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8/12/2019 Engine Emission Legislations
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Engine Emission and
Environmental Legislations
Dr. Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Associate Professor
epartment o ec an ca ng neer ng,
Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Thought of The Day
e o onger nee proo o e
fact that vehicular pollution is
making people ill and killing
people in a slow death
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Regulated and Unregulated Pollutants
NOx, CO, HC, Particulate Matter (PM)
Unregulated Compounds
Formaldehyde
Benzene, Toluene, Xylene (BTX)
SO2
CO2
Methane
Emission Legislations
Steady State and Transient Cycles
Euro 4/5: PM Limits intended to force use of
PM Traps
USA EPA Norms
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European Union Legislations
x
g/ kWh M-1
Euro I 4.5 1.1 9.0 0.40 -- 1993
Euro II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 -- 1996
Euro III 2.1 0.66 5.0 0.1 0.8 2001
Euro III EEV 1.5 0.25 3.5 0.02 0.15 2003
Euro IV 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 0.5 2005
Euro V (P) 1.5 0.46 2.0 0.02 0.5 2009
European Test Cycles
ELR: Euro ean load Res onse C cle
STC: European Transient cycle
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European Test Cycles
Exhaust Emission legislations: USA
CO NOx+ PM HCHO
g/ bhp-hr
US EPA
2002/2004
15.5 2.4 2.5WITH MAX
0.5 NMHC
0.1 ---
NOx NMHC PM HCHO
g/ bhp-hr
US EPA 2007 0.20 0.14 0.01 0.016
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Exhaust Emission legislations: USA
With the second step, air pollution will be
reduced by 90% compared to 2004 levels
Indian and European Norms
INDIA Europe
g/kWh
1992 1996 2000 1992 1996 2000
CO 14.0 11.2 4.5 4.5 4.0 2.1
HC 3.5 2.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.66
Nox 18.0 14.4 8.0 9.0 7.0 5.0
PM > 85 KW 0.36 0.36 0.15 0.1
PM
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Emission Reduction strategies
Strategy 1: EGR + Trap
Strategy 2: Exhaust After-treatment
Strategy 3: EGR + Trap + After-treatment
Baseline Technology
Turbo-charging, Air to air inter-cooling
Combustion Optimization, with and without swirlsupport
Multi-Valve Cylinder Head
Advanced Hi h-Pressure In ection S stem
Split Injection
Rate Shaping
Electronic Management System
Lube Oil Consumption Control
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Strategy 1
x
recirculation
PM reduction with particulate trap
Strategy 2
-
treatment
PM reduction with engine internal
measures
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Strategy 3
Emission Reduction Strategies
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EGR and Particulate Filter
Advantages
Very Low Particulate Emission achievable
Technical Challenges
EGR Compatible combustion system
Robust re-circulation systems
Exact EGR Dosage
Durable, insensitive control
Durable particulate filter with reliable regeneration
Effect of EGR Rate on Air ExcessRatio/ Smoke trade-off
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Indian Strategy for Emission Control
Two and Three Wheelers
Leaner fuel ratio and electronic ignition
Air/ Fuel improvement in compression ratio
Improved combustion chamber design
Better scavenging
Reduced oil fuel ratio
Changeover to four stroke engines
se o x at ve ata yt c converter
Potential Technologies
Electronic Engine Management
Fuel injection system
Four Stroke Engine with catalytic converter
Indian Strategy for Emission Control
Petrol Passenger Cars
resen y e ng ursue Optimized air-fuel ratio and ignition timing
Oxidative catalytic Converter
Positive Crankcase ventilation system
Evaporative Emission control system
Potential Technologies Three way catalytic Converter with fuel injection and
Lambda sensor Converters with improved cold start performance
On-Board diagnostic system & electronic fuel management
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Indian Strategy for Emission Control
Diesel Vehicles
Turbo-charging and after-cooling
Combustion optimization
Reduced oil consumption through engine designimprovements
Higher injection pressure & Better fuel spry pattern
Retarded engine timings
o en a ec no og es Electronic engine management
Exhaust Gas re-circulation Oxidative catalysts
Particulate traps
NOx catalyst control
Action Plan for UT of Delhi
Air quality targets/ Objectives
WHO/ USEPA air ualit uidelines
Steps to be taken to achieve the target Fuel quality requirement (Petrol, Diesel, 2T oil)
Use of cleaner fuels (CNG, Propane, LPG..)
