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Energy Review... DUH!!
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Energy Review... DUH!!<3333HART.
AP BioChapters 8, 9, and 10
Taught by Steven Daniel Feiler<3AND Asella is EVIL. D;<
Match... MS. BABBEY IS EVIL TOO.
• A. Uses oxygen 1. Glycolysis• B. Make oxygen 2. Kreb’s Cycle• C. Uses CO2 3. ETS / ETC• 4. Makes CO2 4. Light Rxn• 5. Uses glucose 5. Calvin Cycle• 6. Makes glucose
What is an anabolic reaction? Give an example. (and lies)
• Builds molecules using energy• Synthesis of proteins from amino acids• Photosynthesis
What is an catabolic reaction? Give an example.
• Breaking down molecules, releasing energy• Cellular respiration, breaking down glucose
What is an endergonic reaction? Give an example.
• A reaction that requires an input of energy• Making ATP from ADP + P• Photosynthesis
What is an exergonic reaction? Give an example.
• A reaction that releases energy• Cellular Respiration• Breaking down ATP into ADP + P
What is energy coupling?
• Using energy from exergonic reactions to power endergonic reactions
What is ATP?
• Energy• Adenosine Tri Phosphate• Energy is stored in the electrons in the bond
between the last P
What is phosphorylation? Which enzyme phosphorylates?
• Adding a P to a molecule• Kinase
What is an enzyme? What does it do?
• A protein• A catalyst• Decrease activation energy• Makes a reaction go faster
What is a substrate?
• Something an enzyme works on
What is an active site?
• Where an enzyme and substrate bind• Where the reaction occurs
What is denaturation?
• Changing the shape of an enzyme which changes its function
What are activators? Define, list, and describe
• Non-proteins enzyme helpers• Coenzymes are organic: vitamins• Cofactors are inorganic: metal atoms like zinc,
iron, copper
What is inhibition? Define, list, describe
• Chemicals that prevent enzyme activity• Competitive: binds to the active site• Non-competitive: binds somewhere else and
changes the shape
What is oxidation?
• Loss of an electron
What is reduction?
• Gain of electrons
What’s the equation for cell resp? Ender or exer? Anabolic or catabolic?• 6O2 + C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy• Exergonic• Catabolic
Where does the oxygen go after cell resp?
• Into water
Why is oxygen needed in cell resp?
• To act as the final electron acceptor of the ETS
What happens to the carbon from glucose after cell resp?
• Goes to CO2 and is breathed out
Where does glycolysis occur?
• cytoplasm
What happens in glycolysis?
• Glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
• 2 NADH are made• 2 ATP are made
Where does Kreb’s occur?
• Mitochondrial matrix
What are NADs and FADs?
• Coenzymes that carry electrons to the ETC
Where does the ETC occur?
• In the cristae
What happens to the electrons in the ETC?
• Travel down proteins in the membrane• Finally accepted by oxygen
What happens to the hydrogen ions in the ETC?
• Build up on one side of the membrane• Go down their concentration gradient through
ATP synthase• Provide energy to make ATP
What are the end products of the ETC?
• 34 ATP• Water
What’s the equation for photosynthesis? Anabolic or
Catabolic? Endergonic or exergonic?• 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2• Anabolic• Endergonic
What are stomata?
• Openings in leaves that let carbon dioxide in and oxgyen out
Where do light dependent reactions occur?
• In thylakoid membranes
What goes into light reactions? What comes out?
• In: water• Out: oxgyen, ATP, NADPH
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?
• Stroma• Fluid in the chloroplast
What goes into the dark reactions? What comes out?
• In: Carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH• Out: G3P, ADP, NADP
What is rubisco, what does it do?
• The most abundant enzyme on earth• Fixes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
onto RuBP in the Calvin Cycle
What are C3 plants? Name some.
• Regular plants that do normal photosynthesis• Rice, wheat, most plants
What are C4 plants? Name some.
• Plants that are adapted to hot, dry climates and physically separate where the Calvin Cycle takes place
• Corn, sugarcane
What are CAM plants? List some.
• Plants that only open stomata at night and do the Calvin Cycle during the day with saved up CO2
• Cactus, jade, pineapples
If a reaction requires energy, what kind is it?
• Endergonic
Do plants have mitochondria?
• Yes, and they make ATP
What is the main way ATP is made during cell resp?
• By pumping protons (hydrogen ions) down their concentration gradients through ATP Synthase to make ATP
Which types of plants do carbon fixation the best?
• C3• C4 and CAM do NOT, and require special ways
of doing photosynthesis
In the beginning of time, how did single celled prokaryotes get ATP?
• Glycolysis only
If stomata close, what happens to the plant?
• They can’t get CO2
Do prokaryotic cells have chloroplasts?
• No• But they can still do photosynthesis because
they have chlorophyll stored in thylakoids
What happens if ATP goes through hydrolysis?
• Energy is released and can be used in reactions
• ADP is made
During what process is oxygen released?
• Light reactions of photosynthesis
During which reactions is carbon dioxide released?
• Kreb’s
Where is carbon dioxide used?
• Calvin (dark) Rxn
When does chemiosmosis occur?
• In the ETC of cell resp...and...• In the ETC of photosynthesis
When is glucose oxidized to pyruvic acid?
• glycolysis
What are the end products of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
• Oxygen• ATP• NADPH
Which enzyme fixes carbon?
• Rubisco• RuBP carboxylase
Where does all energy come from?
• The sun
How is water used in photosynthesis?
• It’s split so the electrons can travel through the photosystems and connect with NADP+
If 1 mL of oxygen is consumed by peas in 20 minutes, what is the respiration
rate?• 1 mL / 20 minutes• 0.05 mL/min
What effect does temperature have on pea respiration?
• Peas respire faster at room temperature than at cold temperatures
What are 3 environmental factors that affect enzyme activity?
• Temperature• pH• Salinity
What is activation energy?
• The energy that must be overcome for a reaction to proceed
What happens in the transition step between glycolysis and Kreb’s?
• Pyruvic acid turns into Acetyl CoA• Acetyl CoA goes into Kreb’s• 2 NADH are made
Where do the electrons go during cell respiration?
• Food • NADH • ETC • Oxygen
Where do the electrons go in photosynthesis?
• Water • NADPH • Calvin Cycle
What is the most abundant enzyme on Earth?
• Rubisco
Your FRQ
• Review Lab 2 (Enzymes)• Know how to make a graph• Steven is the most amazing person in ALL the
world. And is going to beast this test like it’s nothing. And Ms. Babbey is evil just like Asella, and lies. She is a witch, and should be burned.
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