not Better

28

Dialects

English in the UK = around 45 dialects

NORTH: LancashireCumbria

Geordie TykeMIDDLE: Scouse

BrummieSOUTH: Cockney

Received Pronunciation (BBC English)

STANDARD:Writing

EducationRadio/TV

29

Dialects

English = LancashireCumbrian

Geordie Tyke

ScouseBrummieCockneyRP ( = standard)…

30

31

WesternEurope

32

English

Spanish

Portuguese

French

Dutch

DanishIcelandic

Italian

German

WesternEurope

33

English

Spanish

Portuguese

French

Dutch

DanishIcelandic

German

Italian

Year2009

34

English?

Spanish?

Portuguese?

French?

Dutch?

Danish?Icelandic?

German?

Italian?

Year100 BC

35

-

Year100 BC

36

Celtic

Year100 BC

37

Celtic Germanic

Year100 BC

38

Celtic Germanic

?????

Year100 BC

39

Celtic Germanic

Latin

Year100 BC

40

Celtic Germanic

Latin

Year100 BC

41

Year100 BC

Celtic

42

Year50 BC

CelticJulius Caesar

43

Year50 BC

CelticRomanLegions

44

Year50 BC

CelticRomanLegions

45

Year0

46

Year0

Latin?

47

Year0

VulgarLatin

48

Year0

VulgarLatin

=dialects

+2nd language

49

Year0

‘Romance’

50

Year0

Celtic

Romance

51

Year100 AD

Celtic

Romance

+

52

Year150 AD

Celtic

Romance

+

“Lingua Franca”

53

Year200 AD

Celtic

Romance

Bilingual

54

Year250 AD

Celtic

Romance

Bilingual

55

Year300 AD

Celtic

Romance

Monolingual

56

Year350 AD

Romance

Monolingual

57

Year400 AD

RomanceLegions

58

Year450 AD

Romance

Germanic:Franks

Visigoths

59

Year600 AD

Franks

60

Year600 AD

French

Germanic

RomanceCeltic

+

61

French

Germanic

RomanceCeltic

+

62

Celtic Germanic

Latin

Year100 BC

63

Year600 AD

Portuguese

Spanish

ItalianFrench

Rumanian

64

Portuguese

Spanish

ItalianFrench

Rumanian

Romance

65

Portuguese

Spanish

ItalianFrench

Rumanian

Romance Language Family

66

Year100 BC

GermanicCeltic

Latin

67

Year400 AD

Celtic

Germanic

Angels

Romance

68

Year800 AD

German

Celtic

Romance

DutchEnglish

69

Year600 AD

French

70

Year800 AD

French

71

Year1000 AD

French

72

Year1066 AD

French

?

73

Year1066 AD

French

Battleof

Hastings

74

75

1100-1300:

French =

CourtLanguage

76

Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH (1100 AD)

changed to

(FR)ENGLISH (1300 AD)

77

Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH changed to (Fr)english:

English English

78

Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH changed to (Fr)english:

English EnglishCLIMB ASCEND

79

Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH changed to (Fr)english:

English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADORE

80

Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH changed to (Fr)english:

English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPID

81

Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH changed to (Fr)english:

English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPID SHEEP MUTTON

82

Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH changed to (Fr)english:

English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPIDSHEEP MUTTONDEER VENISON

83

Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH changed to (Fr)english:

English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPIDSHEEP MUTTONDEER VENISONPIG PORC

84

Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH changed to (Fr)english:

English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPIDSHEEP MUTTONDEER VENISONPIG PORC- VEGETABLE, CABBAGE

85

Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH changed to (Fr)english:

English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPIDSHEEP MUTTONDEER VENISONPIG PORC- VEGETABLE, CABBAGE

?

86

Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH changed to (Fr)english:

English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPIDSHEEP MUTTONDEER VENISONPIG PORC- VEGETABLE, CABBAGE

?

87

Year1000 AD

French

88

Year1500 AD

French

89

Year2000 AD

French

90

Romance Languages

91

“She always closes the window before having dinner.”