Supply premixed 2T oil for 2 stroke engines
Conversion of 2 stroke to 4 stroke engine
Tightening of emission norms for new and in-use vehicles
nsta at on o ac t es or proper nspect on anmaintenance of on-road vehicles
Phasing out of old vehicles
Improvements in public transport system
Improvement in circular railway network
Proper traffic management and planning
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arat m ss on
Regulations
Bharat Stage I Emission Norms
Diesel Vehicles with GVW> 3.5 Tons
Engine Dyno 13 Mode Tests :
All in g/kW h
CO HC Nox PM
4.50 1.10 8.00 0.36
** 1st April 2000
(All Parts of India)
** for engines with Power > 85 kW and < 85 kW
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Bharat Stage I Emission Norms- Diesel
Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons
a) Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph)
n g m
CO HC+NOx PM Category Implementation
RW 85 kW (All Parts of India)
Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Diesel4 wheeler Passenger Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons
(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity > 6 persons ( Including Driver) or
GVW > 2500 kg)
Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph)
All in g/km
CO HC+Nox PM Category Implementation
RW
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Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Diesel
4 wheeler Passenger Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons
(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity upto 6 persons ( Including Driver)
and GVW < 2500 kg)
Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph)
All in g/km
CO HC+Nox PM Category Implementation
All Ref Mass 1.00 0.70 0.08 1st April 2000
(NCR) &
being extended
Tests are on Chassis Dynamometer
EUDC Cycle Speed is limited to 90 kmph instead of 120 km/h (in EEC)No Relaxation is provided for COP.
Option of 13 mode Cycle is deleted for Stage II for passenger vehicles
Bharat Stage II Emission Norms
4 wheeler( LCVs & Buses) Diesel Vehicles with GVW >3.5 Tons
All in g/kW hr
CO HC NOX PM Implementation
4.0 1.10 7.0 0.15 Not later than
1st Dec 2000
Tests are on Engine Dynamometer (13 Mode Cycle)
For goods carrying vehicles with GVW < 3.5 tons option of Chassis Dyno routeand Engine Dyno Route is proposed( not allowed in EEC)
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Bharat Stage I Emission Norms- Gasoline
Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons
a ass s ynamome er es s yc e : -
90 kmph)
All in g/km
CO HC+Nox PM Category Implementation Year
All Ref Mass 2.72 0.97 --- All 1st April 2000
All Parts of India
Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Gasoline4 wheeler Passenger Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons
(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity upto 6 persons ( Including Driver)
and GVW < 2500 kg)
Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph)
All in g/km
CO HC+Nox PM Category Implementation
All Ref Mass 2.2 0.50 -- All 1st April 2000
(NCR) &
extended
to 8 cities
Tests are on Chassis Dynamometer
EUDC Cycle Speed is limited to 90 kmph instead of 120 km/h (in EEC)
No Relaxation is provided for COP.
Option of 13 mode Cycle is deleted for Stage II for passenger vehicles
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Bharat Stage II Emission Norms- Gasoline
4 wheeler Passenger Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons
(For Passenger Vehicles with seating Capacity > 6 persons ( Including Driver) or
GVW > 2500 kg)
Chassis Dynamometer Tests ( Cycle : EEC + EUDC -90 kmph)
All in g/km
CO HC+Nox PM Category Implementation
RW 3.5 tons) from 1.12.2000 .
It is being extended to 8 cities by MOST :
Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Calcutta,Chennai, Hyderabad, Lucknow,Pune
Concerns :
Low Sulphur Diesel Availability commercially.
(Essential for PM reduction and Catalyst Life).
Honorable Supreme Court directed Oil Industry to supply 0.05 % sulphurfuel by : In NCT by 31 December 2000 In NCR by 30 June 2001
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European Emission Norms- Diesel
Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC)
All in g/kmCO HC NOx HC + NOx PM Category Implementation Year
Euro I 2.72 0.97 0.14 Class I 1991for M1 &1993 for N1
(91/441/EEC) 5.17 1.40 0.19 Class II Category Vehicles
(93/59/EEC) 6.90 1.70 0.25 Class III
____________________________________________________________________________________
Euro II 1.00 0.70 0.08 1994 for M1 &1996 for N1
(94/12/EEC) 1.25 1.00 0.12 Category Vehicles
(96/69/EEC) 1.50 1.20 0.17
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Euro III 0.64 -- 0.50 0.56 0.05 2000 for M1 and 2001 forN1
(98/69/EEC) 0.80 -- 0.65 0.72 0.07 Category.EOBD Systems
0.95 -- 0.78 0.86 0.10 Mandatory from 2003
____________________________________________________________________________________
Euro IV 0.50 -- 0.25 0.30 0.025 2005 for M1 and 2006 for N10.63 -- 0.33 0.39 0.040 Category
0.74 -- 0.39 0.46 0 .060
European Emission Norms- Gasoline
Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC)
All in g/km
CO HC Nox HC+Nox PM Category Implementation Year
Euro I 2 72 0 97 --- Class I 1991for M1 &1993 for N1 . .