Romance Languages

92

Latin: claudit semper fenestram antequam cenat she-closes always window before she-eats

Romance Languages

93

Latin: claudit semper fenestram antequam cenat she-closes always window before she-eats

Romance Languages

94

Latin: claudit semper fenestram antequam cenat she-closes always - window before she-eats

Romance Languages

95

Latin: claudit semper fenestram antequam cenat she-closes always - window before she-eats

Romance Languages

96

Latin: claudit semper fenestram antequam cenat she-closes always window before she-eats

Italian: chiude sempre la finestra- prima di cenare

Romance Languages

97

Latin: claudit semper fenestram antequam cenat she-closes always window before she-eats

Italian: chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare

Spanish: siempre / cierra la ventana- antes de cenar

Romance Languages

98

Latin: claudit semper fenestram antequam cenat she-closes always window before she-eats

Italian: chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare

Spanish: siempre cierra la ventana antes de cenar

French: elle ferme toujours la fenêtre- avant de dîner

Romance Languages

99

Year2000 AD

French

100

Dialects:BourguignonChampenoisOrleanaisGasconLanguedocProvençalJersiais…

101

Dialects:BourguignonChampenoisOrleanaisGasconLanguedocProvençalJersiais…

102

StandardFrench

103

Breton(Celtic)

104

Breton(Celtic)

Flemish (Germanic)

Alsatian (Germanic)

105

Breton(Celtic)

Flemish (Germanic)

Alsatian (Germanic)

Corsican (Romance)

Catalan (Romance)

106

Breton(Celtic)

Flemish (Germanic)

Alsatian (Germanic)

Corsican (Romance)

Catalan (Romance)

Basque

107

Breton(Celtic)

Flemish (Germanic)

Alsatian (Germanic)

Corsican (Romance)

Catalan (Romance)

Basque

English

108

109

110

111

Language Families

ROMANCE

FRE ITA SPA

112

Language Families

ROMANCE GERMANIC

FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM

113

Language Families

ROMANCE GERMANIC CELTIC

FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM WEL GAE MANX

114

Family Relations

English: mother three

115

Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch:German:

116

Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch: moederGerman: mutter

117

Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

118

Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

Latin:French:Spanish:

119

Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

Latin: materFrench: mèreSpanish: madre

120

Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

Latin: mater tresFrench: mère troisSpanish: madre tres

121

Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

Latin: mater tresFrench: mère troisSpanish: madre tres

Gaelic:Welsh:Manx:

122

Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

Latin: mater tresFrench: mère troisSpanish: madre tres

Gaelic: màthairWelsh: mamManx: moir

123

Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

Latin: mater tresFrench: mère troisSpanish: madre tres

Gaelic: màthair trìWelsh: mam tairManx: moir tree

124

Family Relati

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

Latin: mater tresFrench: mère troisSpanish: madre tres

Gaelic: màthair trìWelsh: mam tairManx: moir tree

?

125

Language Families

ROMANCE GERMANIC CELTIC

FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM WEL GAE MANX

‘EUROPEAN’

126

Language Families

ROMANCE GERMANIC CELTIC

FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM WEL GAE MANX

‘EUROPEAN’

2000 AD

0

2000 BC

127

European

128

Language Families

SANSKRIT HINDI GUJARATI

129

Language Families

SANSKRIT HINDI GUJARATI

?

130

Indic

English: mother three

131

Indic

English: mother

Sanskrit:Hindi:Gujarati:

132

Indic

English: mother

Sanskrit: mataHindi: maataaGujarati: ma

133

Indic

English: mother three

Sanskrit: mataHindi: maataaGujarati: ma

134

Indic

English: mother three

Sanskrit: mata trayaHindi: maataa tinaGujarati: ma traan

135

Indic

English: mother three

Sanskrit: mata trayaHindi: maataa tinaGujarati: ma traan

136

Language Families

ROMANCE GERMANIC CELTIC

FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM WEL GAE MNX SANS HIN GUJ

‘EUROPEAN’ ‘INDIC’