(91/441/EEC) 5.17 1.40 --- Class II Category Vehicles
(93/59/EEC) 6.90 1.70 --- Class III
__________________________________________________________________________________
__
Euro II 2.20 0.50 --- 1994 for M1 &1996 for N1
(94/12/EEC) 4.00 0.60 --- Category Vehicles
(96/69/EEC) 5.00 0.70 ---
__________________________________________________________________________________
___
Euro III 2.30 0.20 0.15 --- --- 2000 for M1 and 2001 forN1(98/69/EEC) 4.17 0.25 0.18 - -- --- Category.EOBD Systems
5.22 0.29 0.21 --- --- Mandatory from 2000
__________________________________________________________________________________
__
Euro IV 1.00 0.10 0.08 --- --- 2005 for M1 and 2006 for N1
1.81 0.13 0.10 --- --- Category
2.27 0.16 0.11 --- ---
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EURO-I NORMS -91/542/EEC -A
DIESEL VEHICLES
ECE R49-13 Mode cycle on Engine Dyno
FOR VEHICLES GVW > 3.5 TONS- M2, N2
category (Heavy Duty Passenger & Goods
Application)
POLLUTANTS TA
LIMITS
COP
LIMITS
CO g/kW h 4.50 4.90
HC g/kW h 1.10 1.23
Nox g/kW h 8.00 9.00
Particulate g/kWh
for engines with
power > 85 kW
0.36 0.40
Particulate g/kWh
for engines with
power < 85 kW
0.61 0.68
Implementation Year - 1.07.1992- NTA, 1.10.1993 -ANR
EURO-II NORMS -91/542/EEC -B
DIESEL VEHICLES
ECE R49-13 Mode cycle on Engine Dyno
F O R V E H I C L E S G V W > 3 .5 T O N S - M 2 , N 2
c a t e g o r y ( H e a v y D u t y P a s s e n g e r & G o o d s
A p p l i c a t i o n )
P O L L U T A N T S T A L IM IT S /C O P L IM IT S
C O g /k W h 4 .0 0
H C g /k W h 1 .1 0
N o x g /k W h 7 .0 0
P a rtic u la te g /k W h 0 .1 5
P a rtic u la te g /k W h 0 .2 5 * *
* * E n g i n e s w i t h c y l i n d e r s w e p t v o l u m e < 0 . 7 l i t r e s
a n d r a t ed p o w e r s p e e d > 3 0 0 0 r p m v a l id t il l S e p 1 9 9 7
T A a n d C O P L i m i ts a re s a m e .
Implementation Year - 1.10.1995- NTA, 1.10.1996 -ANR
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Euro III (98/69/EEC) Emission Norms-
Gasoline
Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC 120 kmph)All in g/km
CO HC Nox HC+Nox Ref Mass Category Implementat ion Year
Passenger Car (M1) Category
2.30 0.20 0.15 ---- All 1.1.2000 for NTA
1.1.2001 for ANR
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LDV (N1) category **
Clas s I 2.30 0 .20 0.15 -- -- Upto 1305 1.1.2000 for NTA
1.1.2001 for ANR
Class II 4 .17 0.25 0.18 ---- 1305 to 1760 1.1.2001 for NTA
1.1.2002 for ANR
Class III 5.22 0.29 0.21 ---- > 1760
EOBD systems Mandatory from 1.1.2000 NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration
** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons
Euro IV (98/69/EEC) Emission Norms-
Gasoline
Gasoline Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC 120 kmph)
All in /km
CO HC Nox HC+Nox Ref Mass Category Implementation Year
Passenger Car (M1) Category
1.00 0.10 0.08 ---- All 1.1.2005 for NTA
1.1.2006 for ANR
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LDV (N1) category **
Class I 1.00 0.10 0.08 ---- U to 1305 1.1.2005 for NTA
1.1.2006 for ANR
Class II 1.81 0.13 0 .10 ---- 1305 to 1760 1.1.2006 for NTA
1.1.2007 for ANR
Class III 2.27 0..16 0.11 ---- > 1760
NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration
** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons
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Euro IV (98/69/EEC) Emission
Norms- Diesel
Diesel Vehicles with GVW < 3.5 Tons ( Transient Cycle - EEC+EUDC)All in g/km
CO HC Nox HC+Nox PM Ref Mass Category Implementation Year
Passenger Car (M1) Category
0.50 -- 0.25 0.30 0.025 All 1.1.2005 for NTA
1.1.2006 for ANR
_____________________________________________________________________________________
LDV (N1) category **
Class I 0.50 -- 0.25 0.30 0.025 Upto 1305 1.1.2005 for NTA
1.1.2006 for ANR
Class II 0.63 -- 0.33 0.39 0.04 1305 to 1760 1.1.2006 for NTA
1.1.2007 for ANR
Class III 0.74 -- 0.39 0.45 0.06 > 1760
NTA - New Type Approvals ANR - All New Registration
** Including PCs with more than 6 seats (including Driver) or GVW > 2.5 tons
Tightening world-wide diesel regulations is stimulating
significant investment in emission control technology
Engine developments alone
will no t be clean enough.
Nominal ly, 90-95% NOx and
70% PM emission control0.16
0.18
Japan 2004
Where will HDD engines be in 5 to 7 years?
efficiencies wil l be needed to
hit US2007.
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
.
M,g/kW-hr;ESCtest
AVL, actual
Ricardo, 1 cyl.Ricardo, est.
potential
US2004
Univ. WI,
virtual eng.
Euro III
US2007
SwRI,
potential
Prototype Engines with cooled EGR, combustion optimization, fully flexible fuel
injection, staged turbocharging, multi-hole injectors, high pressure injection.
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
PEuro V
Deutz, 2013 prototypeEuro IV
NOx, g/kW-hr; ESC test
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Diesel Emission Standards-EU
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US EPA TIER-2 emission
standards
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