137

Indic

138

Indic + European

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

Latin: mater tresFrench: mère troisSpanish: madre tres

Gaelic: màthair trìWelsh: mam tairManx: moir tree

Sanskrit: mata trayaHindi: maataa tinaGujarati: ma traan

139

Indic + Euro

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

Latin: mater tresFrench: mère troisSpanish: madre tres

Gaelic: màthair trìWelsh: mam tairManx: moir tree

Sanskrit: mata trayaHindi: maataa tinaGujarati: ma traan

140

Indic + Euro

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

Latin: mater tresFrench: mère troisSpanish: madre tres

Gaelic: màthair trìWelsh: mam tairManx: moir tree

Sanskrit: mata trayaHindi: maataa tinaGujarati: ma traan

141

Indic + Euro

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

Latin: mater tresFrench: mère troisSpanish: madre tres

Gaelic: màthair trìWelsh: mam tairManx: moir tree

Sanskrit: mata trayaHindi: maataa tinaGujarati: ma traan

?

142

Language Families

ROMANCE GERMANIC CELTIC

FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM WEL GAE IRI SANS HIN GUJ

‘EUROPEAN’ ‘INDIC’

143

Language Families

ROMANCE GERMANIC CELTIC

FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM WEL GAE IRI SANS HIN GUJ

EUROPEAN INDIC

INDO-EUROPEAN

144

Indo-European

145

Indo-European

146

Not Indo-European

English: mother three

147

Not Indo-European

English: mother three

Turkish: anna üç

148

Not Indo-European

English: mother three

Turkish: anna üç

Arabic: umm tlata

149

Not Indo-European

English: mother three

Turkish: anna üç

Arabic: umm tlata

Japanese: okasan mittsu

150

Not Indo-European

English: mother three

Turkish: anna üç

Arabic: umm tlata

Japanese: okasan mittsu

Samoan: tinā tolu

151

Not Indo-European

English: mother three

Turkish: anna üç

Arabic: umm tlata

Japanese: okasan mittsu

Samoan: tinā tolu

Maya: na’ óox

152

Not Indo-European

English: mother three

Turkish: anna üç

Arabic: umm tlata

Japanese: okasan mittsu

Samoan: tinā tolu

Maya: na’ óox

?

153

Other languages and families

Indo-European: 200 languages

How many in the world???

?

154

Other languages and families

Languages:

Currently spoken: 7,000

155

Other languages and families

Languages:

Currently spoken: 7,000

(ONLY 3% Indo-European!!!)

156

157

158

Languages

Languages:Currently spoken: 7,000Extinct (known): 500

159

Languages

Languages:Currently spoken: 7,000Extinct (known): 500 (Latin,

Etruscan, Hittite, Babylonian, Old Egyptian, …)

160

Languages

Languages:Currently spoken: 7,000Extinct (known): 500 (Latin,

Etruscan, Hittite, Babylonian, Old Egyptian, …

1 more every week

161

Languages

Languages:Currently spoken: 7,000Extinct: 500Language families: 100

162

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200 languages

163

Austronesian

164

Austronesian

165

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200…AMERICAN INDIAN 600

166

Austric

American Indian

167

Austric

American Indian

> 1492

FRENCH

SPANISH

PORTUGUESE

ENGLISH

168

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200…AMERICAN INDIAN 600…INDO-EUROPEAN 200

169

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200…AMERICAN INDIAN 600…INDO-EUROPEAN 200…ESKIMO 10

170

Eskimo-Aleut

171

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200…AMERICAN INDIAN 600…INDO-EUROPEAN 200…ESKIMO 10 …ISOLATES

172

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200…AMERICAN INDIAN 600…INDO-EUROPEAN 200…ESKIMO 10 …ISOLATES ?

173

Isolates

174

Isolates

Basque

175

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

176

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

177

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

178

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

bicycle txirringa

179

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

bicycle txirringa

football … ?

180

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

bicycle txirringa

football futbol

181

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

bicycle txirringa

football futbol SPANISH

182

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

bicycle txirringa

football futbol SPANISH

ENGLISH

183

?

184

?